• Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.22 no.11
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• pp.25.1-25.9
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• 2019

Background: Due to the continuous demand for fish coupled with decline in capture fisheries, there is the need to increase aquaculture production to meet the demand. Aquaculture is faced with high cost of feeding since fish oil and fish meal are expensive. In view of this, there are calls to explore alternatives that are cheap and reliable. Objectives: This study on Oreochromis niloticus was conducted to evaluate the effects of replacing fish oil (FO) with palm oil (PO) at 0%, 25%, 50%, 75%, and 100% on muscle fatty acid and proximate composition as well as growthrelated enzyme activities and mRNA expression. Methods: Oreochromis niloticus were fed five experimental diets (33% crude protein and 10% crude lipid) for 8 weeks. Feed had variation in fish oil and palm oil contents. After the 8 weeks feeding trial, five fish were sampled from each tank (15 from each treatment) and euthanized using an excess dose of tricaine methane sulfonate (MS-222 at 200 mg/L). Fatty acid and enzyme activities were analyzed using standard protocols. Also, RT-qPCR was used to quantify the expression levels of selected growth-related genes. Results: Fish fed 25% PO recorded the least muscle protein content and was significantly lower than the group fed 100% PO. Paired box protein 7 (Pax-7) enzyme activity was significantly higher in the group fed 50% PO compared to the groups fed 25% PO and 100% PO, while caplain-3 (Capn-3) was significantly lower in the group fed 0% PO compared to all other groups. There was a significant difference among treatments with respect to mRNA expression of Pax-7 and Capn-3. Group fed 25% PO had significantly lower mRNA expression of Pax-7, while the group fed 75% PO recorded significantly higher mRNA expression of Capn-3 compared to groups fed 0% PO, 25% PO, and 100% PO. Pearson's correlation analysis revealed that Igf-I and Igf-II mRNA expression have significant correlation with n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids content in muscle. Conclusion: The results suggest muscle protein content could be modified if FO is replaced with PO. Also, mRNA expression of Pax-7 and Capn-3 is affected by replacing FO with PO.

• Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine
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• v.23 no.3
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• pp.540-547
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• 2009

There needs disease-predictable signs in order to enable preventive diagnosis and therapy. Then traditional Chinese medicine applies various medical diagnostic equipments used in western medicine to diagnosing sub-healthy state. But such data are not originated from inherent oriental medicine, and not obtained easily in ordinary clinical practice. This paper is to provide synopsis of the ante-disease diagno-therapeutics partly and to show predictable data based on the facial shapes and signs, especially of gall bladder's versus bladder's body and masculine versus feminine shape. Ante-disease means not only the complete healthy state, but also the state unseen any symptoms in macrographically in the course of outbreak of disease. It contains two stages, first one is the former state of disease and second one is untransmitted state of disease. The patterns of ante-disease consist of latent disease, pre-disease, transmission type like senescent syndrome, abnormal reactive syndrome(變證), syndrome of transmission and transmutation. The classification with gall bladder and bladder type manifests the differences of shape, color and size of each organ in comparison of the universal and standard figures of the human being. On the other hand, the classification with masculine and feminine shape contrasts the innate sexual difference and the shape, characteristics originated from in itself. These two classification theories have their own pathologic types and syndrome types with each disease so that disease-predictable data can be constructed based on such a relationship. In addition, this diagnostic method by facial shapes and signs is able to be applied to whole stages from prenatal to present state of disease even if the cause and inducement are not clear. Ante-disease diagno-theraputic system by Gall Bladder's versus Bladder's Body and Masculine versus Feminine Shape is getting more important in the chronic and internal disease in comparison of the acute and traumatic disease. So this study is able to make up for the limit of diagnosis on ante-disease in the field of oriental medicine clinic.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Research
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• v.36 no.3
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• pp.541-550
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• 1996

Tetracycline antibiotics have been widely used not only therapeutics but feed additives. There are many methods for the isolation and determination of tetracycline antibiotics in animal muscle tissue. But those methods take much time and labor, so it is difficult to analyse many samples simultaneously. A rapid isolation method and liquid chromatographic determination of tetracycline antibiotics in animal muscle tissue (bovine, porcine, chicken) is presented. Blank control and tetracyclines fortified samples (0.5g) were blended with $C_{18}$ containing 0.05g each of oxalic acid and disodium ethylenediaminetetraacetate. After homogenize, homogenate was transferred to glass column made from 10ml glass syringe and compressed to 4~4.5ml volume. A column made from the $C_{18}$/meat matrix was washed with hexane (8ml) and dichloromethane (8ml, if needed), following which the tetracyclines were eluted,vith methanol or 0.01M methanolic oxalic acid (8ml). The eluates containing tetracyclines analytes were free from interfering compounds when analysed by HPLC with UV detection (photodiode array at 360nm). Standard curve for each tetracycline showed a linear response at the range of $0.05{\sim}1.0{\mu}g/ml$ and tetracycline antibiotics were eluted within 4ml of eluted volume. All tetracycline antibiotics except tetracycline were stable during the concentration process at $40^{\circ}C$ and time required for concentration was 3~4 hours. Fortified samples containing oxalic aicd and EDTA represented more good recoveries than those of not-contained sample. Recoveries were 91.8~110.1% (oxytetracycline; OTC), 57.7~79.5% (tetracycline; TC), 78.1~88.6% (chlortetracyclines; CTC) and 88.4~100.6% (doxycycline; DC) in pork tissue, 101.1~126.8% (OTC), 66.4~75.4% (TC), 79.2~88.1% (CTC) and 69.3~86.7% (DC) in beef tissue, and 90.8~95.6% (OTC), 66.2~84.4% (TC), 75.7~77.2% (CTC) and 55.6~80.7% (DC) in chicken muscle tissue. The detection limits validated in muscle tissue by this method were $0.05{\mu}g/g$ for OTC and TC, and $0.1{\mu}g/g$ for CTC and DC.

• Food Science of Animal Resources
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• v.26 no.1
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• pp.113-120
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• 2006

Insulin-like growth factor-I(IGF-I) rich fraction, which was obtained molecules ranged between 30 and 1 kDa, was fractionated by ultrafiltration from bovine colostral whey. IGF-I rich fraction was confirmed by SDS-PACE and western blotting and then the quantity of IGF-I was measured by sandwich ELISA. ICF-I concentration in IGF-I rich fraction was 10 ng/mg proteins. IGF-I rich fraction, standard IGF-I and colostral whey weie treated to murine peritoneal macrophages. And then we experimented that effect of immune activity on macrophage and splenocyte. As a result, in group treated with IGF-I rich fraction $1{mu}g/mL$, production of interleukin-6 and nitric oxide were 9.85 ng and $17.17{\mu}M$ and production of phagocytosis, tumor necrosis factor-${\alpha}\;and\;H_{2}O_{2}$ were 78.3, 34.5 and 6% compared to the control group. In splenocyte immune response, B cell and T cell proliferation and NK cell activity were 103, 126 and 22.2% in group treated with IGF-I rich fraction $1{\mu}g/mL$ to compared to the control, respectively.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.41 no.1
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• pp.13-19
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• 1996

This study was conducted to establish the rapid determination method for major components of maturing covered barley grains, and to improve the efficiency of selection in barley breeding. Near Infrared Reflectance Spectroscopy (NIRS) is an established, economical and nondestructive technique applied widely to the food and feed industry. 34 barley lines were sampled at 5 day-interval from 25 to 35 days after heading. A standard regression analysis for the data obtained by analytical laboratory methods and NIRS method was carried out to get a useful calibration equation. The simple significant correlation between these two methods at 25 days after heading was recognized in starch and $\beta$-glucan contents. At 30 days after heading the data obtained by two methods showed significant correlation in starch, $\beta$-glucan and protein contents. Analyzed data and that from NIRS method at 35 days after heading was significantly correlated in starch and protein contents. It was concluded that the applicability of NIRS method for the components analysis in maturing barley grains was different depending on maturing stages and components.

• Korean Journal of Remote Sensing
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• v.32 no.5
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• pp.423-434
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• 2016

Surface emissivity and its background values according to each sensor are mandatorily necessary for Mid-Wavelength Infrared (MWIR) remote sensing to retrieve surface temperature and temporal variation. This study presents the methods and results of Land Surface Emissivity (LSE) of the MWIR according to land cover over the Korean Peninsula. The MWIR emissivity was estimated by applying the Temperature Independent Spectral Indices (TISI) method to the Visible Infrared Imaging Radiometer Suite (VIIRS) band 4 Day/Night images ($3.74{\mu}m$ in center wavelength). The obtained values were classified according to land-cover types, and the obtained emissivity was then compared with those calculated from a standard Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission Reflection Radiometer (ASTER) spectral library. The annual means of MWIR emissivity of Deciduous Broadleaf Forest (0.958) and Mixed Forest (0.935) are higher than those of Croplands (0.925) and Natural Vegetation Mosaics (0.935) by about 2-3%. The annual mean of Urban area is the lowest (0.914) with an annual variation of about 2% which is by larger than those (1%) of other land-covers. The TISI and VIIRS based emissivity is slightly lower than the ASTER spectral library by about 2-3% supposedly due to various reasons such as lack of land cover homogeneity. The results will be used to understand the MWIR emissivity properties of the Korean Peninsula and to examine the seasonal and other environmental changes using MWIR images.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Environmental Restoration Technology
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• v.15 no.4
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• pp.119-132
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• 2012

The unmanaged abandoned concrete roads are vulnerable toward the issues on soil and water pollution, which requires flexible managing method such as eco-corridor after the process of ecological restoration. Among various alternations of abandoned concrete-paved roads, ecological restoration technique may be the most suitable method in sites including high quality of natural environment. Therefore, as in Young dong province, GyungBu express highway (227.24~229.04km), which is near to Hwang-gan IC, the survey to measure its effect of soil under the paving and water pollution by abandoned concrete roads was discussed. Then, the restoration method of plantings of landscape trees and hydro-seeding methods of artificial soil media was appraised through consecutive monitoring. The soil adequacy analysis shows lower percentage of heavy metal substance in each depth level compared to standard limit stated by the Ministry of Environment, along with low concerns raised after the analysis on heavy metal content of the spilled water on the concrete roads. Meanwhile, Korean Weigela (Weigela subsessilis L.H. Baily) was found to be withered in small-scale landscape trees planting sites. Among the seeding plants. the family of leguminosae, Silene armeria, Dendranthema boreale, Caryopteris incana and Aster yomena show good establishment results. Overall studies on planting of small and large landscape trees, planting method of container plants, planting method of ground cover plants, and germination and development trend of seeding plants of the experimental restoration site on abandoned concrete roads are revealing specific trends in the way landscape woody plants establishment and growth. Finally, this study suggests further studies and survey on varied plant restoration methods on abandoned concrete-roads for developed design guidelines of their methods.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Biology
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• v.26 no.2
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• pp.76-86
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• 2008

The seasonal variations of primary production were investigated by phyto-PAM chlorophyll fluorometry as well as classical methods (standing crops of phytoplanktons and chlorophyll ${\alpha}$) in the Beopsu Marsh, Haman-gun, Gyeongsangnam-do. The amounts of turbidity, SS, T-N, T-P, BOD, COD, Ca$^{2+}$ and Cl$^-$ were the highest at the station 3, where located in flowout site of wastewater treated by the filtration plants. The water quality was the third level by the standard of BOD and COD. The amount of chlorophyll a (268.8 mg L$^{-1}$) was the highest at the station 2 in April because the cell density (2,677 cells mL$^{-1}$) of Micractinium pusillum increased suddenly from February (180 cells mL$^{-1}$). The patterns of primary production of phytoplankton by phyto-PAM chlorophyll fluorometry were fallen in with those of standing crops and chlorophyll a of phyto-planktons. The primary production was varied according to stations and seasons. The water environments of the Beopsu Marsh as a natural mounument should be under the control of a regular examination in order to preserve the ecosystem.

• The Korean Journal of Food And Nutrition
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• v.27 no.3
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• pp.339-347
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• 2014

This study investigated the classification of olive oils that are mainly distributed in Korea via imports. The fatty acid contents, degree of color, pigments, anti-oxidants, and sterol contents are analyzed on the different types of olive oil as follows: 10 kinds of extra virgin olive oil, 5 kinds of pure olive oil, and 5 kinds of refined olive-pomace oil. As a result of fatty acid analysis, the majority of oleic acid ($C_{18:1}$) and palmitic acid ($C_{16:0}$), and minority of linoleic acid ($C_{18:2}$) and stearic acid ($C_{18:0}$) were detected without any significant differences between the grades of olive oils. The UV spectrum is related to the ${\Delta}K$, and it is a part of the analysis factor for the purity and degree of degradation of the oil. Extra virgin olive oil had ${\Delta}K$ of almost 0, pure olive oil had 0.07~0.12, and refined olive-pomace oil had 0.1~0.13. These differed from extra virgin oil, and the pure or pomace oil ${\Delta}K$ had a confirmed distinct difference. The color degrees of chlorophyll with a low $L^*$ value and $(-)a^*$ (green) and carotenoid with $(+)b^*$ (yellow) were confirmed to have correlation between extra virgin and other olive oils. To compare chlorophyll and carotenoid as natural pigment in olive oils, 417 nm and the ratio of the absorbance at 480 nm (417/480) was calculated at 1.62 of extra virgin, 1.85 of pure olive oil, and 3.32 of refined olive-pomace oil. Therefore, it will be possible to distinguish when the extra virgin or pure olive oil are mixed with olive-pomace oil. The total amount of tocopherol, an anti-oxidant, were 19.06 in extra virgin, 10.91 in pure olive oil, and 27.88 in refined olive-pomace oil. The high content of tocopherol in pomace oil caused recovery of solvent extraction from olive pulp. Thus, extra virgin oil and pure olive oil were distinguished by olive-pomace oil. Polyphenol compounds in extra virgin olive oil measured high only in ferulic acid with 0.543 mg/kg, caffeic acid with 0.393 mg/kg, and other vanillic acid, vanillin, and p-coumaric acid had similar amount of 0.3 mg/kg. All grade of olive oils had the highest ${\beta}$-sitosterol content. Af (Authenticity factor) value were estimated with campesterol and stigmasterol content ratio (%). Af value was 19.2 in extra virgin olive oil, 17.1 in pure olive oil, 16.9 in refined olive-pomace oil, which were distinctive from sunflower oil with 3.7, corn oil with 2.4, and soybean oil with 2.0. It can provide important indicator of olive oil adulteration with other cheap vegetable oils. The results of this study can be used as a database for the classification of olive oil grade and distinguishing between the different types of oils.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural and Forest Meteorology
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• v.3 no.2
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• pp.96-104
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• 2001

Usage of ecosystem models has been extended to landscape scales for understanding the effects of environmental factors on natural and agro-ecosystems and for serving as their management decision tools. Accurate prediction of spatial variation in daily temperature is required for most ecosystem models to be applied to landscape scales. There are relatively few empirical evaluations of landscape-scale temperature prediction techniques in mountainous terrain such as Korean Peninsula. We derived a periodic function of seasonal lapse rate fluctuation from analysis of elevation effects on daily temperatures. Observed daily maximum and minimum temperature data at 63 standard stations in 1999 were regressed to the latitude, longitude, distance from the nearest coastline and altitude of the stations, and the optimum models with $r^2$ of 0.65 and above were selected. Partial regression coefficients for the altitude variable were plotted against day of year, and a numerical formula was determined for simulating the seasonal trend of daily lapse rate, i.e., partial regression coefficients. The formula in conjunction with an inverse distance weighted interpolation scheme was applied to predict daily temperatures at 267 sites, where observation data are available, on randomly selected dates for winter, spring and summer in 2000. The estimation errors were smaller and more consistent than the inverse distance weighting plus mean annual lapse rate scheme. We conclude that this method is simple and accurate enough to be used as an operational temperature interpolation scheme at landscape scale in Korea and should be applicable to elsewhere.