• 대한간호학회지
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• 제50권4호
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• pp.583-598
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• 2020

Purpose: This study was to investigate the operational status of the midwifery birthing centers (MBCs) and midwives' job status (Phase 1) and to develop midwifery practice guidelines (MPG) (Phase 2) in Korea. Methods: In the first phase, the subjects were 15 midwives who operated 11 of 14 MBCs that were opened as of August 2018. The questionnaire consisted of items to measure the operational status of the MBC and midwives' job status. In the second phase, the MPG was developed from literature review, interviews with five midwives opening their MBCs, surveys with 74 midwives, and a validity evaluation conducted by seven experts. Results: The distribution of operating MBCs was five in Gyunggi-do, two each in Seoul and Incheon, one each in Busan, Chungcheongbuk-do, Gyeongsangbuk-do, Gyeongsangnam-do and Jeju-do. The mean age of midwives was 54.3 and all were female. In 2017, a total of 762 births including 81 homebirths were performed by midwives. The job performance was highest in the order of neonatal care 3.81, childbirth care 3.56, and postpartal care 3.53, respectively. The MPG included seven areas of prenatal care, childbirth care, postpartal care, neonatal care, primary health care, law/ethics, and administration, with 56 tasks and 166 task elements. Conclusion: This study provides the valid basic data for the operational status of the MBC and the midwives' job status. The MPG describes the midwife's job and may be used as basic data for preparing policies for the development of midwifery practice in Korea.

• Child Health Nursing Research
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• 제5권3호
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• pp.262-280
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• 1999

This study was Performed to understand Pediatric Pain management status and nurses' knowledge and attitudes toward it. In addition. it aimed to provide basic data in order to establish effective nursing intervention strategies by confirming the barriers of effective pain management in practice. The subjects were 195 nurses working in pediatric units(general pediatric unit. oncology unit, neonatal unit. neonatal ICU, Pediatric ICU) of 8 university hospitals and one general hospital. Data was collected by the questionnaire from the 3rd of August to the 20th of September in 1999. The instrument developed by Sanna(1999) to measure nurses' knowledge and their attitudes and the other tool by Cleeland(1984) to evaluate barriers in effective Pain management was used. Results of this study are summarized as follows 1. Most nurses learn about the pain management knowledges from through regular curriculum of nursing school(62.0%) And almost nurses(90.8%) don't used to utilize pain assessment tool, but the 'Faces Rating Scale' is the most frequently used by nurses. 2. The use of pain medication(65.6%) is most frequently taken by nurses as pain management and is followed by massage (55.9%) , distraction(27.7%). 3. Nurses' knowledge level is moderate (Mn=3.07). Nurses don't seem to understand pediatric Physical development (Mn = 2.86), psychological development(Mn=2.94) well, meanwhile they seem relatively Quite knowledgeable about the way pain emerges. 4. Nurses' attitudes toward pain is based on behavioral and physiological responses to Pain. They believe 'changes in behavior are a way of assessing pain in child' and 'acute pain increases the number of respiration' Nurses are ready to accept pediatric pain, but are not positive in adopting pain intervention in practice. 5. The barriers of effective pain management are inadequate assessment of pain and pain relief(81.5%), ineffective incorporation among health professionals(80%), and lack of equipment or skills(80.0%).

• 한국동물생명공학회지
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• 제36권4호
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• pp.270-284
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• 2021

The vomeronasal organ (VNO) is critical for reproduction and social behavior in ruminants, including cattle. The present study examined the structure of the VNO and its epithelial cells in neonatal and adult Korean native cattle (Hanwoo), Bos taurus coreanae, using immunohistochemistry and lectin histochemistry. Histologically, the VNO comprised two types of epithelia: medial vomeronasal sensory (VSE) and lateral vomeronasal non-sensory epithelia (VNSE). Numerous blood vessels and nerve bundles were observed within the vomeronasal cartilage encased lamina propria. Immunohistochemistry revealed high expression level of protein gene product9.5 and moderate expression level of olfactory marker protein in the neuroreceptor cells of the VSE and occasionally in some ciliated cells of the VNSE in both neonates and adults. The properties of the glycoconjugates in the VNO were investigated using 21 lectins, most of which were expressed at varied intensities in the VSE and VNSE, as well as in the lamina propria. Several lectins exhibited variations in their intensities and localization between neonatal and adult VNOs. This study is the first descriptive lectin histochemical examination of the VNO of Korean native cattle with a focus on lectin histochemistry, confirming that the VNO of Korean native cattle is differentiated during postnatal development.

• 한국동물번식학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국동물번식학회 2003년도 학술발표대회 발표논문초록집
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• pp.31-31
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• 2003

The incidence of reproductive abnormalities in the male has been reported to have increased during the past 50 years. These changes may be attributable to the presence of chemical with oestrogenic activity in our environment. Present study was carried out to determine the effects of maternal exposure to xenoestrogens on the testicular development and on the transcriptional expression of the steroidogenic enzyme and subunits of inhibin/activin in testis of male offspring. Pregnant female mice were administrated with 4-tert-octylphenol (OP; 2, 20, 200mg/kg), Bisphenol A (BPA; 2, 20, 200$\mu\textrm{g}$/kg), $\beta$-estradiol 17-valerate (EV; 2$\mu\textrm{g}$/kg) or vehicle (CV; corn oil) during gestational days 11 to 17. Offsprings were sacrificed on gestational day 18 (fetal 18) and neonatal day 7. Body weights were significantly increased in groups treated with all doses of OP and BPA. Maximum seminiferous tubules diameter on gestational day 18 were not changed in any treatment group, however, they were significantly increased on the neonatal day 7 in the group treated with low-dose of OP (2 mg/kg) and BPA (2 $\mu\textrm{g}$/kg). Increased expression of the P450$_{17a}$-hydroxylase dehydrogenase (P450$_{17a}$), 3$\beta$-hydroxylase dehydrogenase (3$\beta$-HSD), and 17$\beta$-hydroxylase dehydrogenase (17$\beta$-HSD) on gestational day 18 were observed in the groups treated with 2 or 20 mg/kg of OP. However, expression of the steroidogenic enzymes were not changed in the groups treated with all the doses of BPA. In contrast with the results from fetal testis, no expressional changes of these enzymes was found in all the OP-treated group and increased expression of inhibin/activin $\beta$B subunit mRNA were obseued in the 200 $\mu\textrm{g}$/kg BPA-treated group in the neonatal day 7. These results suggest that gestational exposure to low level of xenoestrogen causes a stimulatory effects on the transcriptional expressions of steroidogenic enzymes and subunits of inhibin/activin and on the seminiferous tubule development by their estrogen-like actions.ons.

• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• 제64권10호
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• pp.504-510
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• 2021

Population screening of newborns is an extremely important and informative diagnostic approach that allows early identification of babies who are predisposed to the development of a number of serious diseases. Some of these diseases are known and have effective treatment methods. Neonatal screening enables the early diagnosis and subsequent timely initiation of therapy. This helps to prevent serious complications and reduce the percentage of disability and deaths among newborns and young children. Primary immunodeficiency diseases and primary immunodeficiency syndrome (PIDS) are a heterogeneous group of diseases and conditions based on impaired immune system function associated with developmental defects and characterized by various combinations of recurrent infections, development of autoimmune and lymphoproliferative syndromes (genetic defects in apoptosis, gene mutation Fas receptor or ligand), granulomatous process, and malignant neoplasms. Most of these diseases manifest in infancy and lead to serious illness, disability, and high mortality rates. Until recently, it was impossible to identify children with PIDS before the onset of the first clinical symptoms, which are usually accompanied by complications in the form of severe coinfections of a viral-bacterial-fungal etiology. Modern advances in medical laboratory technology have allowed the identification of children with severe PIDS, manifested by T- and/or B-cell lymphopenia and other disorders of the immune system. This review discusses the main existing strategies and directions used in PIDS screening programs for newborns, including approaches to screening based on excision of T-cell receptors and kappa-recombination excision circles, as well as the potential role and place of next-generation sequencing technology to increase the diagnostic accuracy of these diseases.

• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• 제45권7호
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• pp.836-846
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• 2002

목 적: 신생아 캔디다 패혈증은 신속한 진단과 적절한 치료가 시행되지 않을 경우 높은 이환율과 사망률을 유발할 수 있어, 특히 집중 치료가 필요한 저출생 체중아의 예후에 많은 영향을 주고 있다. 이에 저자는 최근 6년간 전남대학교병원 신생아 집중 치료실의 캔디다 패혈증 발생 빈도와 추이, 임상 형태와 특징 및 위험 인자 등에 대해 조사 분석하였다. 방 법: 1995년 7월부터 2001년 6월까지 만 6년간 전남대학교병원 신생아 중환자실에 입원했던 환아 4,587명 중 캔디다 패혈증으로 확진된 환아 28명을 대상으로 하였다. 발생률, 임상 양상, 선행된 항생제 치료, 검사 소견, 장기 침범 유무, 위험 인자 및 사망 여부 등을 환아의 의무 기록지를 통해 후향적으로 조사하였다. 또한 출생 시기, 출생 체중 및 재태 주령이 비슷하면서 캔디다 패혈증이 없었던 환아 29명을 대조군으로 하여 위험 인자를 비교하였다. 결 과 : 1) 신생아 중환자실에서 6년간 캔디다 패혈증의 발생 빈도는 전체 입원 환아의 0.61%, 극소 저출생 체중 환아의 3.68%였으며, 연간 발생률은 전체 환아 및 극소 저출생 체중아에 있어서 전반적으로 점차 증가하는 추세를 보였다. 2) 캔디다 패혈증 환아에서 대조군에 비해 기도내삽관(endotracheal intubation), 경피 중심 정맥 도관술(PCVC, percutaneous central vein catheterization), 제대 정맥 도관술, 총정맥 영양 사용, 지방유제 사용 및 dopamine 사용 빈도가 의의 있게 높았다(모두 P<0.01). 또한 기도내 삽관 유지 기간, PCVC 또는 제대 동 정맥 도관의 유지 기간, 금식 기간, 입원 기간이 캔디다 패혈증 환아에서 의의 있게 길었다(모두 P<0.01). 3) 캔디다 패혈증 발병 전 사용했던 항생제는 ampicillin/ sulbactam, ceftazidime, amikacin, netilmicin, teicoplanin, imipenem/cilastatin이 대조군에 비해 많았고(P<0.05), 이 중 ampicillin/sulbactam, ceftazidime, netilmicin, imipenem/cilastatin의 사용 기간이 길었다(P<0.01). 결 론 : 최근 6년 동안 본원 신생아 중환자실에서 캔디다 패혈증 연간 발생률은 전체 환아 및 극소 저출생 체중아에 있어서 전반적으로 점차 증가하는 추세를 보였다. 대조군과의 비교를 통해 의의 있게 밝혀진 이들 캔디다 패혈증 위험군에 대한 조기 감시 및 치료가 저출생 체중아를 중심으로 한 신생아의 생존율을 향상시키는데 중요하리라 사료된다.

• Child Health Nursing Research
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• 제23권4호
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• pp.407-415
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• 2017

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to examine how child development knowledge, child rearing knowledge, and use of healthcare services after discharge affect maternal confidence among mothers of premature infants. Methods: Participants in this study were 55 mothers who were involved in internet communities for mothers with premature infants and 30 mothers who visited hospitals for follow up care after having their babies discharged from Neonatal Intensive Care Units (NICU) in South Korea. Results: Presence of operation history, child development and rearing knowledge, and use of healthcare service explained 12.2% of maternal confidence. Presence of operation history (${\beta}=.32$, p<.05) and child development knowledge (${\beta}=.52$, p<.05) were significant predictors for maternal confidence. Conclusion: The results of this study suggest that mothers with premature infants need further education especially on motor development, developmental knowledge, and knowledge related to operations for mothers whose child had surgery in the NICU. Also information about services provided from community health services for premature infants need to be advertised and distributed.

• Molecules and Cells
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• 제42권3호
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• pp.245-251
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• 2019

Ependymal cells constitute the multi-ciliated epithelium, which lines the brain ventricular lumen. Although ependymal cells originate from radial glial cells in the perinatal rodent brain, the exact mechanisms underlying the full differentiation of ependymal cells are poorly understood. In this report, we present evidence that the Anks1a phosphotyrosine binding domain (PTB) adaptor is required for the proper development of ependymal cells in the rodent postnatal brain. Anks1a gene trap targeted LacZ reporter analysis revealed that Anks1a is expressed prominently in the ventricular region of the early postnatal brain and that its expression is restricted to mature ependymal cells during postnatal brain development. In addition, Anks1a-deficient ependymal cells were shown to possess type B cell characteristics, suggesting that ependymal cells require Anks1a in order to be fully differentiated. Finally, Anks1a overexpression in the lateral wall of the neonatal brain resulted in an increase in the number of ependymal cells during postnatal brain development. Altogether, our results suggest that ependymal cells require Anks1a PTB adaptor for their proper development.

• 가정∙방문간호학회지
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• 제4권
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• pp.65-75
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• 1997

The needs for the home care of postpartum mothers and their infants are increasing, but the quality control of home care nurses is not developed yet. The objective of this study is to develop assessment - intervention algorithms for the home care of postpartum mothers and their infants. We can use these algorithms when we assess the client's condition, and find appropriate nursing interventions. Also, these algorithms can offer guidelines for home care nurses, so that standardization of home care can be attained. Common problems for postpartum mothers are postpartum hemorrhage, abnormal vaginal discharge(endometritis), episiotomy pain, breast problems, breastfeeding difficulty, edema, urinary dysfunction and defecation difficulties. Also, commom problems for infants are abnormal body temperature, tarchycardia, respiratory problem, neonatal jaundice, cord problem, abnormal stool, breast feeding, and bathing. These algorithms can be used as a basis for the development of computerized infomation system for the home health care.

• Applied Microscopy
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• 제25권4호
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• pp.1-8
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• 1995

This study was performed to analyze the morphological changes of synapses during early postnatal periods. Neonatal rats were grouped by 3, 7, 14, 21, 28 and 42day old, and observed the ultrastructural pattern of the synapses in the neostriatum by transmission electron microscope. 1. The number of synapse, the length of postsynaptic thickening and the amount of synaptic vesicles markedly increase during postnatal development 2. The proportion of asymmetric and curved synapses gradually increase by developmental periods. From the above results, it is suggested that the size of synapse increase during post-natal period, and asymmetric synapse are formed from the symmetric type and curved synapse are formed from the plane type.