• Horticultural Science & Technology
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• v.29 no.6
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• pp.561-567
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• 2011

Cold tolerance of the native Rhododendron species which are on the verge of extinction in Korean nature were compared with the introduced species and its mechanism were studied physiologically with the investigation of the leaf angle, leaf curling, and photosynthetic activity. The degree of cold tolerance measured with the leaf burning after winter season was higher in the native species, Rhododendron brachycarpum and Rhododendron brachycarpum var. roseum than all the introduced species. 'Nova Zembla', an introduced species, showed high sensitivity to the low temperature. Changes in leaf angle by the low temperature were bigger in 2 native species and 'Parker's Pink' than the other introduced species and small comparatively in 'Nova Zembla' and 'Cunningham's White' cultivar. Leaf curling also occurred strongly in 2 native species by the low temperature. While, it was comparatively little and mild in the other introduced species. Therefore these results suggested that the leaf movement such as leaf angle change and curling adapted to the low temperature is positively related to the cold tolerance of 2 native species. By the way, such relationship is not explainable in the cold-sensitive 'Parker's Pink' cultivar showing comparatively stronger leaf movement. Photosynthetic activity measured before the winter season was high in the cold-tolerant R. brachycarpum and its recovery after winter season was faster in the 2 native species and the introduced 'Cynosure' cultivar than the other introduced species. They were the lowest in the most cold-sensitive 'Nova Zembla'. This phenomena occurred similarly even in the stomatal conductivity, suggesting that the movement of water from the roots to the leaves is better and then the leaf burning after winter season become small in the cold-tolerant species. The recovery of photosynthetic activity and stomatal conductivity was comparatively slower in the cold-sensitive 'Parker's Pink'. From the above results, leaf behavior adapted to the low temperature during the winter season and water movement to the leaves are related collectively to the cold tolerance represented as the leaf burning in the Rhododendron species is suggested.

• Maxillofacial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery
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• v.34 no.6
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• pp.421-425
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• 2012

Purpose: The aim of this study is to compare the soft tissue changes of the midfacial area at the repose position and the natural smiling position for the improvement of evaluation and planning in the orthognathic surgery. Methods: The total of 30 subjects, 15 male and 15 female, were included in this study. The metal point landmarks were placed at the cheek, orbital rim, subpupil, and nasal base. The movements of the landmarks were evaluated at the repose position and smiling position in the lateral and posteroanterior cephalograms. Paired t test and correlation analysis were used for the evaluation of the soft tissue changes statistically. Results: In the lateral cephalograms, the cheek point (4.49 mm in female, 4.87 mm in male) showed the most distant movement. All points presented significant movements, except the orbital rim and nasal base point in male. Cheek point presented significant positive correlation between the horizontal and vertical change in male. Subpupil point presented significant positive correlation between horizontal and vertical change in both male and female. In the posteroanterior cephalograms, the nasal base point (5.41 mm in female, 6.30 mm in male) showed the most distant movement. Subpupil point and nasal base point presented significant movements in both female and male. Nasal base point presented significant negative correlation between the horizontal and vertical change in both male and female. In the lateral and posteroanterior cephalograms, the positional changes of all points presented significant positive correlation with each other in both female and male. Conclusion: The cheek point in the sagittal view and the nasal base point in the frontal view showed the most distant movement on smile. In the sagittal view, the subpupil point and cheek point moved anteriorsuperiorly on smile. In the frontal view, the nasal base points moved laterosuperiorly on smile. In both the sagittal and frontal view, the positional changes of all point were highly correlated to each other. These results may be used in the soft tissue references for the treatment planning of the dentofacial deformity patients.

• Korean Journal of Applied Biomechanics
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• v.21 no.4
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• pp.405-410
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• 2011

The purpose of this study was to compare the differences in kinematic variables and grip forces among professionals(PG), amateurs(AG), and novice group(NG) during golf putting. The participants consisted of 3 groups based on their playing ability: 8 professional golfers (handicap<5), 8 amateurs (handicap<18) and 8 novice. Each subject attempted 2.1m putts from the hole. 3D motion analysis system(Motion analysis Corp., USA) with 6 high speed cameras and grip force measurement system(Kim et al., 2007) were used to acquired kinematic and force data, respectively. To compare differences among groups, joint angles of upper limbs, trajectory and smoothness by jerk cost function(JC) of putter head and grip forces were used in this study. Results showed that there were significant differences among groups in most of variables such as joint angles, trajectory & smoothness of putter head, and distribution of grip force in both hands. In brief, we confirmed that putting stroke in PG was more accurate and smooth than that in other groups, especially NG, due to their well-controlled upper limbs and keeping grip forces constant in both hands. It can be concluded that due to skilled levels, fundamental differences of putting movement could be identified and these differences might be helpful for improving one's putting skills.

• Economic and Environmental Geology
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• v.27 no.1
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• pp.93-100
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• 1994

This study examined the mechanisms of lead transport in the groundwater system and those of irregular detections in groundwater in Door County, Wisconsin. During the spring recharge period in 1991, water-level movement and water-quality change were monitored from two monitoring wells equipped with three piezometers each and from five house wells, respectively. Water-level responses to recharge events were fast with a relatively short lag time ranging from 3 to 10 days, indicating that recharge of groundwater occurs through the high hydraulic conductivity (K) zones in the Silurian dolomite aquifer system. Lead was detected only on particles filtered from groundwater, but not in dissolved state. Concentrations ranged from 0.2 to $7.1{\mu}g/mg$, converted into the total lead concentration in groundwater ranging from $0.3{\mu}g/l$ to $4.7{\mu}g/l$. A lag time between recharge events and peak particle movement at the sampled wells was estimated to range from 19 to 22 days. Due to the particulate nature of lead in groundwater, only the wells connected with the high K zones detect lead, causing the spatial variation. In a given well, lead concentration varies at different sampling times due to the variation in the initial amounts of lead-carrying particles introduced into the groundwater system during recharge events, the lag in particle transport and the dispersion of lead-carrying particles along the advective flowpaths.

• Journal of the Korean Geographical Society
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• v.49 no.6
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• pp.849-864
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• 2014

The objective of this paper is to investigate both the processes of regional policy and their determinants of the International Garden Exposition Suncheon Bay Korea 2013(IGEXPO 2013). IGEXPO 2013 was held in Suncheon from April to October 2013, and almost 440 million tourists visited to IGEXPO 2013. The processes of regional policy of the IGEXPO initiative were divided into four stages; the first stage from 1992 to 2002 was a beginning of conservation movement for Suncheon Bay; the second stage from 2003 to 2007 was a constructing of natural ecological park of Suncheon Bay; the third stage from 2008 to 2010 was a beginning of IGEXPO initiative and a confirming of the IGEXPO 2013; the four stage from 2011 to 2013 was a preparing and holding of IGEXPO 2013. The major determinants related to regional policy development process of IGEXPO initiative are the population n movement for Suncheon Bay, the rergional development strategy for central city in Gwangyang Bay area, the leadership for continuity of regional policy oriented to environmental and ecological city, and the cooperation and competition relationalship with neighboring city, in particular Yeosu city and 2012Yeosu EXPO planning. IGEXPO 2013 has been evaluated as having some performances such as the enhancement of city image, establishment of city park as a public goods, and formation of community leadership promoting continuous urban policy for environmental & ecological city.

• The Korea Journal of Herbology
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• v.30 no.1
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• pp.43-49
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• 2015

Objectives : In this study, the anti-stress effects of ethanolic extract of Opuntiaficus-indica (OF70E) were investigated. Methods : To determine the effects of OF70E on physical stress, changes in whole-body cortisol level or behavior were monitored in zebrafish. After treatment with 0.9% saline or OF70E for 6 min, all fish underwent net handling stress (NHS), which induced physical stress. And then, we conducted open field test (OFT) or sacrificed fish for collecting body fluid from whole-body. We used the cortisol enzyme-linked immunoassay kit to measure the amount of cortisol in each zebrafish sample. Results : In result, compared with normal group which were not treated by NHS, whole-body cortisol levels were significantly increased in stressed-control group. Compared with control group, pretreatment with OF70E at concentrations of 25, 50 and 100 mg/L for 6min significantly inhibited the increase of whole-body cortisol levels induced by NHS(p<0.05). To anti-stress effects of OF70E on behavior, we conducted OFT after the induction of NHS following pretreatment of OF70E. As results of OFT, compared with unstressed-normal group, distance moved was significantly decreased by induction of NHS in stressed-control group (p<0.05). OF70E-pretreatment blocked decreases of distance moved increased by NHS (p<0.05). And meandering movement, immobility and turn angle were significantly increased by NHS in stressed-control group compared with unstressed-normal group (p<0.05). OF70E-pretreatment prevented the increases of meandering movement immobility and turn angle by NHS (p<0.05). Conclusions : In conclusion these results suggest that OF70E-pretreatment may prevent stress responses.

• Journal of the Computational Structural Engineering Institute of Korea
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• v.30 no.6
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• pp.469-477
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• 2017

In this paper, the floor vibration of an example concert hall building was measured and floor safety criteria were analytically checked through comparison between experimental and analytical results. The floor bottom plate model was constructed considering the composite effect and the analytical model was modified to have the natural frequency identical to the measured one. Also, time history analysis was conducted using the dynamic loads induced by human rhythmic movement during a musical performance, and the analytically calculated floor accelerations were similar to the measured one. Based on this model, the floor vibration level due to the group activities of about 400 persons, maximum available persons for the concert hall, was estimated. It was confirmed that the human induced dynamic loads applied to the column and beam would be much lower than the design strength. In addition, the horizontal acceleration level is just 2% of the design seismic load, so the concert hall is safe in both vertical and horizontal excitations by human rhythmic movements.

• Economic and Environmental Geology
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• v.25 no.2
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• pp.179-190
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• 1992

The Yeongchun area is located at the central part of the Danyang Coalfield, where Precambrian granitoids, Cambro-Ordovician Choseon Supergroup, Carboniferous-early Triassic Pyeongan Supergroup, middle Triassic-Jurassic Bansong Group and extrusive tuffs are exposed. The rocks in the area underwent four phases of deformation, which are (a) $D_1$ : Movement of the Okdong Fault, (b) $D_2$ : Formation of NW-SE trending folds and stretching lineations, (c) $D_3$: Movement of the Gagdong Thrust Fault and associated structures of NNE-SSW trending folds, and (d) $D_4$ : E-W trending strike-slip faults and folds. During the $D_3$-event, flexural slip deformation intensively affected rocks in the area. Strain measurements show relatively low strain intensity in the area. The types of strain ellipsoid are prolate in the hangingwall area and those near to the footwall area range from plane strain to weak oblate. The oblate type is developed in the region far from the footwall area.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Environmental Restoration Technology
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• v.24 no.1
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• pp.69-80
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• 2021

The new town in Korea, developed as a large-scale housing plan, has created urban ecological corridors to provide habitat and movement routes to wildlife and to promote natural ecological flow. This study aimed to investigate the use of wildlife in 10 ecological corridors in Gwanggyo New Town through camera trap technology and confirm effectiveness by identifying environmental factors affecting the use of wildlife's urban ecological corridors. Our researchers installed 20 unmanned sensor cameras at each the entrance and exit of the ecological corridors, and monitored urban wildlife for 10 weeks. According to the monioring results, the main species in Gwanggyo New Town were identified not only raccons, cats, water deer, korean hare and avain but also magpies, dove, eurasian tree sparrow, ring-necked pheasant, and eurasian jay. The number of uses ecological corridors of urban residents was 801(13.49%), as high as that of urban wildlife (1,140, 19.20%), which was judged to have disturbed the use of ecological corridors by wildlife. However, most dominant species of urban wildlife are nocturnal so that, it was judged that they share home range with urban residents at a time interval. In addition, according to the correlation analysis results between the mammal using rate of the urban ecological corridors and environmental factors(ecological corridor-specific length, ecological corridor-specific width, cover degree, shielding degree, connected green area, separation of movement routes, and presence of streetlights), environmental factors were not statistically significant. However, the more the area of green space connected to ecological corridors, the more increasing the mammal using rate of ecological corridor(r=0.71, p<0.05). Therefore, the area of green space connected to the ecological corridors that is associated with rate of wildlife using corridors should be considered as a priority when developing an urban ecological corridors. In the future, this study will extend the observation period of the ecological corridors and continuously accumulate data by adding the number of observation cameras. Furthermore, it is expected that the results of this study can be used as basic data for the standards for urban ecological corridors installation.

• The Southeast Asian review
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• v.21 no.2
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• pp.77-123
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• 2011

Recently, Southeast Asian people, its food, natural sceneries and so on have been increasingly exposed to Korean people through mass media and multi-cultural events. At the same time, Koreans can frequently encounter Southeast Asians in their everyday lives. Thus, specific images and discourses of Southeast Asia has been established in our society, which creates a new social trend called 'Southeast Asia phenomena'. In short, 'Southeast Asia phenomena' means a totality of Korean people's experience of Southeast Asian and their perception on the region. On the one hand, 'Southeast Asia phenomena' is a result of inflow of Southeast Asians and their culture into Korea. On the other hand, it is also a consequence of Korean people's understanding of Southeast Asia from their trip to Southeast Asia or from their interactions with Southeast Asian people. This article aims to analyze the origin and diffusion of 'Southeast Asian Phenomena' in Korea in the context of Southeast Asia focusing on 4 topics, that is, migrant workers, overseas investments, retirement migration, study-abroad categorized as human movement. This article is also about a country-by-country comparative analysis both at the macro level and the micro level. At the macro level, overseas investments and trade, human exchanges, positive perception to Koreans which considered to be the structural causes become a strong mechanism playing a important bridge role between Korea and Southeast Asia. So these create the high probability of the emergence of 'Southeast Asian Phenomena' At the micro level which is more direct causes of 'Southeast Asian Phenomena', the economic cause is the most important common cause for 4 Southeast Asian Phenomena. Additionally, Korean wave is also remarkable common cause creating 'Southeast Asian Phenomena' even it is not the origin in the context of Southeast Asia. The diffusion of 'Southeast Asian Phenomena' is different by the topics and the elements contributing to create the favorable situation for the diffusion are not only overseas investments and trade, human exchanges at the macro level but also policy elements at the micro level. The relative differences of the causes of 'Southeast Asian Phenomena' in the country-by-country analysis are found. Regarding overseas investments in Vietnam and Cambodia, the economic degree of freedom in Cambodia is higher than in Vietnam. Even Korean Wave has had the longer history in Vietnam, but the favorable perspectives on Korean Wave are stronger in Cambodia. For migrant workers from Vietnam and Indonesia, the economic causes in Vietnam are more significant than in Indonesia. The impact of Korean Wave is stronger in Vietnam than in Indonesia. In case of study-abroad, the social-cultural elements and policy elements are more diverse in Malaysia than in Korea. For the Korean retirees who immigrate to the Philippines and Malaysia, the economic causes in the Philippines is more significant in Malaysia.