• Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture Conference
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• 2007.10b
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• pp.180-185
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• 2007

Although the large-scale new socialist countryside construction has brought a opportunity for the rural landscape construction, it also impacted seriously the style of rural landscape. On the base of analyzing the advantages and disadvantages of new countryside construction, the paper proposed how to construct rural landscape in the construction tide.

• Journal of Agricultural Extension & Community Development
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• v.22 no.2
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• pp.191-203
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• 2015

The purposes of this study are to explain the background and significance of the 'Farmers' upstairs'(農民上樓) phenomenon which has been currently promoted as part of the "New Socialist Countryside Construction" in contemporary China, and its positive and negative aspects, and analyze the limitations of 'Farmers' upstairs'phenomenon. 'Farmers' upstairs'means the building of concentrated farmhouses by means of reconstruction of scattered farmhouses here and there, simultaneously by installing cultural, social welfare, and environmental facilities where rural farmer also could enjoy the convenience of urban living. It brings, however, the positive effects such as the improvement of living conditions of rural farmers, the simultaneously expanding of urban construction land and agricultural land, and the new influx of population from urban areas, whiles the negative effectives such as the forced demolition of farmhouses by governments or real estate developers with very lower compensation costs for the demolition of farmhouses, the gap from the standard of living, and above all, the inconvenience caused by the living in a multi-stories building in the rural villages. As a result, it is pointed out that the ongoing 'Farmers' upstairs', promoted as a kind of rural movement beyond a phenomenon, has similarities with the Rural Cooperative Movement(農村合作化運動) of Mao Zedong era(1953-61), namely the People's Commune Movement(人民公社運動) finally failed.

• Journal of architectural history
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• v.29 no.3
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• pp.15-24
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• 2020

As China enters the 21st century, China is strengthening its position as a world power in an international position. However, there are still problems with Three Agricultural(Agricultural, Rural, Farmer) and unbalanced urban and rural villages. China, as one of the largest and most populous nations, values the development of three farms. Strategies such as "The Construction Of New Socialist Countryside" were a policy to solve rural problems, But they were not enough to achieve breakthrough results. In order to achieve more effective results, the Central Committee of THE STATE COUNCIL proposed The Document No.1 of "Opinion on the Implementation of The Rural Revitalization Strategy" in February 4, 2018 and published "The Rural Revitalization Strategy (2018-2022 )". The Yanbian region, which is the subject of this study, is the home of Korean-Chinese tribes and the Korean autonomous region. As a minority of Chinese ethnic minorities, the Korean-Chinese has their own unique culture, and Yanbian has distinct regional characteristics. As The Rural Revitalization Strategy was raised, Villages is showing positive change in accordance with policy implementation in Yanbian. This study analyzed the current status of policy implementation of The Rural Revitalization Strategy in Yanbian area and analyzed the policy contents and performances based on the of Yanbian Daily News. Based on the results of the analysis, I would like to help in suggesting a more rational development direction and building the villages.

• International Journal of High-Rise Buildings
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• v.3 no.1
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• pp.65-71
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• 2014

Baku, the capital of Azerbaijan, has seen a boom in construction in recent years. The old Baku city has been rapidly transforming into a new hub of high-rise buildings and lively cultural centers hosting the Euro Vision Song Contest in 2012 and European Games in 2015. A major population shift to Baku from its suburbs and the countryside has resulted in the doubling of Baku's population in the 4 years between 2009 and 2013. As of January 2013, Baku's population reached four million people, 43% of the citizens in Azerbaijan according to The State Statistical Committee of Azerbaijan. With this trend, the city needs more high-rise buildings to accommodate rapidly increasing demands for more housing and business space. Until the Azerbaijan Seismic Building Code was published in 2010 and became effective, many different seismic criteria, in terms of building codes and seismic intensities, were used for all new high-rise projects in Baku. Some designers used the SNIP (Russian) code with seismic level 9 or level 8 with 1 point penalty. Others used the Turkish code with Seismic Zone 1, UBC 97 with Zone 2 through 4, or IBC with Sa = 0.75 g through 1.0 g. The seismic intensity is now clarified with the Azerbaijan Seismic Building Code. However, the Azerbaijan Seismic Building Code is appropriate for low-rise buildings applications but may be inappropriate for high-rise project applications. This is because the code-defined response spectrum yields unrealistically conservative seismic forces for high-rise buildings with long periods, as compared to those determined by other internationally accepted building codes. This paper provides observations and recommendations for code-based seismic load assessment of high-rise buildings in the Baku area.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.26 no.3
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• pp.45-51
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• 1998

This research is concerned with environment problems related to Munhwa-Maul where Korean government are financially much supporting in developing housing sites and constructing houses. The purposes of this research are to find out the problems and to present the practical guidelines in order to improve an environmental quality of Munhwa-Maul in which will be under construction in the near future. The method for finding out the problems are based upon the most atisfaction and dissatisfaction of residents with opened interview. Both Mueur Munhwa-Maul and Umo Munhwa-Maul are considered for this research because Mueur Munhwa-Maul is characterized with a modern village where is located far from the city while Uo Munhwa-Maul, near the city. Also, these Munhwa-Mauls have been firstly constructed. The interview participants are 34 persons in all. They are confined to Mueur Munhwa-Maul and Umo Munhwa Maul that have been firstly constructed in Kyeongook. According to the interviews, each 60% of both Mueur Munhwa-Maul interview participants and Umo Munhwa-Maul ones have shown the their most positive satisfaction in a new housing and facility. It can be seen from that these figures that housing environment including facility of both Munhwa-Mauls is surely improved and successful. On the other hand, 43.8% of Mueur Munhwa-Maul participants and 14% of Umo Munhwa-Maul ones have particularly shown the most negative satisfaction in a size of housing lot. Also, 15.6% of Mueur Munhwa-Maul interview participant and 44% of Umo Munhwa-Maul ones have stated the most dissatisfaction in a traffic convenience. The reasons showing these differences are likely that 90% of Mueur Munhwa-Maul residents are farmer while 85% of Umo Munhwa-Maul ones are not farmer. With this results the purpose of munhwa-Maul project that government has been supporting and the reality of Umo Munhwa-Maul could be never coincident. Therefore, it can be inferred that housing layout should be reconsiderd to be appropriate for agriculture and that the government should carefully consider the contributions of new housing lot to real farmers. In addition, we can say that Munhwa-Maul project should be firstly accomplished in the district far from the city rather than near the city.

• Proceedings of the Korean Environmental Sciences Society Conference
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• 2003.11a
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• pp.15-18
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• 2003

Recently, some researches related to air pollution problems in large cities of the Islamic Republic of Iran have been done. Famous institutes and research centers in countries like Japan, Sweden and Germany have been in cooperation with Iranian institutes in implementing the results. Due to quick increase in the population because of peoples＇ migration from countryside to cities, and rate of growth in the early years after the revolution, air pollution was an important problem in I.R.Iran. Therefore, air pollution control is one of the main issues in major cities of I.R. Iran. It is the purpose of this study to investigate the control mechanisms for air pollution problems in the major industrial cities. The necessary action plans that were taken in recent years in some of the cities, which were also suggested to be taken in the other ones, are the other purpose of this study. From the results of studies it was obtained in Iran, lots of researches are important to mention. Amongst the main activities that are done in recent years are： establishing of the meteorological research centers and atmosphere sciences; three applicator meteorological research centers and more than 40 new stations in the country; installation of newest computer systems in metrological information, using of wall map and continuous radio-traffic to announce traffic news; completing of subway construction in Tehran; forbidding of industrial activities in a definite distance away from Tehran and transferring them to suitable places; building of highways and freeways; improving of public transportation and gasifying them; developing of fuels quality and removing lead from them; and gasifying of the heating systems in houses and buildings.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Rural Architecture
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• v.17 no.3
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• pp.1-9
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• 2015

The purpose of this paper is to analysis on periodical changes of rural houses of Korean-Chinese people residing in Yanbian area, China focused on periodical changes of floor plans according to Chinese government's policies and regulations influencing on rural houses. Changes of floor plans are classified into four periods; immigrating settled period, 1960-1970s, 1980-1990s, and after 2000. Total number of 67 cases were analyzed that data was collected 48 cases of literature studies and 19 cases of field study in Yanbian, China. The results are as followings. In immigrating settled period, floor plans of the rural houses have tended to be continued the pattern of the Korean traditional rural houses. Nevertheless China was changed socialism system, rarely floor plans were influenced by the system during this period. From 1960s to 1970s, the livestock and rural mechanization are influenced by the "People's Commune" policy. The "Barn" and "Mill" were converted into "warehouse". The residential part consists of one Jeongji (space mixed dinning and kitchen) and one to three of Ondolbang (room). From 1980s to 1990s influenced by the policies of "Cultural Revolution", "Birth Control" and "Chinese Economic Reform", the Korean traditional customs like "elders first" and "distinction between the male and female have been gradually vanished. Meanwhile, spaces of the rural houses have consisted of Jeongji, big Utppang (room), and warehouse. Each space is opened and mutual. Since 2000, influenced by the policy of a "new Socialist Countryside Construction", the bathroom and kitchen are added in interior spaces, the life style in rural houses has been changed as for both the sedentary style and western style.