• 대한약학회:학술대회논문집
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• 대한약학회 2003년도 Proceedings of the Convention of the Pharmaceutical Society of Korea Vol.1
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• pp.223.2-224
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• 2003

Glial cell-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) is a potent neurotrophic factor that enhances survival of midbrain doparminergic neuron. GDNF and its receptors are widely distributed in brain and are believed to be involved in the control of neuron survival and differentiation. GDNF increased proliferation and migration of Hs683 human giloma and C6 rat giloma cells in a dose-dependent manner. (omitted)

• 대한약학회:학술대회논문집
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• 대한약학회 2002년도 Proceedings of the Convention of the Pharmaceutical Society of Korea Vol.2
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• pp.326.2-327
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• 2002

Glial cell-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) is a potent neurotrophic factor that enhances survival of midbrain doparminergic neuron. GDNF and its receptors are widely distributed in brain and are believed to be involved in the control of neuron survival and differentiation. In this study, we examined the effect of GDNF on proliferation and migration of Hs683 human glioma cells. GDNF markedly enhances proliferation and migration of Hs683 cells in a dose-dependent manner. (omitted)

• 한국독성학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국독성학회 2002년도 Molecular and Cellular Response to Toxic Substances
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• pp.140-140
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• 2002

Glial cell-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) is a potent neurotrophic factor that enhances survival of midbrain doparminergic neuron and is a member of the transforming growth factor-b superfamily. GDNF and its receptors are widely distributed in brain and are believed to be involved in the control of neuron survival, proliferation and differentiation.(omitted)

• 한국동물번식학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국동물번식학회 2003년도 학술발표대회 발표논문초록집
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• pp.75-75
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• 2003

Since the establishment of embryonic stem cell, pluripotency of the cells was known to allow differentiation of the cells into various cell types consisting whole body. Several protocols have been developed to induce expression of specific genes.. However, no precise protocol that will generate a single type of the cells from stem cells has been reported. In order to produce cells suitable for transplantion into brain of PD animal model, which arouse due to a progressive degeneration of dopaminergic neurons in midbrain, human embryonic stem cell (hESC, MB03) was transfected with cDNAs cording for tyrosine hydroxylase (TH). Successful transfection was confirmed by western immunoblotting. Newly transfected cell line (TH#2/MB03) was induced to differentiate by the two neurogenic factors retinoic acid (RA) and b-FGF. Exp. I) Upon differentiation using RA/ascorbic acid (AA), embryoid bodies (EB, for 4days) derived from hES cells were exposed to RA (10$^{-6}$ M)/AA (50 mM) for 4 days, and were allowed to differentiate in N2 medium for 7, 14, 21, or 28 days. Exp. II) When bFGF was used, neuronal precursor cells were selected for 8 days in N2 medium after EB formation. After selection, cells were expanded at the presence of bFGF (20 ng/ml) for another 6 days followed by a final differentiation in N2 medium for 7, 14, 21 or 28 days. By indirect immunocytochemical studies, proportion of cells expressing NF200 increased rapidly from 20% at 7 days to 70 % at 28 days in RA/AA-treated group, while those cells expressing NF160 decreased from 80% at 7 days to 10% at 28 days upon differentiation in N2 medium. However, in differentiation by RA/AA treatment system, there was a significant increase in proportion of neuron maturity (73%) at day 14 after N2 medium. TH#2/MB03 cells expressing TH are >90% when matured at the absence of either bDNF or TGF-$\alpha$. These results suggested that TH#2/MB03 cells could be differentiated in vitro into mature neurons by RA/AA.

• Molecules and Cells
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• 제26권3호
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• pp.243-249
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• 2008

Corticotropin releasing factor (CRF) mediates various responses to stress through CRF receptors 1 and 2. CRF receptor 2 has two forms, $2{\alpha}$ and $2{\beta}$ each of which appears to have distinct roles. Here we used dopaminergic neuron-derived MN9D cells to investigate the function of CRF receptor 2 in dopamine neurons. We found that n-butyrate, a histone deacetylase inhibitor, induced MN9D cell differentiation and increased gene expression of all CRF receptors. CRF receptor $2{\beta}$ was minimally expressed in MN9D cells; however, its expression dramatically increased during differentiation. CRF receptor $2{\beta}$ expression levels appeared to correlate with neurite outgrowth, suggesting CRF receptor $2{\beta}$ involvement in neuronal differentiation. To validate this statement, we made a CRF receptor $2{\beta}$-overexpressing $MN9D/CRFR2{\beta}$ stable cell line. This cell line showed robust neurite outgrowth and GAP43 overexpression, together with MEK and ERK activation, suggesting MN9D cell neuronal differentiation. From these results, we conclude that CRF receptor $2{\beta}$ plays an important role in MN9D cell differentiation by activating the MEK/ERK signaling pathway.

• International Journal of Oral Biology
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• 제34권4호
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• pp.177-183
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• 2009

Human mesenchymal stem cell (hMSCs) isolated from human adult bone marrow have self-renewal capacity and can differentiate into multiple cell types in vitro and in vivo. A number of studies have now demonstrated that MSCs can differentiate into various neuronal populations. Due to their autologous characteristics, replacement therapy using MSCs is considered to be safe and does not involve immunological complications. The basic helix-loop-helix (bHLH) transcription factor Olig2 is necessary for the specification of both oligodendrocytes and motor neurons during vertebrate embryogenesis. To develop an efficient method for inducing neuronal differentiation from MSCs, we attempted to optimize the culture conditions and combination with Olig2 gene overexpression. We observed neuron-like morphological changes in the hMSCs under these induction conditions and examined neuronal marker expression in these cells by RTPCR and immunocytochemistry. Our data demonstrate that the combination of Olig2 overexpression and neuron-specific conditioned medium facilitates the neuronal differentiation of hMSCs in vitro. These results will advance the development of an efficient stem cell-mediated cell therapy for human neurodegenerative diseases.

• The Journal of Korean Physical Therapy
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• 제13권2호
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• pp.433-444
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• 2001

This review highlights the ontogenesis and the differentiation of motor neuron in spinal cord, and introduce the survival motor neuron(SMN) which is associated with growth and survival of motor neurons. The differentiation of floor plate cells and motor neurons in the vertebrate neural tube appears to be induced by signals from the notochord. This signal is Sonic hedgehog(Shh). The early development of motor neurons involves the inductive action of Shh. The SMN gene is essential for embryonic viability. SMN mRNA is also expressed in virtually all cell types in spinal cord, including large motor neurons. The SMN protein is involved in RNA processing and during early embryonic development is necessary fer cell survival. Two SMN genes are present in 5q 13 in humans: the telomeric gene(SMNt), which is the SMA-determining gene, and the centromeric analog gene(SMNc). The majority of transcripts from the SMNt gene are full length but, major transcripts of the SMNc gene have a high degrees of alternative splicing and tend to have little or no exon 7. The SMN is involved in the RNA processing(the biogenesis of snRNPs and pre-mRNA splicing), the anti-apoptotic effects, and regulating gene expression.

• KSBB Journal
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• 제27권5호
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• pp.273-280
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• 2012

Graphene is a one-atom-thick sheet composed of carbon atoms only. It has a two-dimensional honeycomb structure with $sp^2$ orbital bonding, which presents some unique properties. Due to large Young's modulus, good electrical conductivity, ability to immobilize several kinds of small molecules and proteins, and biocompatibility of graphene, it has attracted interests inits ability to enhance cell growth and differentiation, followed by recent several studies. We reviewed about the osteogenic differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells, and neurogenic differentiation of neuron stem cells, and the ectodermal and mesodermal differentiation of induced pluripotent stem cells using graphene. Graphene has not only enhanced the adhesion and proliferation of mesenchymal stem cells, but also led to the faster differentiation even without any other exogenous signals. Nonetheless, graphene has some cytotoxicities in its amount-response manner, which is critical to regenerative medicine. The cytotoxicities of graphene were compared with those of grapheneoxide and carbon nanotubes.

• 대한약학회:학술대회논문집
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• 대한약학회 2003년도 Proceedings of the Convention of the Pharmaceutical Society of Korea Vol.2-2
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• pp.169.2-170
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• 2003

Erythropietin (EPO), a hematopoietic factor is also required for normal brain development, and its receptor is localized in brain. Therefore, it is possible that EPO could act as a neurotropic factor inducing differentiation of neurons. The present study, we therefore investigated whether EPO can increase differentiation of undifferentiated cortical neuron isolated from postneonatal (Day 1) rat brains and PC12 cell, undifferentiated dopaminagic cell line. EPO dose (1-100 U/ml) dependently increased cell differentiation and expression of differentiation marker gene (neurofilament and tyrosine hydroxylase) in both cells. (omitted)

• Journal of the Korean Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons
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• 제29권1호
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• pp.1-4
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• 2003

In this study, we showed that neurons could be generated from adult canine bone marrow stem cells by culturing with $DMSO/BHA/FeCl_2$. These neurons differentiated from the bone marrow stem cells formed neurites, expressed neuron-specific markers. This differentiation was enhanced by $FeCl_2$. These results suggest that iron can effectively initiate differentiation of adult bone marrow stem cells into neurons.