• YAKHAK HOEJI
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• v.41 no.4
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• pp.399-406
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• 1997

The effects of different $K^+$ channel blockers were investigated on the non-adrenergic non-cholinergic (NANC) relaxations in the circular muscle of the rabbit proximal stomach. Non-selective blockers of $K^+$ channels, 4-aminopyridine (4-AP, 3~30${\mu}M$) and tetraethylammonium (TEA, 100~1000${\mu}M$) significantly enhanced the NANC relaxations in a concentration-dependent manner. The enhancement was more prominent for the NANC relaxations induced by the electric field stimulation (EFS) with lower frequencies. Blockers of large conductance $Ca^{2+}$-activated $K^+$ channels, charybdotoxin and iberiotoxin, a blocker of small conduntance $Ca^{2+}$-activated $K^+$ channels, apamin and a blocker of ATP-sensitive $K^+$ channels, glibenclamide had no effect on the NANC relaxations, respectively. Exogeneous administration of nitric oxide (NO, 1~30${\mu}M$) caused concentration-dependent relaxations which showed a similarity to those obtained with EFS. None of the $K^+$ channel blockers had an effect on the concentration-dependent relaxation in response to NO. These results suggest that prejunctional $K^+$ channels regulate the release of NO from the NANC nerve in the rabbit proximal stomach as the inhibition of prejunctional $K^+$ channels increases the NANC relaxation induced by the EFS.

• Korean Journal of Acupuncture
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• v.36 no.3
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• pp.150-161
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• 2019

Objectives : The authors aimed at contributing to the safety of acupuncture in the clinic by analyzing the information of contraindicated acupoints described in Uihakipmun. Methods : We investigated the contents related acupuncture contraindications in Uihakipmun, categorized the contraindicated acupoints by site and identified whether they can cause adverse events from the anatomical point of view. Results : In Uihakipmun, 49 acupoints - BL6, BL8, BL9, ST1, SI18, BL1, BL2, TE18, TE19, TE20, GB1, GB3, GV22, GV24, ST12, ST9, TE16, GV6, BL15, BL30, CV17, LU2, GB22, SP16, CV8, CV9, CV15, KI11, ST30, SP11, BL56, GB32, GB33, GB42, LI13, HT2, TE8, GV17, GB18, EX-HN11, GB21, GV11, GV10, ST17, CV5, CV1, ST42, SP6, LI4 - were described as contraindicated acupoints. Among them, the contraindications induced by acupuncture treatment were described for just 5 acupoints. Anatomically, acupuncture stimulation at the contraindicated acupoints can cause organ, nerve or vessel damage near the acupoints. And the number of contraindicated acupoints in Uihakipmun was increased compared to those in Hwangjenaegyeong, Chimgugabeulgyeong, Bigeupcheongeumyobang, Donginsuhyeolchimgudogyeong and Chimgujasaenggyeong. Conclusions : In Ming dynasty, the knowledge associated with adverse events on acupuncture was increased by the accumulation of medical knowledge. Acupuncture stimulation at the contraindicated acupoints described in Uihakipmun can cause tissue damage, therefore we should perform acupuncture procedure carefully to avoid adverse events when stimulating the contraindicated acupoints.

• Journal of Haehwa Medicine
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• v.28 no.1
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• pp.1-12
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• 2019

Objectives : The aim of this study is to review clinical studies of facial palsy sequelae treatment Methods : We used search engines such as PUBMED, OASIS, RISS. We limited sequelae as the cases after three months from the onset. We excluded the studies including operational treatments. We considered papers pubulished only after year 2000. Results : The kinds of treatments were acupunture treatment, physical therapy, Botulinum toxin, and steroids and antiviral agent. Four studies about acupuncture treatment were searched. Two were case studies and the other two were case series studies. Six studies about physical therapy were searched and they were devided into three according to their specific methods - neuromuscular training and biofeedback, electrical stimulation, and facial exercises. We reviewed three studies about Botulinum toxin and 3 studies about combined therapy. Conclusions : Evidence level of the acupuncture studies was not high. Neuromuscular retraining and biofeedback therapies were shown to be effective especially to synkinesis. Mime therapy, one of the facial exercise has significant effect. Electrical stimulation is thought to activate the plasticity of central nerve system. Botulimum Toxin has effective temporary treatment. Steroid therapy increases recovery rate and reduces sequelae.

• Journal of Acupuncture Research
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• v.22 no.1
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• pp.77-90
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• 2005

Objective : Neuropathic pain sometimes arises from a partial peripheral nerve injury. This kind of pain is usually accompanied by spontaneous burning pain, allodynia and hyperalgesia. It has been well known that acupuncture is effective to the pain control from ancient time in Asia. However, it is not clear whether Electroacupuncture(EA) & Acupuncture(AC) can control neuropathic pain effectively. The aim of this study is to examine if Electroacupuncture&Acupuncture at Hu-gye(SI03), Wijung(BL4O), Hu-gye(SI03) Wijung(BL40) may be effective to the neuropathic pain (mechanical allodynia cold allodynia) in a rat model of neuropathic pain. Methods : A rat model of neuropathic pain was made by injurying tibial nerve and sural nerve while common peroneal nerve was maintained. After the neuropathic surgery, we examined if the rats exhibited the behavioral signs allodynia. The allodynia was assessed by stimulating the medial malleolus with von frey filament and acetone. Three weeks after the neuropathic surgery, electroacupuncture &, acupuncture stimulation was delivered to Hu-gye(SI03), Wijung(BL40), Hu-gye(SI03) Wijung(BL40) one time a day for one week. After that we examined the withdrawal response of neuropathic rats' legs by von frey filament and acetone stimulation, c-fos and AchE(Acetylcholine esterase) in the periaqe- ductal gray(PAG) of neuropathic rats' brain. Results : 1. Electroacupuncture&Acupuncture at Hu-gye(SI03), Wijung(BL40), Hu-gye(SI03) Wijung(BL4O) significantly decreased the withdrawal response of mechanically allodynia in EA-BL40+SI03 group and AC-SI03 group as compared with control group on 6th day. 2. Electroacupuncture &Acupuncture at Hu-gye(SI03), Wijung(BL40), Hu-gye (SI03) Wijung (BL40) significantly decreased the withdrawal response of chemical allodynia(cold allodynia) in EA-SI03 group, EA-BL40+SI03 group and AC-SI03 group as compared with control group on 6th day. 3. Electroacupuncture & Acupuncture at Hu-gye ( SI03), Wijung (BL40), Hu-gye (SI03) Wijung(BL40) significantly decreased the expression of c-fos in the periaqe- ductal gray(PAC) of neuropathic rats' brain in EA-BL40+SI03 group and AC-SI03 group as compared with control group. 4. Electroacupuncture&Acupuncture at Hu-gye(SI03), Wijung(BL40), Hu-gye (SI03) Wijung(BL40) significantly decreased the expression of AchE in the periaqe- ductal gray(PAG) of neuropathic rats' brain in EA-BL40+SI03 group and AC-SI03 group as compared with control group. Conclusions : Based on the above results it is assumed that Electroacupuncture at Hu-gye(SI03) Wijung(BL40) and Acupuncture at Hu-gye(SI03) can help the treatment of neuropathic pain.

• Journal of Acupuncture Research
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• v.21 no.3
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• pp.145-167
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• 2004

Objective : Neuropathic pain can be caused by a partial peripheral nerve injury. This kind of pain is usually accompanied by spontaneous burning pain, allodynia and hyperalgesia. It is not clear that scolopendrid aqua-acupuncture can control neuropathic pain effectively. The purpose of this study is to examine if scolopendrid aqua-acupuncture may be effective to the neuropathic pain (mechanical allodynia, cold allodynia) in a rat model of neuropathic pain. Methods : To produce the model of neuropathic pain, under isoflurane 2.5% anesthesia, tibial nerve and sural nerve was resected. After the neuropathic surgery, the author examined if the animals exhibited the behavioral signs of allodynia. The allodynia was assessed by stimulating the medial malleolus with von Frey filament and acetone. Three weeks after the neuropathic surgery, scolopendrid aqua-acupuncture was injected at Hwando(GB30) one time a day for one week. After that the author examined the withdrawl response of neuropathic rats' legs by von Frey filament and acetone stimulation. And also the author examined c-fos in the midbrain central gray of neuropathic rats and the change of WBC count in the blood of neuropathic rats. Results & Conclusion : 1. The scolopendrid aqua-acupuncture injected at Hwando(GB30) decreased the withdrawl response of mechanical allodynia in SHA-1, SHA-2 and SAH-3 group as compared with control group. 2. The scolopendrid aqua-acupuncture injected at Hwando(GB30) decreased the withdrawl response of chemical allodynia(cold allodynia) in SHA-1, SHA-2 and SAH-3 group as compared with control group. 3. The scolopendrid aqua-acupuncture injected at Hwando(GB30) showed the significant difference between sham group and control group(p=0.01), sham and SHA-3 group(p=0.026), control group and SHA-1 group(p=0.01), control group and SHA-2 group(p=0.024) in the c-fos expression. 4. The scolopendrid aqua-acupuncture injected at Hwando(GB30) showed the significant difference between sham group and SHA-3 group(p=0.010), control group and SHA-3 group(p=0.006) in the WBC count.

• Annals of Clinical Neurophysiology
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• v.1 no.2
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• pp.112-117
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• 1999

Background : Posterior tibial nerve somatosensory evoked potentials (PTSEP) have cortical potentials on primary sensory area of foot around 40 msec. The direct cortical recordings of the cortical potentials shows high voltage positive wave on medial hemisphere, especially on paracentral lobule (PCL). However, it is so difficult to record the potential directly on PCL that the cortical potential of PTSEP is not well understood. We investigated the cortical potential of PTSEP on subdural electrodes. Methods : We recorded cortical potentials to posterior tibial nerve stimulation on subdural electrodes which were on medial hemisphere near PCL in 15 intractable neocortical epilepsy patients. The numbers of subdural electrodes were 8 in 10 subjects ($1{\times}8array$) and 16 in 5 subjects ($2{\times}8arrays$). Seven subjects had three-dimensional imaging fusion (3D-fusion) of MRI and the electrodes using Analyze program. We investigated the amplitude, latency, polarity, and phase of the waves regarding location. Results : The waves had maximal amplitude on PCL in 4 subjects, precuneus in 1, cingulate gyrus nearest to PCL in 2 among 7 subjects with 3D-fusion. Also the electrodes were located on posterior area of PCL (2 out of 2 subjects with more than two electrodes put on PCL in 3D-fusion) and superior area of it (5 out of 5 subjects with $2{\times}8arrays $). All the high (more than 20 uV) amplitude around 40msec had positive polarity in 7 subjects. The phase reversals were detected between the electrodes with the highest amplitude and the just posterior (2 subjects) or anterior (6 subjects) located electrodes. The just posterior located electrodes had sharper phase reversal than the anterior one. Conclusion : PTSEP might have maximal amplitude of cortical potentials on the more superior and posterior area of PCL. The highest amplitude potential has positivity. The wave with maximal amplitude could have phase reversal of cortical potentials with surrounding electrodes, especially shaper with posterior part than with anterior one.

• Journal of Acupuncture Research
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• v.18 no.6
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• pp.59-69
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• 2001

Objective : The aim of this study is to assess the ability of the CPT test to dignosis radiculopathy in Korean with NeuvalTM CPT database. Method : Electrical stimulation(at 2000, 250, and 5Hz) using Neurometer was applied to the 19 patients who felt back and sciatic pain with herniated intervertevral disc(HIVD) of L-spine, dignosisd by lumbar CT or MRI, and the 33 patients who felt only back or hip or leg pain without HIVD, stenosis, spondylolisthesis which causing radiculopathy. The test sites were toe1, toe3 and toe5 related to L4, L5 and S1 nerve roots. Results : The mean values of the CPT of HIVD group was stiatically lower than LBP group at toe1-250Hz, toe3-2000Hz, 250Hz and toe5-250Hz, 5Hz. The grading CPT score of HIVD group was stastically higher than LBP group at the toe3(L5). The VAS of HIVD group was stastically higher than LBP group. Conclusion : These results suggest that the CPT test can be a valuable testing for diagnosing radiculopathy in Korean. In using CPT test further study is needed for the diagnosis and evaluation of sensory nerve dysfunction in the musculoskeletal disease.

• Journal of Yeungnam Medical Science
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.67-74
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• 2001

Background: Meralgia paresthetica(MP) which is characterized by paresthesias and sensory impairment without motor weakness in the anterolateral aspects of the thigh is produced by compression of the lateral femoral cutaneous nerve(LFCN). Even though the diagnosis of MP is mostly based on the clinical symptoms, electrophysiologic study is mandatory to confirm the disease objectively. It has been known that Somatosensory evoked potential(SSEP) study of LFCN is a simple and very useful method to evaluate MP, so we studied SSEP of LFCN in normal adults and offer normal values. Materials and Methods: Thirty six normal adults(23 males and 13 females) ages from 21 to 73 years old($mean{\pm}SD$:$42.06{\pm}15.74$) were studied SSEP of LFCN bilaterally. The stimulation site was anterolateral aspect of thighs and the recording site was Cz'. Results: The mean values($mean{\pm}SD$) of $LP_0$, $SP_0$, $LN_1$ and $SN_1$ of all subjects were 35.10(${\pm}2.42$), 33.80(${\pm}2.4$), 43.68(${\pm}1.88$) and 42.16(${\pm}2.12$) and the mean values($mean{\pm}SD$ of $DP_0$, $DN_1$ and DA(${\mu}V{\pm}SD$ were 1.30(${\pm}1.14$), 1.52(${\pm}1.38$) and 0.32(${\pm}0.33$). Conclusion: For the diagnosis of MP. comparison of latency difference between both sides is more reliable than simple value of latency itself because of individual differences of body types. According to our results. the latency difference should be less than 2 msec and the amplitude difference was less than 1.6 times in normal adults.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.14 no.3
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• pp.253-258
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• 1985

It was aimed to elucidate the underlying mechanism which is elevated the systemic arterial blood pressure by cadmium(Cd). By using the isolated vas deferens and tail artery from Cd-poisoned rats, it was undertaken to see whether the ${\alpha}-adrenoceptor$ activity and prostaglandins action on the twitch response to electrical stimulation were altered. It was discussed in relation with sympathetic nerve activity. The response to electrical stimulation in vas deferens from Cd-poisoned rats was much enhanced, and frequency 50(Freq.50) was significantly lowered, comparing to control. However, the response of rat tail artery was attenuated by Cd. Inhibitory action of clonidine on the twitch response of vas deferens to electrical stimulation was decreased by Cd-poisoning. However, the increase in response in the presence of methoxamine was not affected. The inhibitory action of prostaglandin $E_2$ on the twitch response in the vas deferens but not in the tail artery was abolished or rather inverted by Cd-poisoning. In the tail artery from Cd-poisoned rats, the maximum contraction to methoxamine or clonidine was significantly decreased, however, $ED_{50}$ of both agonists was not changed. These results suggest that in vas deferens the autoreceptor of presynaptic membrane is inhibited by Cd-poisoning, by which mechanism the sympathetic activity is being enhanced and this alteration may be causally related to the elevation of arterial pressure.

• Journal of Korean Neurosurgical Society
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• v.29 no.8
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• pp.985-994
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• 2000

Objective : There are some advantages of trigeminal evoked potential(TEP) recording compared to other somatosensory evoked potential(SSEP) recordings. The trigeminal sensory pathway has a pure sensory nerve branch, a broader receptive field in cerebral cortex, and a shorter pathway. Despite these advantages, there is little agreement as to what constitutes a normal response and what wave forms truly characterize the intraoperative TEP. This study presents the normative data of TEP recorded on the epidural surface of the rat with a platinum ball electrode. Materials & Methods : Under general anesthesia with urethane, the adult Sprague-Dawley male rats(300-350g) were given electrical stimulation with two stainless steel electrodes which were inserted into the subcutaneous layer of the area around whiskers. A reference electrode was positioned in the temporalis muscle ipsilateral to the recording site. Results : TEPs were recorded in the Par I area of somatosensory cortex and recorded most apparently on the point of 2mm posterior from the bregma and 6mm lateral from the midline. The typical wave form consisted of 5 peaks (N1-P1-N2-P2-N3 according to emerging order, upward negativity). Each latency to corresponding peaks was not influenced by the different intensities of stimulation, especially from 1 to 5mA. Average latencies of 5 peaks were in the following order ; 7.7, 11.1, 15, 22.3, 29.4ms. There was also no significant difference between latencies before and after administration of muscle relaxant(pancuronium). For the electrophysiological localization of recorded waves, the action potential of a single unit was recorded with glass microelectrode(filled with 2M NaCl, $3-5M{\Omega}$) in the thalamus of rat. A sharp wave was recorded in the VPM nucleus, in which the latency was shorter than that of N1. This suggests that all 5 peaks were generated by neural activities in the suprathalamic pathway. Conclusion : In terms of recording near-field potentials, our data also suggests that TEP in the rat may be superior to other SSEPs. In overall, these results may afford normative data for the studies of supratentorial lesions such as hydrocephalus or cerebral ischemia which can have an influence on near-field potentials.