• 음성과학
• /
• 제6권
• /
• pp.103-117
• /
• 1999

This paper suggests that the onset-coda asymmetry found in languages like Korean and others should be dealt with in terms of one acoustic feature rather than other articulatory features, claiming that the acoustic feature involved here is [noise], i.e., 'aperiodic waveform energy'. It determines the structural well-formedness of the languages in question whether a coda ends in [noise] or not, regardless of the intensity, the frequency, and the time duration of the [noise]. Fricatives, affricates, aspirated stops, tense stops, and released stops are all disallowed in the coda position due to the acoustic feature [noise] they, commonly end with if they were, posited in the coda. The proposal implies that the three seemingly separate prohibitions of consonants in the coda position -- i) no fricatives/affricates, ii) no aspirated/tense stops, and iii) no released stops -- are directly correlated with each other. Incorporation of the one acoustic feature [noise] in the feature theory enables us to see that the aspects of onset-coda asymmetry are derived from one single source: ban, of [noise] in the coda.

• 한국진공학회:학술대회논문집
• /
• 한국진공학회 2012년도 제42회 동계 정기 학술대회 초록집
• /
• pp.483-483
• /
• 2012

Recently, nonthermal bioplasma has been attracted by researchers due to their potentials to modulate cellular functions resulting in changes of biomolecular electron band structures as well as cell morphologies. We have investigated the secondary electron emission characteristics from the surface of the erythrocyte, i.e., red blood cell (RBC) with and without the nonthermal bioplasma treatment in morphological and biomolecular aspects. The morphologies have been controlled by osmotic pressure and biomolecular structures were changed by well known reactive oxygen species. Ion-induced secondary electron emission coefficient have been measured by using gamma-focused ion beam (${\gamma}$-FIB) system, based on the quantum mechanical Auger neutralization theory. Our result suggests that the nonthermal bioplasma treatment on biological cells could result in change of the secondary electron emission coefficient characterizing the biomolecular valence band electron energy structures caused by the cell morphologies as well as its surface charge distributions.

• International Journal of Human Ecology
• /
• 제12권2호
• /
• pp.51-63
• /
• 2011

This paper examines the relationship between economic dependence and gender differences in housework in Korea. There are three explanatory alternatives for the relationship; economic rule of exchange, gender display perspective and deviant neutralization. We analysed both 2004 and 2009 time use survey data. The findings show the significant gender differences in time spent on housework that wives spend much more time on housework than husbands. However, among couples with non-normative gender roles, in some cases the more economically powerful wives spend more time on housework than breadwinner wives with weaker economic power, although such cases are rare. Rather, it is appropriate to conclude that, the more economically independent the wives, the less time they spend on housework; this is also the case for husbands. Overall, the Korean case shows what the economic exchange theory predicts. Thus, improvements in working wives' economic power will lead to gender equity in the division of housework.

• 시큐리티연구
• /
• 제56호
• /
• pp.125-144
• /
• 2018

부패방지는 역대 정부에서 주요 국정 과제로 추진되어 오고 있음에도 불구하고 부패방지 예방 정책은 특정 직업군만을 중심으로 추진되어 왔으며 관련 연구 또한 부패에 관한 인식조사 위주로 수행되어 개인의 부패경험에 대하여 직접적으로 설명하는 연구는 매우 부족한 실정이다. 따라서 이 연구는 다양한 직종에 종사하는 개인들을 대상으로 직접적인 부패경험을 조사하고 그러한 행위에 미치는 영향요인을 파악하여 부정부패 방지 정책을 제언하고자 수행되었다. 분석의 자료는 한국행정연구원에서 수집한 설문자료를 활용하였고, 표본은 전국의 만 19세 이상 성인 1,000명을 포함하였다 연구의 결과, 부정부패행위의 간접경험, 부정청탁 상호작용, 공무원 부패 수준인식이 개인의 직접적인 부정부패행위에 통계적으로 유의미한 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다. 이에 따라 개인의 부정부패행위를 막기 위해서는 부정부패행위 간접경험, 부정청탁 상호작용, 부패 수준인식에 초점을 둔 정책을 모색하는 것이 중요하다. 이 연구는 개인의 직접적인 부정부패행위 실행에 미치는 영향요인을 분석함으로써 정책 제언 및 관련 연구의 활성화에 기여하고자 한다.

• 한국환경과학회지
• /
• 제8권3호
• /
• pp.411-417
• /
• 1999

The interfacial chemical behavior, lattice exchange and dissolution, of $FeS_{(S)}$ as one of the important sulfide minerals was studied. Emphases were made on the surface characterization of hydrous $FeS_{(S)}$, the lattice exchange of Cu(II) and $FeS_{(S)}$, and its effect on the dissolution of $FeS_{(S)}$, and also affect some organic ligands on that of both Cu(II) and $FeS_{(S)}$. Cu(II) which has lower sulfide solubility in water than $FeS_{(S)}$ undergoes the lattice exchange reaction when Cu(II) ion contacts $FeS_{(S)}$ in the aqueous phase. For heavy metals which have higher sulfide solubilities in water than $FeS_{(S)}$, these metal ions were adsorbed on the surface of $FeS_{(S)}$. Such a reaction was interpreted by the solid solution formation theory. Phthalic acid(a weak chelate agent) and EDTA(a strong chelate agent) were used to demonstrate the effect of organic lignads on the lattice exchange reaction between Cu(II) and $FeS_{(S)}$. The $pH_{zpc}$ of $FeS_{(S)}$ is 7 and the effect of ionic strength is not showed. It can be expected that phthalic acid has little effect on the lattice exchange reaction between Cu(II) and $FeS_{(S)}$. whereas EDTA has very decreased the removal of Cu(II) and $FeS_{(S)}$. This study shows that stability of sulfide sediments was predicted by its solubility. The pH control of the alkaline-neutralization process to treat heavy metal in wastewater treatment process did not needed. Thereby, it was regarded as an optimal process which could apply to examine a long term stability of marshland closely in the treatment of heavy metal in wastewater released from a disussed mine.

• 한국진공학회:학술대회논문집
• /
• 한국진공학회 2014년도 제46회 동계 정기학술대회 초록집
• /
• pp.262.1-262.1
• /
• 2014

Lipid peroxidation induces functional deterioration of cell membrane and induces cell death in extreme cases. These phenomena are known to be related generally to the change of physical properties of lipid membrane such as decreased lipid order or increased water penetration. Even though the electric property of lipid membrane is important, there has been no report about the change of electric properties after lipid peroxidation. Herein, we demonstrate the molecular energy band change in red blood cell membrane through peroxidation by air-based atmospheric pressure DBD plasma treatment. Ion-induced secondary electron emission coefficient (${\gamma}$ value) was measured by using home-made gamma-focused ion beam (${\gamma}$-FIB) system and electron energy band was calculated based on the quantum mechanical Auger neutralization theory. The oxidized lipids showed higher gamma values and lower electron work functions, which implies the change of surface charging or electrical conductance. This result suggests that modified electrical properties should play a role in cell signaling under oxidative stress.

• 복식
• /
• 제30권
• /
• pp.261-274
• /
• 1996

In the present age dominate by both cer-taingty of 1% and uncertainty of 99% 'Fuzzy thinking' of Bart Kosko that is the way to solve the problems by the scientific way through a worldview of Buddhism or Taoism greatly prevails around the world over 'Lateral greatly prevails around the world over 'Lateral thinking' and the authenticity or the right and-wrong of the uncertainty which is the thinking way to find the answer of the problems of illogical way of Edward de Beno against the western vertical thinking were Concurrently fashion designers over the world also adopt the oriental elements. But there exist differences of thoughts between the orient and the occident. And they have dif-ferent thinking way of aestheticism and references of the value on the beauty. Not only beauty but the view through the mind as intuitional thought in which not only the rec-ognition of sense but also the rationalism and the naturalness play key role. The aesthetic sense in the orient contains both the truth and virtue. 2) The beauty of the mean It's from the thought of neutralization of Confucius. The mean or moderation state which in harmony with ethical virtue and aes-thetic beauty is the ideal and is the ultimate. Therefore the thought of Confucian is the creativity in which the balance and the har-mony is most important. Fashion design is also one of the representation of the mean because the spirit of the designer is harmonized for-mlessly with the object of the model of the fashion design. 2) The beauty of skillfulness It indicates the Taoism of Lao-tzu and Chuangtzu. It takes a super-artistic declar-ation that human can feel and recognize the color of colorlessness the sound of sound-lessness and the taste of tastelessness. The thought of arts affected by Taoism is 'ad-vanced age' called the beauty of skillfulness. The view of arts of lao-tzu takes the beauty of cosmos and the nature as a standard. Es-pecially the beauty of inactivity is recognized by the linkage between the beauty and the ugliness. And these things appear in fashion design as a design element such as humor or exaggeration. 3) The beauty of non-dualism It is thought of Buddhism that all evil passions of worry occur form the opposition in dualism. Finally this thought leads to that everything is consistent and truth is only one from the point of view that virtue and vice has on linkage that is 'no virtues no vices' and 'one with two, two, with one, one is not two' A big tendency like this became the root forma-tion of the thought of the oriental arts. 3. Characteristics of the oriental aesthetic sense on the present fashion design 1) The formation of the fashion design on the oriental elements In the picture-incantation which was a representation of an era when the thought of 'cosmic dual forces' dominated the basic polygons of 'a circle square triangle' means both 'one two three' and 'the negative positive mean' of cosmic elements. From this point of view the was of planner cutting in the Orient is dif-ferent from that of the Occidental which is in three-dimensional. The planner polygon type of the cut-pieces comes to have the meaning of the three-dimension when they consist of a suit that has the combination of each cut-piece. This shows the consistency with the principle of cosmos creation of Taoism that one is two two is three and three is every-thing. 2) The coloring and the symbolic represen-tation of the fashion design on the orien-tal elements The sense on the colors in the Orient from the thought of 'the cosmic dual forces and the five elements' is not the experi-enced from the knowledge but contains the consideration of philosophy Five-primary-color representing compass directions Blue(East) Red(South) Yellow(Center) White (West) and Black (North) is called ' the posi-tive' for this five-primary-color secondary-color which comes from the compound of the primary colors is called 'the negative' The thought of 'the cosmic dual forces and the five elements' is also an theory containing the natural order of the cos-mos and this shows the perceptional differ-ence that they are not conceptual but to be recognized and fell directly. A thought of Buddhism which is 'Colors are colorlessness and Clolorlessness are color's proves that. 3) The pattern and symbolic representation of the fashion design on the oriental elements The pattern as a visual style is a figure of symbolic representation which adopt the mental and physical world of human and are the compo-sition of artistic revelation of the human nature and the religous thought of incantation. Es-pecially the symbolic representation of the oriental thought of Confusion. Buddhism and Taoism There are patterns such as plants aminals the oriental four gods and geometry. From the above it's the time toward the 21'th century when the world is constructing one global area and one historical zone. And the exotic mood of the Orient represented in the fashion which doesn't make the common feeling in general does not cease to develop only to express the visual modeling but also adopts the thought religion and the art which are the root of the Orientail and contains inherent willing of modeling.

• 대한환경공학회지
• /
• 제29권1호
• /
• pp.113-125
• /
• 2007

강설과 강우에서의 이온성분 차이와 강설이 겨울철 강수의 화학적 특성에 미치는 영향을 파악하기 위하여 전북 익산지역에서 1995년부터 2000년까지 강우와 강설의 포집이 가능한 매 $11\sim12$월과 $1\sim2$월 동안에 자동강수채취장치를 사용하여 강수를 포집한 후 pH와 전기전도도 그리고 수용성 이온성분의 농도를 측정하였다. 겨울철 강수의 평균 pH는 4.72이었으며, 강수의 침적형태에 따라서는 강설(5.05)보다 강우(4.67)에서 높은 산성도를 나타내었다. pH 5.0 이하의 저 pH 발생빈도는 강우의 경우 약 73%이었으며, 강설은 30%이었다. 이온성분의 경우 강설은 강우에 비해 해염에서 기원하고 있는 이온성분들의 농도가 높게 나타났는데, 특히 $Cl^-$, $Na^+$, $Mg^{2+}$ 의 경우 3배 이상의 농도 차이를 나타내었다. 해염기원 성분을 제외할 경우 강우와 강설 모두 음이온에서는 $nss-SO_4^{2-}$와 $NO_3^-$가 그리고 양이온에서는 $NH_4^+$와 $nss-Ca^{2+}$가 주성분인 것으로 나타났다. 이중 $nss-SO_4^{2-}$는 강우에서 1.3배 높은 농도를 나타낸 반면, $nss-Ca^{2+}$와 $NO_3^-$의 경우 강설에서 각각 1.5배와 1.3배 높은 농도를 나타내었다. 겨울철 강수 중 $nSS-SO_4^{2-}/NO_3^-$의 당량농도비는 2.4이었는데 이것은 강수의 산성도에 대한 $H_2SO_4$의 기여율이 71%이고 그 나머지가 $HNO_3$에 의한 것임을 의미한다. 강우와 강설에서는 각각 2.7과 1.5를 나타내었는데 이것은 입자상의 $SO_4^{2-}$나 $NO_3^-$보다 가스상의 $HNO_3$가 강설에서 효율적으로 제거되기 때문으로 국외의 다른 실측 연구결과와도 일치하고 있으며, 대기에어로졸의 세정이론과도 잘 부합되는 것으로 나타났다. 익산지역의 겨울철 강우와 강설 모두 $nss-SO_4^{2-}$와 $NO_3^-$가 국내 외 비오염지역에 비해 고농도로 검출되었지만, 이에 대응하는 알칼리성의 $NH_4^+$, $nss-Ca^{2+}$, $nss-K^+$ 등이 존재함으로써 중화작용이 이 지역 강수의 중요한 특징으로 나타났다. 그러나 강우와 강설에서의 이온성분의 차이 그리고 산성원인물질에 대한 이들 알칼리성 물질의 중화능 차이에 의해 강우에 비해 강설의 산성도가 낮은 것으로 나타났으며, 결과적으로 강설은 겨울철 강수의 산성도를 완화시키는 역할을 하는 것으로 파악되었다.

• 한국수산과학회지
• /
• 제33권5호
• /
• pp.448-454
• /
• 2000

IOSP를 이용하여 적조생물입자에 대한 응집실험을 한 결과는 다음과 같다. 본 실험에 사용한 IOSP의 평균 지름은 $11.6{\mu}m$이고, 약$ 77{\%}$의 입자가 $5.0{\~}20.0{\mu}$의 범위에 속하며 변동계수는 $60.1{\%}$이었다. IOSP의 금속성분을 분석한 결과는 $98{\%}$가 칼슘으로서 생석회(CaO)와 같은 성분이었다. IOSP의 전자현미경 사진을 분석한 결과 표면이 매끈한 부정형의 입자로 되어 있었다. IOSP에 해수를 첨가하면 해수중의 $Mg^(+2)$ 이온과 급속하게 반응하여 입자의 표면 주위에 점질성의 $Mg(OH)_2$ 흡수층 (absorption layer)을 형성하여 응집 침전하고 해수의 pH를 10.0 정도까지 상승시켰다. IOSP는 $pH=6.2{\~}12.7$에서 $11.1{\~}50.1 mV$로서 IOSP의 입자가 완전히 용해될 때까지 positive zeta potential을 나타낸 반면 OSP는 pH=9.2, 11.9에서 각각 -42.5, -56.9mV로서 negative zeta potential을 나타내었다. $pNa=2.0{\~}4.0 (10^(-4){\~}10^(-2)M Na^+)$에서 IOSP, OSP의 zeta potential은 거의 일정한 값을 나타내었으나 $pNa=0.0 (1 M Na^+)$에서는 IOSP의 EDL이 매우 크게 압축되어 zeta potential은 거의 0.0mV를 나타내었고 OSP는 -25.4mV의 여전히 높은 negative zeta potential을 나타내었다. IOSP는 $Mg^(+2)$ 이온의 농도가 증가함에 따라 positive zeta potential이 증가하다가 $pMg=3.0 (10^(-3)M Mg^(+2))$에서 감소하는 결과를 나타내었다. 해수 중에서 IOSP는 4.8mV의 positive zeta potential을 나타내었고, OSP와 RTO는 각각 -30.7mV, -9.2mV의 negative zeta potential을 나타내었다. 해수중에서 IOSP의 $Mg(OH)_2$ 흡수층과 적조생물입자 사이에는 positive-negative EDL 반응이 일어나서 이들 둘 사이에는 항상 전기동력학적 인력이 작용하고, 동시에 $Mg(OH)_2$ 흡수층에 의한 전하중화로 인하여 입자 상호간의 응집반응은 극단적 인력이 작용하는 primary minimum에서 일어나고, DLVO 이론에 따라 응집반응은 비가역적아며 매우 신속하게 일어났다. 적조생물입자의 응집제거 효율은 IOSP의 농도 50mg/l까지 급격한 증가를 보이다가 IOSP의 농도가 계속 증가함에 따라서 점점 완만한 증가를 나타내었다. 즉 IOSP의 농도가 증가함에 따라서 지수함수적으로 증가하였다 ($Y=53.81{\times}X^(0.1); R^2=0.9868$).응집 침전은 IOSP 400mg/l 이상에서 거의 완전히 일어났다. IOSP $100mg/l$을 사용하고 G-value를 $1, 6, 29, 139 sec^(-1)$로 단계적으로 증가시키면서 응집 실험을 한 결과 적조생물입자의 응집제거 효율이 각각 $70.5, 70.5, 81.7, 85.3{\%}$로 증가하였다. 이는 응집 반응에서 입자간 충분한 충돌이 일어날 수 있도록 교반하는 것이 매우 중요함을 나타내 주는 것이다.