• Journal of the Korean Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry
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• 제21권3호
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• pp.147-152
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• 2010

Objectives : The purpose of this study was to investigate the deficits in executive function in children with ADHD and anxiety disorder, and further, to characterize executive function deficits among the two groups. Methods : Subjects consisted of 60 children between the ages of 5 and 14 (16 Normal, 24 ADHD, 20 Anxiety Disorder). Neuropsychological tests (KEDI-WISC, CCTT, STROOP, WCST, ROCF) for assessing cognitive and executive function were individually administered to all subjects. Results : There were no significant differences in FSIQ or PIQ among the three groups. However, the ADHD group tended to score lower on the VIQ and subtest of similarity, vocabulary, and digit span tests. The three groups did not significantly differ with respect to CCTT test results. On the STROOP test, the ADHD group showed poor performance on the word, color, and color-word subtests. The three groups did not exhibit significant differences in WCST test results ; however, the anxiety group performed poorly belonging to below 25 percentile rank on perseverative response. On the ROCF test, the ADHD group performed poorly with respect to their organization score and in particular, regarding copy and immediate recall. The anxiety group also performed poorly with regard to organization ; however, this was limited only to immediate recall. Conclusion : Children with ADHD displayed poor inhibition and organizational abilities compared to children with anxiety and normal controls. Further, children with anxiety disorder exhibited low cognitive flexibility and voluntary problem-solving abilities compared to ADHD children and normal controls. Based on these results, we suggest that the characteristics of executive dysfunction in ADHD and anxiety disorder in children are different.

• 대한간호학회지
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• 제22권4호
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• pp.464-475
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• 1992

Head Injuries due to traffic accidents are now the leading cause of death and long term disability in males between 30-50 years. Many patients with head injuries experience mild dysfunction of cognition without major neurosurgical problems, and this may interfere with successful rehabilitation. However, not many studies have been done to investigate the cognitive functioning following mild head injuries. The purpose of this study was to obtain injured patient's dermographic data including medical, neuropsychological and social data, and to investigate the cause of injury and alcohol use at the time of injury. This study focused on the recovery of cognitive function in patients with head injuries and used the Mini Mental State Examination(MMSE) score and its correlation with dermographic and social data. Data on 77 patients with minor head injuries who were admitted to the department of Neurosurgery in 3 and I hospital in Dae Jun from September 1991 to February 1992 were analyzed. The findings of this study are as follows ; 1) Out of the 77 cases reviewed in this study, 62 were male, 15 were female. 2) A higher incidence of injury was observed between 7:00 PM and 12:00 PM. 3) The most common cause of head injury in traffic accidents was pedestrian accidents, and the next most frequent cause was motorcycle accidents. 4) Thirteen of the 77 cases in this study were under the influence of alcohol at the time of injury, and they were all male. 5) The MMSE scores one month after injury and at discharge were significantly lower in patients with head injuries that included skull fractures than in patients without skull fractures, suggesting lower cognitive function in patients with skull fractures. 6) The level of consciousness at admission and three days after admission measured by the GCS for drivers under the influence of alcohol was lower than for sober drivers. The MMSE score was also lower for drunken drivers. 7) The MMSE score one month after the injury had a reciprocal relationship with the age of the patient. 8) The MMSE score one month after the injury and at discharge were highly correlated with the duration of unconsciousness. 9) The MMSE score one month after injury and at discharge were highly correlated with the GCS scores at admission, three days after admission, and one week after admission.

• 한국정보처리학회논문지
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• 제2권2호
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• pp.199-208
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• 1995

본 논문에서는 시각 신경계에 있어서 형태 정보 처리에 대한 생리학 및 심리학에 서의 연구 결과들을 부분적으로 응용하여 지도상으로부터 기호 정보를 추출하는 신경 회로망을 제안하였다. 제안된 신경 회로망은 계측적 구조의 다층 신경회로망으로 구성 되었으며, 각 계층간의 신경세포들의 시냅스 결합은 수용영역을 근사시킨 공간필터들 로 구현하였다. 제안 신경회로망에 의한 지도기호의 인식은 입력 화상에 대해 먼저 색 분류를 수행한 후 형태 정보를 처리하는데, 형태 정보의 처리는 하위 계층(계층 2,3)에서 직선, 및 끝점 등의 부분 특징 정보를 이용하여 해당 기호의 후보점을 찾아 낸 후, 그 후보점에 대해 상위 계층(계승 4)에서 전체 특징 정보를 이용하여 수행하 였다.

• 한국HCI학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국HCI학회 2008년도 학술대회 2부
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• pp.507-512
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• 2008

본 연구는 경도인지장애(MCI)환자의 가상환경(VE)내 길찾기 학습능력을 측정하였으며, 전통 신경심리검사를 이용하여 길찾기 능력을 구성하는 인지기능에 대해 조사하였다. 피험자는 정상노인집단(N=27)과 MCI 환자집단(N=22)으로 구성되었다. 피험자는 간이정신집단검사, 시각 기억력을 측정하는 Rey Complex Figure Test(RCFT), 시각적 보존력을 측정하는 Benton Visual Retention(BVRT), 주의력을 측정하는 Trail-Making Test(TMT; A형과 B형), 성인용 웩슬러 지능검사의 하위검사인 숫자외우기(바로/거꾸로), 및 집행기능 및 기억력을 측정하는 2차원공간에서의 미로학습검사 Groton Maze Learning Test(GMLT)(12회기)를 마친 후, 가상현실(VE) 내 길찾기과제(6회기)를 수행하였다. 그 결과, VE 길찾기 과제에 대하여 유의미한 집단효과가 나타났다. 즉, MCI집단의 길찾기 수행이 정상노인집단의 길찾기 수행보다 떨어지는 결과가 발견되었다. 집단과 회기간 상호작용 및 유의미한 회기효과는 나타나지 않았다. GMLT에서는 유의미한 상호작용, 집단효과, 및 회기효과가 나타나지 않았다. 신경심리검사에서는 RCFT와 BVRT에서 유의미한 집단간 차이가 발견되었다. 또한, VE과제는 RCFT, BVRT, 그리고 GMLT와 상관이 있었으며, 이를 기반으로한 회기분석 실시 결과 RCFT와 BVRT는 가상환경 내 길찾기 행동에 대한 45%의 설명력을 지니고 있었다. 결론적으로, 본 연구결과는 MCI환자의 길찾기 능력이 정상인에 비하여 떨어지며, MCI환자의 시공간기억기능 결함으로 이와 같은 길찾기 능력저하를 설명할 수 있음을 함의한다.

• 생물정신의학
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• 제15권1호
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• pp.46-53
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• 2008

Posterior cortical atrophy(PCA) is a presenile dementia that presents primarily with signs and symptoms of cortical visual dysfunction, while memory is relatively preserved until the late stage of the disease. We report a patient with PCA, confirmed by brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and $F^{18}$-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography(FDG PET). A 58-year-old right-handed woman presented initially with visual dimness and difficulty finding things around her. She had partial Balint's syndrome, partial Gerstmann syndrome, and idiomotor apraxia. She also had a mild memory disturbance, but preserved insight of her disease. Neuropsychological evaluation showed decreased parietal and left temporal functions bilaterally. Brain MRI and $F^{18}$-FDG PET revealed typical bilateral occipitoparietal atrophy and hypometabolism, which were slightly worse on the right side. Cholinesterase inhibitor administration for 6 months improved the memory impairment slightly, but not the cortical visual dysfunction. This is a typical case of PCA, confirmed by neurologic signs and imaging findings.

• 약학회지
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• 제37권5호
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• pp.442-452
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• 1993

Previous experimental and clinical investigations suggest a possible role of new nootropic drug, oxiracetam, in improving cognitive performances in patients affected by organic brain syndrome. In this study, the cognitive and behavioral effects of oxiracetam treatment in patients with clinical symptoms of organic brain syndrome were evaluated. Sixty-six patients were enrolled and assigned to either oxiracetam or placebo, according to a randomized, double-blind design between two patient-groups. Either oxiracetam or placebo was orally given bid for 8 weeks ; daily dose of oxiracetam was 1600mg. All the patients, enrolled in this study, were diagnosed as having mild to moderate cognitive dysfunction as defined by a baseline Mini Mental State ExaminationKorean version (MMSE-K) score between 14 and 25. The patients under-went, at baseline, 4 weeks and 8 weeks after, routine laboratory study (CBC, SMA12, U/A, EKG) and the following neuropsychological tests ; MMSE-K, modified Korean Wechsler Intelligence Scale(MKWIS), Nurses' Observation Scale for Geriatric patients(NOSGER). Fifteen patients of whom were dropped out or excluded from the analysis because of poor compliance or violation of the protocol. Fiftyone patients (aged 54~78 years, male 25, female 26) were analyzed (vascular dementia, 30 ; senile dementia of Alzheimer type, 9 ; mixed type, 5 ; other cause, 7). Statistical analysis of the data demonstrated that the two groups were comparable at baseline. At the end of each study period the oxiracetam group scored significantly better on the majority of the tests evaluating cognitive function, psychometricity and the improvement rating scale of subjective symptoms than placebo group, in which worsening trends or no changes were seen on the whole. No side effects were noted during oxiracetam treatment. The present study, showing positive clinical findings after oxiracetam therapy, confirmed that this drug can be useful pharmacological treatment in organic brain syndrome.

• 한국응용약물학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국응용약물학회 2006년도 Spring Conference
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• pp.139-149
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• 2006

Amyloid beta (A$\beta$) is believed one of the major pathogens of Alzheimer's disease (AD), and the reduction of A$\beta$ is considered a primary therapeutic target. Immunization with A$\beta$ can reduce A$\beta$ burden and pathological features in transgenic AD model mouse. This means anti-A$\beta$ autoantibodies may have a role in AD pathology. Recent findings suggest anti-A$\beta$ autoantibodies level decrease in AD patients. The early detection of AD is important for treatment of this disease. However, diagnosis on AD has only been possible through limited methods such as neuropsychological examination or MRI. To investigate whether it was possible to detect the presence and different levels of naturally occurring anti-A$\beta$ autoantibodies in the plasma of patients with AD and age-matched controls. An advanced ELISA was performed to detect levels of naturally occurring anti-A$\beta$ autoantibodies in the plasma. The level of anti-A$\beta$ auto-antibodies from patients with idiopathic Parkinson's disease or stroke and from normal controls were compared to that of AD patients. Our results showed a significantly lower anti-A$\beta$ autoantibodies level in AD compared to those with other neurological diseases or control. The level of anti-A$\beta$ autoantibodies in the serum may be used to diagnose the presence of AD.

• Journal of the Korean Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry
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• 제20권2호
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• pp.61-67
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• 2009

Objectives: The purpose of this study was to examine the performance and electrophysiological characteristics of drug-naive children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder(ADHD) during the Go/NoGo task. Methods: Twenty-three boys with ADHD and 18 age-matched normal boys were recruited at a child psychiatric outpatient clinic in Seoul. All subjects were assessed by the Kiddie Schedules for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia Present and Lifetime version. The investigator also assessed all subjects using the ADHD Rating Scale-IV(ADHDRS). Event-related potentials were recorded from 8 scalp electrodes during the visual Go/NoGo task. Results: Children with ADHD showed a larger mean of standard deviation of response time during the Go/NoGo task than normal children. The temporal N200 and P300 amplitudes were larger in children with ADHD relative to controls. The parietal N200 and P300 latencies were more prolonged in children with ADHD compared to normal controls. Conclusion: These results suggest that psychotropic-naive children with ADHD may have more variable performance ability, more difficulty in discriminating visual stimuli, and slower information processing speed than their normal age-matched counterparts.

• 종양간호연구
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• 제11권3호
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• pp.179-185
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• 2011

Purpose: This study analyzed recent trends of instrument usage assessing cognitive function of breast cancer patients undergoing chemotherapy. Methods: The researcher collected 64 studies outside the country that were published between January 1996 and August 2010. Results: There was no study on the instrument assessing all domains of cognitive function in breast cancer patients undergoing chemotherapy. Most instruments assessing cognitive function of breast cancer patients have been used for patients with dementia, depression, and/or organic brain damage. Also the objective neuropsychological tests such as the grooved pegboard for the psychomotor area, RCFT copy in visuospatial skill area and the WAIS-III block design have low sensitivity for measuring cognitive function in breast cancer patients, thus they are not good for applying to breast cancer patients. Conclusion: There is a need to develop an instrument which has good sensitivity and specificity for measuring the cognitive function of the breast cancer patients who experienced cognitive impairment after chemotherapy treatment. In addition, the developed instrument needs to be accessible and feasible in any nursing clinical setting for the purpose of accurate assessment and evaluation of the cognitive function among breast cancer patients.

• 생물정신의학
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• 제18권4호
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• pp.232-238
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• 2011

Objectives Optimized voxel based morphometry (VBM) has been increasingly applied to investigate differences in the brain morphology between a group of patients with mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and control subjects. Optimized VBM permits comparison of gray matter (GM) volume at voxel-level from the entire brain. The purpose of this study was to assess the regional GM volume change measured by optimized VBM in MCI subjects compared to controls. Methods Twenty patients with MCI and 20 control subjects with normal cognition were recruited for this study. We applied the optimized VBM protocol to the image data including study-specific template and the modulation of the data with the Jacobian determinants. GM volume differences between the MCI subjects and the control subjects and their correlations with the neuropsychological performances were investigated. Results Optimized VBM analysis revealed GM volume reduction in hippocampus, precentral gyrus, insula and parietal operculum in the MCI group compared to the control group (family wise error corrected p < 0.05). Korean version of the Consortium to Establish a Registry for Alzheimer's disease (CERAD-K) word list recall scores were significantly correlated with the GM volumes of hippocampus, precuneus and posterior cingulate in the MCI group (FWE corrected p < 0.05). Conclusions The results confirm previous findings of atrophic changes in medial temporal lobe and parietal lobe in the MCI group and suggest that these abnormalities may be related with cognitive decline and prognosis in patients with MCI.