• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.55 no.1
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• pp.67-72
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• 2022

We investigated the changes in the egg diameter of chub mackerel Scomber japonicus with the stages of egg development (and distinguished between hydrated oocyte and non-hydrated oocyte) for 1, 2, 3, 5, 10, 15 and 30 days. The chub mackerel oocytes were preserved in seven fixing solutions (70% ethyl alcohol, 99.9% ethyl alcohol, 5% formalin, 10% formalin, 5% neutral buffered formalin, 10% neutral buffered formalin and Gilson's solution). At 30 days, the chub mackerel hydrated oocytes preserved in 70% ethyl alcohol and 99.9% ethyl alcohol had shrunk by 5.2% and 7.9%, respectively. Similarly, the non-hydrated oocytes in the same solutions shrunk by 10.3% and 14.0%, respectively. Oocytes preserved in Gilson's solution had an average egg diameter decrease in both the hydrated oocyte (by 16.9%) and non-hydrated oocytes (by 15.6%). The diameter of the preserved hydrated oocytes did not significantly differ between the 5% formalin, 10% formalin, 5% neutral buffered formalin and 10% neutral buffered formalin, with shrinkage percentages of 0.6%, 0.1%, 1.9% and 3.4%, respectively (P>0.05). Similarly, the shrinkage percentages of the non-hydrated oocytes were 4.3% (5% formalin), 5.5% (10% formalin), 4.3% (5% neutral buffered formalin), and 4.1% (10% neutral buffered formalin).

• Journal of fish pathology
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• v.9 no.2
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• pp.157-168
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• 1996

In this study, Residue of formaldehyde and histopathological changes in formalin and neutralformalin in treated fish(Sebastes schlegeli) were observed at two different temperatures(15 and $25^{\circ}C$). Immediately after in treatment, residue of formaldehyde in formalin treated fish was show little bit higher than in neutral-formalin treated fish at $15^{\circ}C$. But, there is no difference at water temperature $25^{\circ}C$. The elimination of formaldehyde was markedly temperature-dependent. The approximated withdrawal time were 72hr and 24hr at water temperature 15 and $25^{\circ}C$. Formalin was more toxic than the neutral-formalin at the same condition. Intensity of tissues damage was increased with increasing concentration of chemical and temperature. Formalin and neutral-formalin treatments caused edema and seperation of epithelium, winding of secondary gill lamella, necrosis in the gill ; congestion and pycnosis, vacuolation in the liver ; hydropic and granulated degeneration, necrosis of epithelial cells in the proximal renal tubule ; increasing mucus cells, cracking, necrosis of epidermis and dermis in the skin tissue.

• Journal of fish pathology
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• v.10 no.1
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• pp.53-63
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• 1997

In this study, poikilocyte rate and histopathological observation of flounder, Paralichthys olivaceus, treated with formalin, neutral-formalin(0, 50, 100, 150, 200, 300 ppm) at two different temperatures (15 and $25^{\circ}C$) were conducted to determine the time need for recovery. In all test chamber, formalin was more toxic than neutral-formalin and moderate lesions were not observed at low concentration of formalin and neutral-formalin(50~100 ppm). As expectedly, time need for recovery of gill and kidney tissues was lengthening as increasing chemical concentration and temperature. Treatments caused edema, winding of secondary gill lamella, seperation of epithelial layer and thrombosis of secondary gill lamella in the gill; edema, hydropic and hyaline droplet degeneration in the kidney. Representatively, recovery period of fish gill that had been exposed to 300 ppm formalin and neutral-formalin was about 120 and 72 hr($25^{\circ}C$). 72 and 48 hr($15^{\circ}C$). Recovery period of kidney was about 72 and 48 hr($25^{\circ}C$), 48 and 48 hr($15^{\circ}C$) respectively. Maximum value of poikilocyte rate(27.84%) was shown in formalin 300 ppm treated fish at $25^{\circ}C$. Tendency of decreasing poikilocyte rate was similiar to recovery of tissues in treated fish.

• Korean Journal of Clinical Laboratory Science
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• v.52 no.4
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• pp.381-388
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• 2020

The quality control of pathological specimens is important for accurate molecular pathology testing. This study evaluated that specimen factors affecting the DNA quality during tissue processing and sample types for BRAF, EGFR, and KRAS mutations tests. One thousand seven hundred and seventy-two molecular pathology tests were investigated for the factors influencing the DNA quality, such as sample type, formalin fixation time, and reexamination status. Cytology samples stored in a saline solution had better DNA quality than commercial cytology preservation. Tissue samples fixed in formalin within 24 hours had better DNA quality than the samples fixed over 24 hours. Between the types of samples, fresh tissue samples and tissue samples with a high tumor cell density had relatively better DNA quality than the formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded (FFPE) tissues and cytology specimens. Of real-time PCR, the non-PNA Ct value increased proportionally with samples held for longer than 24 hours in formalin, and that the formalin-fixed time affects the sample DNA quality. In conclusion, the appropriate tumor cellularity and 10% neutral formalin fixation time are the most important factors for maintaining the DNA quality. These factors should be managed properly for an accurate pathological molecular test to ensure optimal DNA quality.

• Parasites, Hosts and Diseases
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• v.40 no.1
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• pp.55-58
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• 2002

The effects of exogenous glucose in artificial spring water (ASW) were studied on the survival and infectivity of Schistosoma mansoni cercariae. The mean percent survival of cercariae maintained in 1% glucose in ASW for 36 and 48hr was significantly greater than that of cercariae maintained identically in ASW. Cercariae maintained in ASW with or without glucose for 24hr, fixed in neutral buffered formalin, and stained in Oil Red O. showed an accumulation of neutral lipid in the tail. Cercariae maintained as described above and stained in periodic acid-Schiff exhibited depleted glycogen, mainly from the tail. Cercariae maintained in ASW with glucose for 24hr did not resynthesize glycogen. Cercariae maintained in ASW with glucose for 24hr were as capable of infecting male FVBN202 mice as were freshly emerged cercariae, and increased the percent of worm recovery. Exogeneous glucose added to ASW prolonged the survival of S. mansoni cercariae and increased infectivity in terms of worm recovery.

• Journal of fish pathology
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• v.19 no.1
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• pp.73-82
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• 2006

Streptococcal infections were considered as a serious problem because of significant economic losses in fish farm industry. We evaluated the efficacies of Streptococcus iniae vaccines in olive flounder, Paralichthys olivaceus. The vaccines were prepared from 10% neutral buffered formalin to give a final concentration of 0.3% or 3%, respectively. Fish were immunized by intraperitoneal injection of the experimental vaccines once or twice. Neither of the vaccines gave rise to any significant side effects. The antibody titers of booster immunized groups were significantly higher than those of prime immunized groups with both of the vaccines. According to formalin dosage, significantly increased antibody titers were produced by 3% formalin-killed cells (FKC) at 4weeks and 8weeks after prime and booster vaccination, respectively. Although the different levels of antibody production were showed by the vaccinated fish, the good protection obtained in challenge trials of the both vaccines. Fish immunized with 0.3% FKC once or twice had the relative percent survival (RPS) of 66.7% and 87.5%, respectively. Similarly, fish immunized with 3% FKC once or twice had the RPS of 70.0% and 77.0%, respectively. Further experiments are needed to study not only correlation between the antibody titers and RPS against S. iniae but also the side effects of high dose of formalin on antigenicity.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Research
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• v.32 no.4
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• pp.463-479
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• 1992

The morphological findings of the parotid, mandibualr and sublingual salivary glands of the Korean native goat have been investigated by the histological and histochemical observation using the light microscope. Tissues were fixed with 10% neutral buffered formalin and Bouin's solution, and embedded in paraffin. The tissue sections were stained with hematoxylin and eosin, Heidenhain's azocarmine-aniline blue, alcian blue, toluidine blue, periodic acid Schiff, aldehyde fuchsin, alcian blue-periodic acid Schiff and aldehyde fuchsin-alcian blue. Some sections were stained with the alcian blue after each teatment of diastase digestion, methylation, methylation-saponification, and neuraminidase digestion. The results were as follows ; 1. The major salivary glands were compound. tubuloacinar glands, and the parenchyma was composed of acini, intercalated ducts, striated ducts and excretory ducts. 2. The acini were composed of serous cells in the parotid gland, and mucous cells, serous cells and seous demilunes in the mandibular gland. The acini of the sublingual glands were composed of mucous cells and serous demilunes. 3. In histochemistry, the serous cells of the parotid gland contained neutral mucin and enzyme-liable silaic acid. 4. The serous cells and demilunes of the mandibular gland contained neutral mucin and enzyme-liable sialic acid, and the mueous cells contained sulfated mucin, enzyme liable sialic acid and neutral mucin 5. In the sublingual gland, the mucous cells contained sulfated mucin, enzyme-resistant sialic acid and neutral mucin, and the serous demilunes contained neutral mucin and enzyme-resistant sialic acid.

• Parasites, Hosts and Diseases
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• v.31 no.4
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• pp.321-330
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• 1993

F. seoulensis were obtained from artificially infected albino rats at 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 days after infection. The worms and metacercariae were washed in physiological saline solution, and fled with 10% neutral formalin. The acetylcholinesterase (AchE) stained by one histochemistry using acetylthiocholine iodide as substrate. Eserine, ism-OMPA and BW284C51 were used as inhibitors of AchE. The nervous system consists of three pairs longitudinal nerve trunks interconnected with excretory plexus in posterior half, and phinmc and oral sucker in anterior half of metacercariae and adults. The longitudinal nerve trunks are interconnected with transverse commissures and numerous circular commissures. Considerable numbers of circular commissures are interconnected with longitudinal nerve trunks tying on the surface of the worms. At each stage of juvenile worms, AchE and nonspecific cholinesterase activites were observed in the oral sucker, ventral sucker, pharynx and nerve system. Isoxymes of AchE in f seoderuts were separated into the two bands, 69 kDa and 132 kDa. The major band was 69 kDa.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.15 no.10
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• pp.1439-1444
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• 2002

An objective of this study was to determine the effects of increasing contents of rumen undegradable protein (RUP) from formalin treated soy bean (FSBM) on rumen functions. Four rumen canulated non-lactating cows were randomly allocated to total mixed rations (TMR) containing different proportions of soy bean meal (SBM) and FSBM. Of rumen fermentation characteristics, concentrations of ruminal fluid ammonia and molar proportions of isoacids decreased with increasing contents of RUP in diets (p<0.01). The animals on TMR containing only SBM gained less weight and had smaller rumen volume than those on TMR containing RUP from FSBM (p<0.05). Organic matter and neutral detergent fiber digestibility in sacco were not different (p>0.05). The density of protozoa particularly small Entodinium sp. in ruminal fluid was higher in animal fed TMR containing SBM:FSBM (34:66) and FSBM than those fed TMR containing SBM:FSBM (66:34) and SBM (p<0.01). Total viable count, and net microbial protein synthesis as indicated by purine derivatives in urine increased with increasing contents of RUP from FSBM (p<0.01). It can be concluded that a reduction in net microbial protein synthesis in the rumen with increasing contents of RUP in the diet can be due to the reduction of preformed protein available for microbial growth as well as an increased turnover rate of microbial cells by predatory activity of protozoa.

• Biomedical Science Letters
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• v.10 no.3
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• pp.259-262
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• 2004

The aim of present study was to examine the effect of carrageenan on the tendon of skeletal muscle of rat. The tendon damage was induced by injection of carrageenan into skeletal hind muscle of rats. Rats were killed on 48 hours after carrageenan injection. The resulting tendons were fixed with 10％ neutral buffered formalin (NBF), dehydrated, embedded, sectioned by 4 μm, and stained by phosphotungstic acid hematoxylin (PTAH) or hematoxylin-eosin (H-E). Carrageenan induced the segregation of tendon fibers, intratendinous cleft, segregation of muscle cell group, wave arrangement of tendon fiber. The results suggest that carrageenan induced tendon damage of rat's skeletal muscle by morphological changes.