• 한국조경학회지
• /
• 제49권5호
• /
• pp.112-124
• /
• 2021

본 연구는 도시공원 일몰의 대응수단으로 추진 중인 전국의 민간공원특례사업을 대상으로 지자체 및 공원현황, 사업특성과 시행 등에 관련된 내용을 세부적으로 분류 후 비교·분석하여 제도시행 후 진행되어진 지자체별 사업을 점검하고, 그 가운데 제도의 의미와 보완점을 구축하고자 실시하였다. 분석결과로서 첫째, 전국에서 시행 중인 민간공원특례사업은 주로 인구 10만명 이상의 도시에서 시행되어 군 지역이나 지방소도시의 적용에는 한계성이 있었다. 이에 특례제도를 일괄적으로 적용하기보다 지자체의 특성과 규모를 고려한 제도 적용의 유연성이 필요할 것으로 판단되어졌다. 둘째, 공원조성 기부채납 방식에 의한 현재의 특례사업은 공동주택 위주의 단조로운 개발유형을 나타내고 있어, 이의 개선을 위해 공원부지만 매입하여 기부 채납하는 공원 보전형 방식 등을 도입하여 개발의 다양화를 도모할 필요가 있는 것으로 나타났다. 셋째, 공원의 유형과 면적이 한정되어 사업대상에 한계를 보이고 있어, 대도시 도심지내 이용도가 높고 접근성이 좋은 공원들까지 포함할 수 있도록 면적기준을 5만m² 이하까지 완화할 필요가 있는 것으로 나타났다. 넷째, 특례사업의 대상지가 대부분 산지형 공원으로 자연지형 및 스카이라인의 훼손 우려가 있어 공원별 입지특성을 고려한 건폐율과 용적률을 별도 조례를 설정하여 적용하는 것과 비공원시설 유형별 건축 가이드라인을 세부적으로 설정하여 공원과 공존할 수 있는 개발접근이 이루어져야 할 것이다. 향후 과제로는 첫째, 전국의 민간공원특례사업이 완료된 후, 각 사업별 수익률을 데이터화 하여 향후 유사사업의 적정수익률에 대한 기준을 설정하고, 초과이익분의 환수 등 제도적 기준을 마련하며, 둘째, 사업기간의 단축을 위해 지자체별 TF팀 구성, 통합심의 전환, 제안단계에서 환경성 검토 도입 등이 검토되어야 할 것이다. 셋째, 지자체는 민간협의체를 구성을 제도화하여 협치시스템을 통한 사업의 효율적 관리를 도모하고, 넷째, 특례공원의 기부채납 이후 유지관리에 대한 로드맵을 수립하여, 시민이 함께 하는 시민 참여형 공원 운영·관리방안 모델의 도입을 검토하여야 할 것으로 나타났다.

• 설비공학논문집
• /
• 제24권6호
• /
• pp.521-537
• /
• 2012

This article reviews the papers published in the Korean Journal of Air-Conditioning and Refrigeration Engineering during 2011. It is intended to understand the status of current research in the areas of heating, cooling, ventilation, sanitation, and indoor environments of buildings and plant facilities. Conclusions are as follows. (1) Research trends of thermal and fluid engineering have been surveyed as groups of fluid machinery and fluid flow, thermodynamic cycle, and new and renewable energy. Various topics were presented in the field of fluid machinery and fluid flow. Research issues mainly focused on the rankine cycle in the field of thermodynamic cycle. In the new and renewable energy area, researches were presented on geothermal energy, fuel cell, biogas, reformer, solar water heating system, and metane hydration. (2) Research works on heat transfer area have been reviewed in the categories of heat transfer characteristics, pool boiling and condensing heat transfer, nanofluids and industrial heat exchangers. Researches on heat transfer characteristics included heat transfer above liquid helium surface in a cryostat, methane hydrate formation, heat and mass transfer in a liquid desiccant dehumidifier, thermoelectric air-cooling system, heat transfer in multiple slot impinging jet, and heat transfer enhancement by protrusion-in-dimples. In the area of pool boiling and condensing heat transfer, researches on pool boiling of water in low-fin and turbo-B surfaces, pool boiling of R245a, convective boiling two-phase flow in trapezoidal microchannels, condensing of FC-72 on pin-finned surfaces, and natural circulation vertical evaporator were actively performed. In the area of nanofluids, thermal characteristics of heat pipes using water-based MWCNT nanofluids and the thermal conductivity and viscosity were measured. In the area of industrial heat exchangers, researches on fin-tube heat exchangers for waste gas heat recovery and Chevron type plate heat exchanger were implemented. (3) Refrigeration systems with alternative refrigerants such as $CO_2$, hydrocarbons, and mixed refrigerants were studied. Heating performance improvement of heat pump systems were tried applying supplementary components such as a refrigerant heater or a solar collector. The effects of frost growth were studied on the operation characteristic of refrigeration systems and the energy performance of various defrost methods were evaluated. The current situation of the domestic cold storage facilities was analyzed and the future demand was predicted. (4) In building mechanical system fields, a variety of studies were conducted to achieve effective consumption of heat and maximize efficiency of heat in buildings. Various researches were performed to maximize performance of mechanical devices and optimize the operation of HVAC systems. (5) In the fields of architectural environment and energy, diverse purposes of studies were conducted such as indoor environment, building energy, and renewable energy. In particular, renewable energy and building energy-related researches have mainly been studied as reflecting the global interests. In addition, various researches have been performed for reducing cooling load in a building using spot exhaust air, natural ventilation and energy efficiency systems.

• 설비공학논문집
• /
• 제25권6호
• /
• pp.346-361
• /
• 2013

This article reviews the papers published in the Korean Journal of Air-Conditioning and Refrigeration Engineering during 2012. It is intended to understand the status of current research in the areas of heating, cooling, ventilation, sanitation, and indoor environments of buildings and plant facilities. The conclusions are as follows : (1) The research works on thermal and fluid engineering have been reviewed as groups of fluid machinery, pipes and valves, fuel cells and power plants, ground-coupled heat pumps, and general heat and mass transfer systems. Research issues are mainly focused on new and renewable energy systems, such as fuel cells, ocean thermal energy conversion power plants, and ground-coupled heat pump systems. (2) Research works on the heat transfer area have been reviewed in the categories of heat transfer characteristics, pool boiling and condensing heat transfer, and industrial heat exchangers. Researches on heat transfer characteristics included the results for natural convection in a square enclosure with two hot circular cylinders, non-uniform grooved tube considering tube expansion, single-tube annular baffle system, broadcasting LED light with ion wind generator, mechanical property and microstructure of SA213 P92 boiler pipe steel, and flat plate using multiple tripping wires. In the area of pool boiling and condensing heat transfer, researches on the design of a micro-channel heat exchanger for a heat pump, numerical simulation of a heat pump evaporator considering the pressure drop in the distributor and capillary tubes, critical heat flux on a thermoexcel-E enhanced surface, and the performance of a fin-and-tube condenser with non-uniform air distribution and different tube types were actively carried out. In the area of industrial heat exchangers, researches on a plate heat exchanger type dehumidifier, fin-tube heat exchanger, an electric circuit transient analogy model in a vertical closed loop ground heat exchanger, heat transfer characteristics of a double skin window for plant factory, a regenerative heat exchanger depending on its porous structure, and various types of plate heat exchangers were performed. (3) In the field of refrigeration, various studies were executed to improve refrigeration system performance, and to evaluate the applicability of alternative refrigerants and new components. Various topics were presented in the area of refrigeration cycle. Research issues mainly focused on the enhancement of the system performance. In the alternative refrigerant area, studies on CO2, R32/R152a mixture, and R1234yf were performed. Studies on the design and performance analysis of various compressors and evaporator were executed. (4) In building mechanical system research fields, twenty-nine studies were conducted to achieve effective design of mechanical systems, and also to maximize the energy efficiency of buildings. The topics of the studies included heating and cooling, HVAC system, ventilation, renewable energy systems, and lighting systems in buildings. New designs and performance tests using numerical methods and experiments provide useful information and key data, which can improve the energy efficiency of buildings. (5) In the fields of the architectural environment, studies for various purposes, such as indoor environment, building energy, and renewable energy were performed. In particular, building energy-related researches and renewable energy systems have been mainly studied, reflecting interests in global climate change, and efforts to reduce building energy consumption by government and architectural specialists. In addition, many researches have been conducted regarding indoor environments.

• 한국전통조경학회지
• /
• 제41권1호
• /
• pp.35-46
• /
• 2023

본 연구는 조선시대 군사적인 방어를 위해 계획적으로 조성된 관방림의 유형과 식재 배경 및 조성 과정 등에 관한 고문헌 기록을 조사·분석하여 관방림의 조성 목적과 입지 특성 그리고 식재 수종을 구명(究明)하고자 하였다. 연구 결과는 다음과 같다. 조선시대에는 읍성을 비롯한 주요 치소(治所), 진(鎭), 보(堡) 등 여러 관방시설(關防施設) 주변에 적을 방어할 목적으로 관방림을 조성하였다. 관방림은 전략상 중요한 고갯마루에 조성한 영액림(嶺阨林)과 군사적 목적으로 조성된 군사림(軍事林)을 포함한다. 영액림은 대부분 금산(禁山)으로 지정되어 보호·관리되었으며 관방림은 외적 방어는 물론 차폐, 수해 및 강둑의 침식 방지 등 다양한 목적으로 조성되었다. 또한 선박·건축·농기구 등의 재료인 목재를 지속적, 효율적으로 생산하기 위해 넓은 면적에 혼효림(混淆林)으로 조성된 경우가 대부분이었다. 관방림을 구성하는 수종으로는 가시가 있어 방어에 효과적인 탱자나무의 기록이 가장 많이 나타났고 느티나무, 느릅나무, 버드나무류, 시무나무, 참나무류 등 낙엽활엽교목의 활용사례도 등장하였다. 조선시대 수도 방위와 왕실의 보장지 역할을 했던 강화도 지역의 경우 외성의 방어력 보강을 위해 탱자나무를 밀식하여 조성된 관방림 관련 기록이 여러 문헌에서 확인되었다. 문헌 고증을 통해 볼 때, 천연기념물 '강화도 갑곶리 탱자나무'는 강화도의 최초 탱자나무 식재 기록인 숙종 30년(1704)에 식재되었다고 가정할 경우, 최대 수령은 319년 이상으로 추정된다.

• 제3의학
• /
• 제2권1호
• /
• pp.35-54
• /
• 1997

We tried to observe the features of ancient medical practice by analysing the records related to medicine in the book, ${\ulcorner}$the Historical Records of the Three Kingdom${\lrcorner}$ of which content includes the features of medicine in mythology, plague, delivery of twins, drugs, medical system, shamanism, constitutional medicine, psychiatry, forensic medicine, deformity, a spa, medical phrase, health and welfare work, religion, death. physiological anatomy, Taoist medicine, acupuncture, the occult af of transformation and etc. Our initial concern was about where to draw line as of medical field and we defined medicine in more broad meaning. The book ${\ulcorner}$the Historical Records of the Three Kingdoms${\lrcorner}$ describes the world of mythology by way of medicine which is not clearly a conventional one. There appears records of birth of multiple offsprings 7 times in which cases are of triplets or more. Delivering multiple offsprings were rare phenomenon though such fertility was highly admired. This shows one aspect of ancient country having more population meant more power of the nation. Of those medical records conveyed in that book includes stories of childbirth such as giving birth to a son after praying, giving birth to Kim Yoo-shin after 20 months after mother's dream of conception, and a song longing for getting a laudable child. Plagues were prevalent throughout winter to spring season and one can observe various symptoms of plagues in the record. Of these epidemic diseases, cold type might have been more common than the heat one. Appearance of epidemic diseases frequently coincided with that of natural disasters that this suggests a linkage between plague and underlying doctrine on five elements' motion and six kinds of natural factors. There exists only a few names of diseases such as epidemic disease, wind disease, and syndrome characterized by dyspnea. Otherwise there appeared only afflictions that were not specified therefore it remains cluless to keep track of certain diseases of prevalence. Since this ${\ulcorner}$Historical Records of the Three Kingdoms'${\lrcorner}$ wasn't any sort of medical book, words and terms used were not technical kind and most were the ones used generally among lay people. Therefore any mechanisms of the diseases were hardly mentioned. Some of medicinal substances such as Calculus Bovis, Radix Ginseng, Gaboderma Luciderm, magnetitum were also in use in those days. 53 kinds of dietary supplies appears in the records and some of these might have been used as medicinal purpose. Records concerning dicipline of one's body includes activities such as hunting, archery, horseback riding etc. In Shilla dynasty there were positions such as professor of medicine, Naekongbong(內供奉), Kongbong's doctor(供奉醫師), Kongbong's diviner(供奉卜師). As an educational facility, medical school was built at the first year of King Hyoso's reign and it's curricula included various subjects as ${\ulcorner}$Shin Nong's Herbal classic${\lrcorner}$, ${\ulcorner}$Kabeul classic of acupuncture and moxbustion${\lrcorner}$, ${\ulcorner}$The Plain Questions of the Yellow Emperor's Classic of Internal Medicine${\lrcorner}$, ${\ulcorner}$Classic of Acupuncturer${\lrcorner}$, ${\ulcorner}$The Pulse Classic${\lrcorner}$, ${\ulcorner}$Classic of Channels and Acupuncture Points${\lrcorner}$ and ${\ulcorner}$Difficult Classic${\lrcorner}$. There were 2 medical professors who were in charge of education. To establish pharmacopoeia, 2 Shaji(舍知), 6 Sha(史), 2 Jongshaji(從舍知) were appointed. In Baekje dynasty, Department of Herb was maintained. Doing praying for the sake of health, doing phrenology also can be extended to medical arena. Those who survived over 100 years of age appear 3 times in the record, while 98 appears once. The earliest psychiatrist Nokjin differentiated symptoms to apply either therapies using acupuncture and drug or psychotherapy. There appears a case of rape, a case of burying alive with the dead, 8 cases of suicide that can characterize a prototype of forensic medicine. Deformity-related records include phrases as follow: 'there seems protrudent bone behind the head', 'a body which has two heads, two trunks, four arms.', 'a body equipped with two heads' In those times spa can be said to be used as a place for he리ing, convalescence, and relaxation seeing the records describing a person pretended illness and went to spa to enjoy with his friends. Priest doctors and millitary surgeons were in charge of the medical sevice in the period of the Three Kingdoms by the record written by Mookhoja(墨胡子) and Hoonkyeom(訓謙). Poor diet and regimen makes people more vulnerable to diseases. So there existed charity services for those poor people who couldn't live with one's own capacity such as single parents, orphans, the aged people no one to take care and those who are ill. The cause of affliction was frequently coined with human relation. There appeared the phenomenon of releasing prisoners and allowing people to become priests at the time of king's suffering. Besides, as a healing procedure, sutra-chanting was peformed. There appears 10 cases of death related records which varies from death by drowning, or by freezing, death from animals, death from war, death from wightloss and killing oneself at the moment of spouse's death and etc. There also exist certain records which suggest the knowledge of physiology and anatomy in those times. Since the taoist books such as ${\ulcorner}$Book of the Way and Its Power(老子道德經)${\lrcorner}$ were introduced in the period of Three Kingdoms, it can be considered that medicine was also influenced by taoism. Records of higher level of acupuncture, records which links the medicine and occult art of transformation existed. Although limited, we could figure out the medical state of ancient society.