• 비교문화연구
• /
• 제34권
• /
• pp.7-41
• /
• 2014

This article examines magical realism in contemporary european film, which is considered to be one of the most popular styles in the present culture, with regards to Antonio Negri's theory of art. Magical realism is "alternative approach to reality" (Maggie Ann Bowers, Magic(al) Realism) and defined as "a fictional technique that combines fantasy with raw physical reality or social reality in a search for truth beyond that available from the surface of everyday life" (Joan Mellen, Magic Realism). The term of Magic Realism was coined in 1923 by Franz Roh, German art historian, as the concept for the post-expressionist painting in Germany. It has flourished in the Latin-American literature during the 1950s to 1980s and spread worldwide. Since 1980s magical realism is considered to be a universal artistic mode. Since 1990s magical realism is to find in the various novels, and since 2000 one encounters magical realism in the cinema very often. Antonio Negri writes about the relationship between life, imagination, art and the political in his book Art et Multitude. According to Negri, the hard life of people in the present society liberates the imagination and this creates the art as "the excess of the existence". In this process the aesthetic becomes to the political. Negri calls this space of art as "magical time and space". Claire Denis' film Vendredi Soir is analyzed as a contemporary magic realist text, which realizes Negri's concept of art: vendredi soir (friday night) in Vendredi Soir is the magical time, when the impossible becomes the possible, and paris in the public transportation strike is the magical space, where the individuals meet the other in a new situation. The film analysis associates itself with Negri's theory of art: in Vendredi Soir, it is to see, that the excess of the existence liberates imagination and creates the magic reality both in the movements of things and the human relationship. The phenomenon of magical realism in contemporary culture can be understood as the symptom of the emotional and existential pains of contemporary people in the current world. The contemporaneity of the magical realism can be read in the film as "the metaphor for contemporary thought" (Alain Badiou, Cinema). As Antonio Negri writes, art can become "the aesthetic redemption" (Negri, Art et Multitude) for us. At the same time "(t)his is where aesthetics can be transformed into the political." (Lee, "Communism and the Void")

• 철학연구
• /
• 제142권
• /
• pp.121-143
• /
• 2017

이 연구는 네그리-하트와 랑시에르가 확립한 계급적 주체이론을 검토하는 것을 목적으로 한다. 네그리-하트는 비물질적/삶정치적 노동을 통해 성립하는 다중이라는 새로운 주체를 제안한다. 다중 주체는 마르크스주의 정치의 주체인 프롤레타리아의 새로운 구성을 나타내고 있다. 프롤레타리아트와 마찬가지로, 다중은 경제적 객관성에 의해 수립된다. 다중의 민주주의는 비물질적/삶정치적 노동이 만들어내는 '공통적인 것'의 생산에 의해 가능해진다. 그것은 다중의 대안적 정치가 경제적 실천에 의존한다는 것을 말한다. 경제적인 것은 여전히 주체 그 자체와 주체적 실천을 지배하게 되는 것이다. 랑시에르가 확립하는 주체인 데모스는 권력의 지배 질서 안에서 자신의 몫을 요구함으로써 지배의 논리에서 벗어난 주체가 된다. 데모스는 결국 주어진 자리와 질서를 거부하면서 성립하는 주체다. 이러한 거부는 지배 질서를 변환시키는 일종의 주체성을 의미한다. 그렇게 우리는 데모스를 경제적 객관성에서 벗어난, 고유하게 정치적인 주체라고 말할 수 있다.

• 건축역사연구
• /
• 제25권2호
• /
• pp.21-30
• /
• 2016

Autonomia movement that emerged in Italy in the 1960s from workerist (operaismo) communism gives historical and discursive context to Manfredo Tafuri's famous criticism of ideology. His thesis on the death of architecture was a radical criticism of Keynesian intervention which was a strategy to cope with the Great Depression. For him, this capitalist development had taken away ideological prefiguration from architecture. At least Tafuri's this early intellectual phase was formed in the wake of magazine Contrapiano and Antonio Negri's influence. Tafuri almost entirely adapted Negri's thought on the importance of capitalist innovation that was uncovered by Keynes, Schumpeter, and Manheim and the periodization in modern history. When we read Tafuri's text with this concrete context, we can avoid being plunged into his abstruseness. On the other hand, 1980's Korea cannot understand Tafuri comprehensibly. 1980's situation to struggle to acquire democracy prescribed only one mode of reception of Tafuri's historiography in Korea. Tafuri's so-called pessimist view point could not satisfy student activists. They want to take intellectual means to sustain student movement and to secure political dynamics of protest. But at the same time they have anxiety to understand tafuri's thesis that they consider ad a critical theory for Korean Architecture. Double contexts of Tafuri's criticism of ideology bring to light to historicize both Tafuri's historiography itself and reception of his text in Korea.

• 한국동물위생학회지
• /
• 제27권4호
• /
• pp.335-343
• /
• 2004

Although human rabies deaths are rare, the disease remains a public health problem in Korea. Here we report the outbreaks and surveillance of animal rabies in Gangwon-do. Animal rabies infections were identified in 119 animals from 1993 to 2003. The $78\%$ of all rabid animals were domestic species in Gangwon-do. Wild Korean raccoon dog (N. p. koreensis) continued to be the only reported rabid wildlife species. Outbreaks of rabies infections in Korean raccoon dogs are found in broad geographic regions across the northern Gangwon-do. The principal rabies hosts today are probably wild animals in Gangwon-do. The malaise, cerebral dysfunction, anxiety, confusion, agitation and abnormal behavior of the animals were the important symptoms of the disease. The Encephalitis, infiltration with lymphocytes and polymorphonuclear leukocytes and the inclusion bodies (Negri bodies) in neuronal cells were the specific histopathological signs. The results of indirect fluorescent antibody test (IFA) for animal rabies diagnosis were identical and the technique was useful to diagnose the disease. Preexposure vaccination is recommended for persons in high-risk groups, such as laboratory workers, veterinarians and certain animal handlers.

• 한국언론정보학보
• /
• 제74권
• /
• pp.7-37
• /
• 2015

이 연구는 오래되고 집요한 모습을 띠는 게임중독 담론과 게임을 직업으로 삼는 프로게이머가 어떻게 한 사회 내 유사한 권력 제도에 의해 동시에 언급되는지를 살피고자 했다. 프로게이머는 하트(Hardt)와 네그리(Negri)가 논의하는 '경제적 탈근대화(postmodernization)'의 거시적 흐름 속에서 등장한 오락 산업의 일환이다. 하트와 네그리는 '경제적 탈근대화'를 경제적 행위(도구적 행위)와 인간적 행위(반(反)도구적 행위) 사이의 경계를 허무는 새로운 노동양식-비물질 노동(immaterial labor)-으로 특징지으며, 그 안에 저항적 실천의 맹아가 존재한다고 주장한다. 이러한 관점에서 프로게이머는 (비물질 노동의 한 갈래인) '정동노동(affective labor)'을 수행하며 근대적 권력으로부터 탈주할 수 있는 잠재력을 지닌다고 볼 수 있다. 하지만 프로게이머 노동이 수행되는 구체적인 결을 살펴보면, 경쟁과 선택의 원리를 통과하기 위해 자신의 정동을 매우 조직적으로 관리하고 전략적이며 합리적으로 통제하고 있음을 알 수 있다. 프로게이머의 노동은 탈근대적인 양식을 취하고는 있지만, 근대적 노동 윤리에 철저하게 종속되어 근대성 위반의 잠재력을 잃어버렸다. 결국 프로게이머와 중독담론은 표면적으로 대조를 이루는 듯 보이나, 근면 성실한 태도를 강조하는 프로테스탄스적 노동 윤리와 맥을 같이 한다는 점에서 쌍생아적 지위를 지니고 있었다.

• 영어영문학
• /
• 제54권2호
• /
• pp.169-188
• /
• 2008

Michael Hardt and Antonio Negri find in women's caring/domestic labor a potential for producing affects, relationships, and forms of communication and cooperation in the family and in the community. Caring/domestic labor in their view is biopolitical in that it directly produces social relationship and forms of life. In this way, they contributed in deconstructing the fixed idea that women's caring/domestic labors are confined to the private domain rather than public one. The literary representations of women's caring/ domestic labor, however, have tended to emphasize its repetitive and confining attributes to private domains and the accompanying physical and mental alienation. Doris Lessing's "To Room Nineteen" and James Joyce's "Eveline" are the examples. "To Room Nineteen," an indirect manifestation of Doris Lessing's position as a Communist, criticizes the sexual distinction of domestic labor under Capitalistic ethic and describes the possible extinction of women's subjects who internalize the capitalistic ideology of bourgeois middle class nuclear family. "Eveline," the fourth work of Joyce's Dubliners, is another example to show the negative result of internalization of Catholic orthodox in which women are obligated to care and sacrifice specially through domestic and caring labor.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
• /
• 제13권8호
• /
• pp.3663-3667
• /
• 2012

The hepatitis B virus (HBV) and the hepatitis C virus (HCV) are still public health problems in Yemen, with older individuals having much higher prevalence than younger generations. However, research on the prevalence of viral hepatitis in association with hepatocellular cancer (HCC) has not yet been undertaken in Yemen. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of HBV and HCV infection among HCC patients and to estimate the risk of these infections being associated with the development of HCC. A cross-sectional study was conducted on patients attending oncology outpatient in Sana'a, Yemen, through the period 2008-mid 2010 with confirmed diagnosis of HCC. A total of 88 cases were studied thoroughly with different investigations such as CT-scan, ultrasound, tumour marker, alpha-feto-protein and histopathological biopsy. A structured questionnaire was also applied and physical examination done to assess the general condition of the patients. Statistical package (SPSS version 16) was used for analysis of the data. The mean age of the cases was 61.2 years (${\pm}12.6$) with half over 60 years. There were fewer male patients (36%) compared to females and most (97%) only had basic /no formal education. Seventy nine (89%) were diagnosed as HCC cases with histopathological biopsy while the rest were diagnosed by ultrasound, CT scan, tumour marker, and alpha-feto-protein. Around one-third of the subjects were positive for HBsAg and HCV antibodies. Multivariate analysis showed infection with HCV and use of smoking was associated with HCC diagnosis. Although an association was observed between the occurrence of HCC and viral hepatitis (either HBV or HCV) and cigarette smoking, but the rate of viral infection was lower than what has been reported elsewhere.

• Animal Bioscience
• /
• 제34권2호
• /
• pp.163-171
• /
• 2021

Objective: Considering the importance of dairy farming and the negative effects of heat stress, more tolerant genotypes need to be identified. The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of heat stress via temperature-humidity index (THI) and diurnal temperature variation (DTV) in the genetic evaluations for daily milk yield of Holstein dairy cattle, using random regression models. Methods: The data comprised 94,549 test-day records of 11,294 first parity Holstein cows from Brazil, collected from 1997 to 2013, and bioclimatic data (THI and DTV) from 18 weather stations. Least square linear regression models were used to determine the THI and DTV thresholds for milk yield losses caused by heat stress. In addition to the standard model (SM, without bioclimatic variables), THI and DTV were combined in various ways and tested for different days, totaling 41 models. Results: The THI and DTV thresholds for milk yield losses was THI = 74 (-0.106 kg/d/THI) and DTV = 13 (-0.045 kg/d/DTV). The model that included THI and DTV as fixed effects, considering the two-day average, presented better fit (-2logL, Akaike information criterion, and Bayesian information criterion). The estimated breeding values (EBVs) and the reliabilities of the EBVs improved when using this model. Conclusion: Sires are re-ranking when heat stress indicators are included in the model. Genetic evaluation using the mean of two days of THI and DTV as fixed effect, improved EBVs and EBVs reliability.

• 영어영문학
• /
• 제58권5호
• /
• pp.903-941
• /
• 2012

This essay examines Edward Said's Culture and Imperialism focusing on the concepts of 'culture,' 'empire,' and 'nation'. The approach is critical, theoretical, and historical rather than explicatory. Consequently, the range of the essay is not limited to Said's own explanation and argument about Western imperialism and its culture presented in the book. In doing this, this essay finally purposes to be a discursive resistance to the current global empire, the United States, via a critical reading of Said's work. Said's notion of culture is set upon to disclose the function of culture as an apparatus of ideological consent of the dominated to the dominant. When applied to imperial practice, Western culture functions to subject the colonized to the colonizer. Said's geographical approach to imperialism complements the historical understanding of imperialism. Imperialism is not only the practice of Western-centered historicism but also the spatially mutual interaction between the West and the rest of the world. Along with European imperialism, Said poses the current global empire of the United States as his main target of criticism. Said's problem is that he takes the United States as a nation-state. When examined, the United States is not a nation-state, but today's empire. The empire in the appearance of the nation-state United States does not work for the interest of the American nation, that is, the American people. The empire is the transnational and postnational political and economic institution that works for the interest of global capital. In order to resist the current global empire, this essay suggests that the building or restoration of nation-states with its basic principle of people's sovereignty is in need.

• 한국언론정보학보
• /
• 제79권
• /
• pp.226-259
• /
• 2016

신자유주의와 정보통신기술의 발달은 서로 긴밀하게 얽혀 있음에도 불구하고, 문화연구 진영에서 이 두 가지의 문제는 서로 분리되어 논의되는 경향이 강하다. 하비가 지적하듯, 신자유주의적 전환의 가장 첫 번째 스텝은 정보통신기술의 확장이었다. 전 지구적 차원에서 이루어지는 신자유주의적 자본축적은 정보통신기술 시설의 확장을 통해서 이루어졌고, 이는 또한 노동의 유연화 및 분절화 과정과도 긴밀하게 얽혀 있다. 이 글은 자율주의 마르크시스트들의 논의를 기반으로 신자유주의 사회에서 정보통신기술, 노동, 사회적 관계의 변화에 대해 논의한다. 이를 위해, 먼저 자율주의 마르크스주의 전통의 기원인 이탈리아 노동자주의의 '사회적 공장'과 '계급 구성' 개념을 살펴보고, 이후 이를 기반으로 일군의 자율주의 이론가들이 현대 자본주의의 새로운 노동, 계급, 사회적 관계를 분석한 '제국'과 '비물질 노동'이라는 개념과 이를 둘러싼 논쟁들을 살펴볼 것이다. 그다음으로, '비물질 노동' 개념이 문화연구 전통에서 디지털 경제를 이해하는 데에 어떻게 받아들여졌으며, 특히 '창의노동(creative labour)' 개념에 대한 비판과 어떻게 긴밀하게 연결되어 진화해왔는지 살펴볼 것이다. 마지막으로, '프리캐러티(precarity)' 개념을 중심으로, 이러한 변화한 노동의 속성이 노동의 임시직화와 함께, 삶과 노동에서 이루어지고 있는 취약성의 확산에 어떻게 연결되어 있는지 논할 것이다. 이를 통해, 이 글은 취약한 삶의 연속선상에서 일상의 디지털 미디어 사용을 연구할 것을 제안하고, 취약성의 문제를 특정 세대나 계급에 국한된 것이 아니라 전 세대와 계급을 관통하여 구성되는 것으로 개념화한다.