• 보존과학회지
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• 제37권5호
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• pp.579-589
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• 2021

본 연구에서는 화성시 수영리 유적에서 출토된 수침목제유물 5점을 대상으로 당시 사용된 목제의 수종과 조성시기, 가공방법 등을 확인하고, 진공동결건조법을 적용한 보존처리를 통해 원형을 유지하고자 하고자 하였다. 대형 목제 2점은 느릅나무속과 뽕나무속으로 확인되었고, 소형 목제 3점은 전나무속 1점과 소나무류 2점으로 확인되었다. 유물의 조성시기를 확인하고자 목제유물에 대해 위글매치를 이용한 방사성탄소연대측정을 실시하여 BCE 8520-8490년 또는 BCE 8470-8290년의 신석기시대로 확인되었고, 동반출토 된 종자류도 동일시기로 확인되었다. 표면에 가공흔적이 다수 관찰되었으며, 뜯겨진 흔적과 찍은 흔적이 관찰되어 석기 자귀를 주로 이용하여 목제를 가공했던 것으로 판단하였다. 보존처리는 상온(15~25℃)에서 PEG #4000 10%부터 40% 농도까지 함침 후 진공동결건조 하였다. 하지만 유물의 표면 온도 상승에 따라선반 온도를 상승시키는 일반적인 스케줄을 적용하여, 두꺼운 일부 부분에서는 내부 수분이 완벽히 제거되지 않아 대형수침목제의 진공동결건조 스케줄 방법에 대한 추가 연구가 필요할 것으로 판단하였다.

• 헤리티지:역사와 과학
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• 제49권4호
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• pp.114-125
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• 2016

옻은 동아시아 지역에서 신석기시대부터 널리 사용되어 온 대표적인 천연수지이다. 옻은 주로 옻칠 공예품의 재료로서 방수, 방충, 방부 등의 내구성과 내마모성이 있어 도료로 널리 사용되어 왔다. 옻은 중국과 일본의 칠기유물 출토현황을 근거로 신석기시대에 출현한 것으로 보고 있으나 우리나라에서는 청동기시대 이후 발굴조사를 통해 칠기 유물이 출토되고 있다. 옻의 초기 용도는 접착제로 추정되고 있으며 문헌을 통해 옻이 역청, 교, 난백과 함께 접착제로 사용되어 왔음이 확인되었다. 특히 평택 대추리 출토 옹관편의 복원에 칠과 대마가 사용된 것으로 분석되어 원삼국시대에 이미 접착제로서 사용되어 왔으며 이후 파손된 도자기의 접합 복원에 칠을 사용하였고 조선시대에는 그 위에 금분 등으로 장식하는 사례가 한동안 지속되었다. 현재도 옻칠 개금, 나전칠기, 건축물 보수공사 등에서 옻은 접착제로서 사용되고 있다. 문화재 보존처리에서 접착제의 주요 선택 기준의 하나인 가역성의 문제로 옻은 문화재 복원에 거의 사용되고 있지 않지만, 고대부터 접착제로 사용되어 온 전통재료로서 옻은 강한 접착강도와 내구성 등의 장점을 보유하고 있다. 최근 합성수지 접착제에서 방출되는 유해한 휘발성 유기화합물의 존재와 환경에 의한 열화문제 등이 대두되고 있어 천연수지인 옻이 주목받고 있다. 특히 옻과 교의 배합으로 제조한 접착제를 통해 화학적 변용과 활용의 가능성이 확인된 바 있다. 중국과 일본에서도 옻을 현대적 도료 및 기능성 재료로 활용하는 연구가 지속되고 있다. 추후 옻의 분자수준의 화학적 연구가 진전되어 기능성 재료로 실용화하고 현대적으로 활용할 수 있는 연구가 활성화 되어야 할 것으로 생각한다.

• BMB Reports
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• 제49권3호
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• pp.149-158
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• 2016

Plants have evolved a vast chemical cornucopia to support their sessile lifestyles. Man has exploited this natural resource since Neolithic times and currently plant-derived chemicals are exploited for a myriad of applications. However, plant sources of most high-value natural products (NPs) are not domesticated and therefore their production cannot be undertaken on an agricultural scale. Further, these plant species are often slow growing, their populations limiting, the concentration of the target molecule highly variable and routinely present at extremely low concentrations. Plant cell and organ culture constitutes a sustainable, controllable and environmentally friendly tool for the industrial production of plant NPs. Further, advances in cell line selection, biotransformation, product secretion, cell permeabilisation, extraction and scale-up, among others, are driving increases in plant NP yields. However, there remain significant obstacles to the commercial synthesis of high-value chemicals from these sources. The relatively recent isolation, culturing and characterisation of cambial meristematic cells (CMCs), provides an emerging platform to circumvent many of these potential difficulties.

• 한국식생활문화학회지
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• 제15권4호
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• pp.307-312
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• 2000

The purpose of this study is to understand the Chinese noodles(mian tiao). Wheat seems to have been cultivated 3-4,000 years before according to the archaeological evidences from the neolithic sites. The five grains(rice, millet, beans, barley, barnyard millet) already appeared in the period prior to Chin dynasty and were used as whole grain, but it was not until Chun Chu Zhan Guo period that the introduction of the flouring method stimulated the cultivation of wheat. In Chin-Han period, when water power and animal force were put into usage to facilitate the mass production of wheat flour, 'Bing', a designation for all the food made of wheat first appeared in the literature, and it was this 'Bing' that had later developed into noodles. In Wei Chin Nan Bei Chao period, roasted 'Bing', namely 'Kao-Bing' made its first appearance, and in Tang period, various noodles were created with the increase of restaurants specialized in noodles. In Song dynasty, 'La-Mian', the noodles stretched and beat from noodle dough, was first introduced, and in Yuan period, invention of drying method made the appearance of dried noodles, 'Gua-Mian', possible, which was good for easy and long preservation. Qing dynasty developed the noodles with a variety of assorted ingredients. The Chinese noodles are classified by various standards such as main ingredients, cooking methods, kinds of sauce, secondary ingredients, shape, eating method, flavor, and look.

• 건축역사연구
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• 제5권2호
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• pp.9-24
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• 1996

Owing to the energitic studies of the leading shcolars, some paradigmatic theories on the history of Korean dwellings have been suggested. They constructed periodization of their own and defined characteristics of each period with very limited historical materials. However the new historical materials have been discovered in the neighboring academic fields, which require to review the existing theories. This study aims at restructuring periodization in the history of Korean dwellings during the age of The prehistory and The ancient Kingdomes. Through the study, the existing theories on the same period are revived and evaluated based on the new materials. I suggest a new theory on the periodization and the characteristics of each period: a. the paleolithic period(6,000,000 B.P.-10,000 B.P.) : natural shelter, the emergence of man-made dwellings b. the neolithic period(10,000 B.P.-1,000 B.C.) : construction of pit house c. the bronze period(1,000 B.C.- 300 B.C.) : construction of semi-pit house d. the early metalic period(300 B.C. - 300 AD.) : construction of house on the ground level development of the Ondol system e. the ancient kingdomes period(300 AD - 700 AD): classification of housing type

• Parasites, Hosts and Diseases
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• 제54권5호
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• pp.565-572
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• 2016

Whilst archaeological evidence for many aspects of life in ancient China is well studied, there has been much less interest in ancient infectious diseases, such as intestinal parasites in past Chinese populations. Here, we bring together evidence from mummies, ancient latrines, and pelvic soil from burials, dating from the Neolithic Period to the Qing Dynasty, in order to better understand the health of the past inhabitants of China and the diseases endemic in the region. Seven species of intestinal parasite have been identified, namely roundworm, whipworm, Chinese liver fluke, oriental schistosome, pinworm, Taenia sp. tapeworm, and the intestinal fluke Fasciolopsis buski. It was found that in the past, roundworm, whipworm, and Chinese liver fluke appear to have been much more common than the other species. While roundworm and whipworm remained common into the late 20th century, Chinese liver fluke seems to have undergone a marked decline in its prevalence over time. The iconic transport route known as the Silk Road has been shown to have acted as a vector for the transmission of ancient diseases, highlighted by the discovery of Chinese liver fluke in a 2,000 year-old relay station in northwest China, 1,500 km outside its endemic range.

• Ocean and Polar Research
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• 제40권4호
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• pp.289-297
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• 2018

This study reconstructs past vegetation changes in southeastern Korea over the last 30 thousand years using plant waxes (i.e. long chain n-alkanes) and their carbon isotopic compositions (${\delta}^{13}C_{alk}$) preserved in marine sediment core (KIODP 12-1) retrieved from the East Sea. Here we show changes in vegetation composition in the Korean peninsula in relation to the strength of the East Asian Summer Monsoon. During the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM), when the summer monsoon weakened, precipitation decreased and $C_3$ grassland expanded. After the LGM, the summer monsoon gradually intensified, increasing rainfall, and thus expanding the forestland coverage. Precipitation climaxed from 10 to 6 kyr BP, which includes the Holocene Climate Optimum. The grassland began to expand since 5 kyr BP due to climate warming and drying towards the present. The ${\delta}^{13}C_{alk}$ values may also have been influenced by agricultural activities, which is known to have begun since the late Neolithic (ca. 7.0~3.0 kyr BP). Our results demonstrate how changes in the global climate state influence regional atmospheric circulation and precipitation distribution, and consequently terrestrial plant composition in southeastern Korea.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제32권8_spc호
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• pp.1275-1283
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• 2019

Goats (Capra hircus) were domesticated during the late Neolithic, approximately 10,500 years ago, and humans exerted minor selection pressure until fairly recently. Probably the largest genetic change occurring over the millennia happened via natural selection and random genetic drift, the latter causing genes to be fixed in small and isolated populations. Recent human-influenced genetic changes have occurred through biometrics and genomics. For the most part, biometrics has concentrated upon the refining of estimates of heritabilities and genetic correlations. Heritabilities are instrumental in the calculation of estimated breeding values and genetic correlations are necessary in the construction of selection indices that account for changes in multiple traits under selection at one time. Early genomic studies focused upon microsatellite markers, which are short tandem repeats of nucleic acids and which are detected using polymerase chain reaction primers flanking the microsatellite. Microsatellite markers have been very important in parentage verification, which can impact genetic progress. Additionally, microsatellite markers have been a useful tool in assessing genetic diversity between and among breeds, which is important in the conservation of minor breeds. Single nucleotide polymorphisms are a new genomic tool that have refined classical BLUP methodology (biometric) to provide more accurate genomic estimated breeding values, provided a large reference population is available.

• 헤리티지:역사와 과학
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• 제33권
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• pp.4-35
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• 2000

The paddling technique is a Kind of secondary treatments in the process of ceramic forming, which appeared in the Chinese Neolithic Age pottery making. In the case of Korean prehistoric pottery making, it was first introduced together with the kiln firing method from Tongpei region(東北地方) of China in Yan(燕) dynasty occupation period. Korean archaeologists have recognized the adoption of the new technologies as a drastic innovation of ceramic production. And most of them have thought that the diffusion of new techniques, accompanied by the migration of the northern ethnic groups, had been immediately followed by the innovative changes in pottery procdution. However, rejecting the arguments from the simple diffusionist viewpoint, I have first tried to describe the innovation processes in the ceramic production systems as a spatio-temporal process. The paddling technique by the cord-wound paddle, which was first introduced among the various paddles, was associated with the new sort of pottery, round pots fired in low temperature of reducing atmosphere condition. The cord-marked round pots first tried by the indigenous potters in the southern part of Korean were characterized by the relatively low leveled techniques in forming and firing, compared to those of north-east China. The techniques of the round pots were hardly improved in the domestic production system until the appearance of the fully-specialized one. The specialized production system of the round pot, which appeared first in the mid-western region of Korea, showed the diversified paddling techniques and made the noticeable improvements in forming and firing processes.

• 한국식생활문화학회지
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• 제2권2호
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• pp.169-179
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• 1987

In the life style of the neolithic age, cooking and sleeping space was in one room dugout without differentiation of spaces, so to say one room system. Ro(a kind of primitive fire place) was used for both cooking and heating. However, in the early part of the Iron Age, the uses of Ro were separated into two major uses of cooking and heating. Especially, L-shaped Kudle(an unique under floor heating structure of Korea) was invented for the new system of heating, extending to Koguryo Period. The life style of Koguryo Dynasty could be seen through the mural paintings of tombs. For these mural paintings contain of cooking space(Kitchen), meat storage, and mill house drawing, we can recognize that houses were specialized many quaters according to their function. Also a kitchen fuel hole for preparing food was built without relation to L-shaped Kudle. But during Koryo Period, Kudle could be set up all over the room, the so-called Ondol(the unique Korean panel heating system) settled down. From this development of heating system, room could be adjacent to kitchen, and kitchen fuel hole and heating fuel hole be onething. This system was developed with variety, extending to Chosun Dynasty. In the period of Chosun Dynasty, a kitchen was made close to an Anbang(Woman's living room), and Anbangs Ondol was heated by the warmth of a cooking fireplace. Therefore Handae Puok, outer kitchen was used in summer. As for its storage space, it was seen that there were a pantry near the kitchen and a store house constructed as an independant building. In the latter, it was devided into a firewood storage, a Kimchi storage, and a rice storage, etc. Especially it is a unique feature that 'Handae-Duyju', an outer rice chest which keeps rice, was constructed as an isolated small building.