• Textile Coloration and Finishing
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• v.31 no.2
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• pp.77-87
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• 2019

To improve rubbing fastness of the printed fabrics, the binder polymers for Digital Textile Printing(DTP) pigment inks were synthesized with miniemulsion polymerization using various acrylic monomers, which are MMA(Methyl methacrylate), BA(Butyl acrylate), and Self-crosslinking monomers, such as NEA(N-Ethylol acrylamide) and MAA (Methacrylic acid). The acrylic monomer compositions were varied when synthesizing the binder polymers and their particle size distributions, average molecular weights, and Tgs were investigated. The prepared binder polymers were applied to prepare Cyan, Black, Yellow and Magenta pigment ink for DTP and the prepared inks were used to dye cotton fabrics. Then, color strength, and rubbing fastness were also investigated to study the effect of the comonomer compositions of the binder polymer on the color strength and rubbing fastness of the resulting pigment inks.

• Journal of the Korea Institute of Information Security & Cryptology
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• v.17 no.5
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• pp.55-63
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• 2007

This paper has investigated the susceptibility of an FPGA implementation of a block cipher against side channel analysis attacks. We have performed DPA attacks and DEMA attacks (in the nea. and far field) on an FPGA implementation of ARIA which has been implemented into two architectures of S-box. Although the number of needed traces for a successful attack is increased when compared with existing results on smart cards, we have shown that ARIA without countermeasures is indeed very susceptible to side channel analysis attacks regardless of an architecture of S-box.

• Nuclear Engineering and Technology
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• v.54 no.3
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• pp.817-825
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• 2022

A recent benchmarking effort, under the auspices of the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) Nuclear Energy Agency (NEA), has been made to evaluate the current state of modeling and simulation tools available to model fluoride salt-cooled high temperature reactors (FHRs). The FHR benchmarking effort considered in this work consists of several cases evaluating the neutronic parameters of a 2D prismatic FHR fuel assembly model using the participants' choice of simulation tools. Benchmark participants blindly submitted results for comparison with overall good agreement, except for some which significantly differed on cases utilizing a molybdenum-bearing control rod. Participants utilizing more recently updated explicit isotopic cross sections had consistent results, whereas those using elemental molybdenum cross sections observed reactivity differences on the order of thousands of pcm relative to their peers. Through a series of supporting tests, the authors attribute the differences as being nuclear data driven from using older legacy elemental molybdenum cross sections. Quantitative analysis is conducted on the control rod to identify spectral, reaction rate, and cross section phenomena responsible for the observed differences. Results confirm the observed differences are attributable to the use of elemental cross sections which overestimate the reaction rates in strong resonance channels.

• Journal of Nuclear Fuel Cycle and Waste Technology(JNFCWT)
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• v.20 no.4
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• pp.371-382
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• 2022

Carbonates are inorganic ligands that are abundant in natural groundwater. They strongly influence radionuclide mobility by forming strong complexes, thereby increasing solubility and reducing soil absorption rates. We characterized the spectroscopic properties of Am(III)-carbonate species using UV-Vis absorption and time-resolved laser-induced fluorescence spectroscopy. The deconvoluted absorption spectra of aqueous Am(CO₃)₂^- and Am(CO₃)₃^3- species were identified at red-shifted positions with lower molar absorption coefficients compared to the absorption spectrum of aqua Am³⁺. The luminescence spectrum of Am(CO₃)₃^3- was red-shifted from 688 nm for Am³⁺ to 695 nm with enhanced intensity and an extended lifetime. Colloidal Am(III)-carbonate compounds exhibited absorption at approximately 506 nm but had non-luminescent properties. Slow formation of colloidal particles was monitored based on the absorption spectral changes over the sample aging time. The experimental results showed that the solubility of Am(III) in carbonate solutions was higher than the predicted values from the thermodynamic constants in OECD-NEA reviews. These results emphasize the importance of kinetic parameters as well as thermodynamic constants to predict radionuclide migration. The identified spectroscopic properties of Am(III)-carbonate species enable monitoring time-dependent species evolution in addition to determining the thermodynamics of Am(III) in carbonate systems.

• The Bulletin of The Korean Astronomical Society
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• v.46 no.1
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• pp.43.4-44
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• 2021

99942 Apophis is an Sq-type Aten group Near-Earth Asteroid (NEA) with an estimated size of 370 m. It will approach the Earth to come within the geostationary orbit during the upcoming encounter on April 13, 2029 to offer a unique chance to study its 1) global properties, 2) surface arrangements, and 3) their detectable changes expected to happen, in sub-meter scale. What measurable scientific goals for the asteroid in this "once a millennium" event could transform our knowledge of planetary science and defense? The Apophis rendezvous mission aims to understand the characteristics of the small solar system body's nature. It also prepares for potential threats from natural objects by measuring in-situ surface, shape, rotation, and orbit changes expected to occur when the target asteroid passes close to the Earth in 2029. We will present an overview of the mission scheduled to be launched from late 2026 to early 2027 and introduce scientific objectives.

• Nuclear Engineering and Technology
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• v.56 no.3
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• pp.866-872
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• 2024

Design Extension Conditions (DEC)-A assessments of the operating nuclear power plants are generally considered for the purpose of getting additional safety demonstrations of their capability to undergo conditions that are generally more severe than DBAs by features implemented in the design and accident management measures. The pursued methodology is generally based upon Best Estimate approaches aiming at verifying that the safety limits in terms of integrity of the barriers against eventual large or early releases of radioactive material are fulfilled. These aspects are nowadays being experimentally and analytically addressed within the OECD/NEA experimental projects like the ATLAS and PKL series where a set of DEC-A experiments are considered. In this paper, experiments related to SBLOCA at the vessel upper head of the pressurized vessel of ATLAS and PKL are analytically assessed using the CATHARE code. These experiments includes issues related to common cause failure of the safety injection system and operator actions for preventing core excessive overheating. It is shown that, on the one hand, the safety features embedded in the design together with the operator actions are capable to prevent the progression towards a severe accident state and on the other hand, the code prediction capabilities for such scenario are generally good but still to be enhanced.

• Archives of Plastic Surgery
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• v.51 no.5
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• pp.510-526
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• 2024

Background Lipedema is a chronic, incurable disorder characterized by painful fat accumulation in the extremities. While the application of liposuction in lipedema management has become increasingly popular, the safety and effectiveness of this approach remain contentious. Our systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to assess various liposuction modalities in lipedema management to verify their safety and efficacy. Methods In-line with the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Metaanalyses guidelines, we performed a comprehensive literature review from inception untilMarch 2023 using the following electronic databases: CENTRAL,MEDLINE, Google Scholar, and EMBASE. Results From the 562 initially identified articles, 20 met our inclusion/exclusion criteria for evaluation. Our review encompassed 14 prospective cohort studies, 3 retrospective studies, 2 case series, and 1 cross-sectional study. Ameta-analysis of nine articles revealed a notable improvement in the quality of life, pain, pressure sensitivity, bruising, cosmetic impairment, heaviness, walking difficulty, and itching among lipedema patients who underwent liposuction. Although complications such as inflammation, thrombosis, seroma, hematoma, and lymphedema-related skin changes were reported, severe complications were rare. Crucially, no instances of shock, recurrence, or mortality were reported.

• Nuclear Engineering and Technology
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• v.56 no.9
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• pp.3775-3784
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• 2024

In this study, a skewness estimation method (SEM) and kurtosis estimation method (KEM) are introduced to determine the number of inactive cycles in Monte Carlo eigenvalue calculations. The SEM and KEM can determine the number of inactive cycles on the basis that fully converged fission source distributions may follow normal distributions without asymmetry or outliers. Two convergence criteria values and a minimum cycle length for the SEM and KEM were determined from skewness and kurtosis analyses of the AGN-201K benchmark and 1D slab problems. The SEM and KEM were then applied to two OECD/NEA slow convergence benchmark problems to evaluate the performance and reliability of the developed methods. Results confirmed that the SEM and KEM provide appropriate and effective convergence cycles when compared to other methods and fission source density fraction trends. Also, the determined criterion value of 0.5 for both ε₁ and ε₂ was concluded to be reasonable. The SEM and KEM can be utilized as a new approach for determining the number of inactive cycles and judging whether Monte Carlo tally values are fully converged. In the near future, the methods will be applied to various practical problems to further examine their performance and reliability, and optimization will be performed for the convergence criteria and other parameters as well as for improvement of the methodology for practical usage.

• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.24 no.12
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• pp.1609-1616
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• 2015

The objective of this study was to make a SBR+MBR complex process to evaluate the possible use of the advanced water treatment system for ships (SBR+MBR complex process) in accordance with the amendments MAPOL 73/78 that went into effect. The conditions 1 and 2 did not show the quick reduction in anaerobic condition while in the precipitation and stirring stages of the SBR treatment which was determined to be ineffective denitrification, same as with the ORP. Removal of organic matters such as $BOD_5$ and $COD_{Cr}$ in the SBR treatment was observed to happen smoothly and going through the MBR treatment as well would provide a stable water quality. However, the results were not satisfactory in accordance with $BOD_5$ 25 mg/L and $COD_{Cr}$ 125 mg/L. Thus, the operating conditions improvement is deemed necessary. Likewise for the nutrients (T-N and T-P), the nitrification in bioreactor, denitrification and phosphorus absorption in aerobic tank due to phosphorus release in anaerobic tank had not been proceeded effectively. It was concluded that the improved operating conditions and structural changes would provide more effective treatments since the removal rates of T-N and T-P were less than 70% and 80%, respectively, which were standards specified by the MEPC. 227(64).

• Journal of Surface Science and Engineering
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• v.31 no.6
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• pp.334-344
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• 1998

Yew coating pmccss t.o form a surface layer ol CrN phasc on mild steel (A81 1020!, AlSI Hi3, 1Cr-0.5Mo steel (ASTM A213 and Nickrl-base superalloy (Inconel 718) was developed. Surlaces of various alloys t,n.ateii by chromizing for the formation ol Cr diffusion layer was subsequently trcaled by plasma nitriding in order t.o form the hard CrS coating layer on the surfaces. This duplex plasma surface tri-atments of chromizing and plasma nitriding have induced a lormation of a duplex-lrcated surfacr hyer of approximat~ls 70-80 $\mu\textrm{m}$thickncss with a iargcly improved microiiardnrss up to approxiniateW 1500Hv(50gf). The main cause for the lage improvment in the surface hardncss is altribilted to [.he fact that CrN and $Fe_xN$ phases are created successfully by ccliromizins and plasma nilriding treatment. High tenipera1,urc wear resislance of the duplex-treated mild steel and HI3 steels at $600^{\circ}C$ was examined. Comparing the duplex-treated specimens with the specimens treated only by chromizing, the rcsults shovmi that, thc wear volume of the duplex-treated mild skcl and 1113 stcel aSt.er a wear test, at $600^{\circ}C$ were reduced hy a Iactor of 8 and 3, respectively. Characteristics of the CrS phase by duplrx treatment were compared with $CrN_x$,/TEX> film by ion plating and the wear behaviors of CrN film lormed by two different nroccsses arc nea.riy identical.