• Journal of the Korean Association of Geographic Information Studies
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• v.2 no.1
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• pp.1-11
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• 1999

The Korean government is developing a systematic plan of integrated coastal management for effective conservation, utilization, and development of coastal areas. For this plan, integrated maps of land maps and nautical charts are indispensable. However, these maps are not made, nor studied yet in terms of integration, although digital maps(DM) on land and electronic nautical charts(ENC) have been recently developed by Korean Geography Institute and National Marine Investigation Institute, respectively. In this study, as preliminary studies to make eventual integrated maps, the concept of coastal areas are defined, specifically, coastal lines from DM and ENC are matched against each other. Issues on map production procedures, coordinate systems, and map projections, are carefully considered. A test coastal area located in Seo-Gu, Pusan, over 14 km of coastal lines is selected for the edge matching of coastal lines. RMS differences are 13.83 m and 4.37 m over man-made coastal lines and natural coast lines, respectively, which are quite larger considering a scale difference and other factors. However, no systematic differences are found.

• Journal of the Korean association of regional geographers
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• v.14 no.2
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• pp.93-104
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• 2008

This article will divide agricultural change process in Yanbian area into the period of japan rule, socialism and later time of the reform and open policy and so on. It will analyze the changes of Yanbian agriculture in every period influenced by external environment influence. The conclusions are as follow: first, under the influence of the japan rule, the policy about Korean Minority immigrants in japan and the original work agriculture and the group tribe construction, Yanbian fanning was controlled by the Japanese. Therefore, Yanbian's agriculture became the tool to satisfy the war and plunder the resource for Japanese. It shows the obviously peripheral characteristics. Second, in socialism time, Yanbian's agriculture was influenced by the rural communalization. The fanning completely belongs to the country, the agricultural production is influenced by the idea of "grain as the key link" which it only pays attention to take the cultivation industry and the production of grain in the interior of cultivation industry. Therefore, it has not been able fully to use the rich natural resource. Third, after reform and open policy, the countrysides were implemented family contract responsibility system, the farmer can rent the land for a long time, and the enthusiasm of agricultural production was improved. Moreover, due to the social market economy-system, the farmer carried on the agricultural production activities according to the market's demands and various departments of the agriculture obtained the coordinate development.

• The Journal of Engineering Geology
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• v.12 no.4
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• pp.421-437
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• 2002

In order to quantify the anisotropic properties of rock included joints and shear behavior in joint surface, the mold is Produced for rock joint surface using gypsum Plaster and Peformed for replicated joint models made of cement mortar. Rock sample is measured using mechanical profilometer before testing and their result is expressed quantitatively. The statistical parameters and the fractal dimension by fractal theory for roughness is investigated its coordinate value for numerical process. The shear strength to the shear displacement in low level normal stress ismaintained or increased in most joint models. Their results present that this relationship is depended several roughness properties in joint model for natural rock joint. The relationship between the shear strength and the Properties for profiles estimated by some statistical parameter in roughness has the low correlation and is not constant. The result between the data for direct shear test and using Barton's equation, Barton's equation has not the effectiveness for the effect of anisotropy and has not suitable to recognizing the properties for joint surface. It means that JRC has not the properties of anisotropic rock surface. The fractal dimension is well correlated with the data of direct shear test than those of JRC. New experimental formulae using fractal dimension is comported with the anisotropic properties for direct shear test.

• Magazine of the Korean Society of Agricultural Engineers
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• v.8 no.1
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• pp.1011-1034
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• 1966

This thesis is the final report which has long been studied by the author to obtain the design basis for various hydrological constructions with the specific system suitable to the natural environmental conditions in Korea. This report is divided into two parts: one is to estimate runoff volume from watersheds and the other to estimate the peak discharge for a single storm. According to the result of observed runoff record from watersheds, it is known that Kajiyama formula is useful instrument in estimating runoff volume from watersheds in this country. But it has been found that this formula shows us 20-30% less than the actual flow. Therefore, when wihed to bring a better result, the watershed characteristics coefficient in this formula, that is, f-value, should be corrected to 0.5-0.8. As for the method to estimate peak discharge from drainage basin, the author proposes to classify it in two ways; one is small size watershed and the other large size watershed. The maximum -flood discharge rate $Q_p$ and time to peak Pt obtained from the observed record on the small size watershed are compared by various methods and formulas which are based upon the modern hydrological knowledge. But it was fou.d that it. was not a satisfied result. Therefore, the author proposes. tocomputate $Q_p$, to present 4.0-5.0% for the total runoff volume ${\Sigma}Q$.${\Sigma}Q$ is computed under the assumption of 30mm 103s in watershed per day and to change the theoritical total flow volume to one hour dura tion total flow rate when design daily storm is given. Time to peak Pt is derived from three parameters which are u,w,k. These are computed by relationship between total runoff volume (ha-m unit)and $Q_p$. (C.M.S. unit). Finally, the author checked out these results obtained from 51 hydrographs and got a satisfied result. Therefore the author suggested the model of design dimensionless unit-hydrograph. And the author believes that this model will be much available at none runoff record river site. In the large size watersheds in Korea when the maximum discharge occurs, the effective rainfall is two consequtive stormy days. So the loss in watershed was assutned as 6Omm/2days,and the author proposed 3-hour-daration hydrograph flow distribution percentage. This distribution percentage will be sure to form the hydrograph coordinate.

• Korean Journal of Plant Taxonomy
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• v.49 no.2
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• pp.118-126
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• 2019

The taxonomic rank of the tiny-leaved terrestrial orchid Cephalanthera subaphylla Miyabe & $Kud{\hat{o}}$ has been somewhat controversial, as it has been treated as a species or as an infraspecific taxon, under C. erecta (Thunb.) Blume [C. erecta var. subaphylla (Miyabe & $Kud{\hat{o}}$) Ohwi and C. erecta f. subaphylla (Miyabe & $Kud{\hat{o}}$) M. Hiro]. Allozyme markers, traditionally employed for delimiting species boundaries, are used here to gain information for determining the taxonomic status of C. subaphylla. To do this, we sampled three populations of five taxa (a total of 15 populations) of Cephalanthera native to the Korean Peninsula [C. erecta, C. falcata (Thunb.) Blume, C. longibracteata Blume, C. longifolia (L.) Fritsch, and C. subaphylla]. Among 20 putative loci resolved, three were monomorphic (Dia-2, Pgi-1, and Tpi-1) across the five species. Apart from C. longibracteata, there was no allozyme variation within the remaining four species. Of the 51 alleles harbored by these 17 polymorphic loci, each of the 27 alleles at 14 loci was unique to a single species. Accordingly, we found low average values of Nei's genetic identities (I) between ten species pairs (from I = 0.250 for C. erecta versus C. longifolia to I = 0.603 for C. falcata vs. C. longibracteata), with C. subaphylla being genetically clearly differentiated from the other species (from I = 0.349 for C. subaphylla vs. C. longifolia to 0.400 for C. subaphylla vs. C. falcata). These results clearly indicate that C. subaphylla is not genetically related to any of the other taxa of Cephalanthera that are native to the Korean Peninsula, including C. erecta. In a principal coordinate analysis (PCoA), C. subaphylla was positioned distant not only from C. falcata, C. longibracteata, and C. longifolia, but also from C. erecta. Finally, K = 5 was the best clustering scheme using a Bayesian approach, with five clusters precisely corresponding to the five taxa. Thus, our allozyme results strongly suggest that C. subaphylla merits the rank of species.

• Journal of Korea Water Resources Association
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• v.54 no.8
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• pp.553-566
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• 2021

River confluence is often characterized by shear layer and the associated strong mixing. In natural rivers, the main channel and its tributary can be separated by the shear layer using contrasting colors. The shear layer can be easily observed using aerial images from satellite or unmanned aerial vehicles. This study proposes a low-cost identification method extracting geographic features of the shear layer using RGB aerial image. The method consists of three stages. At first, in order to identify the shear layer, it performs image segmentation using a Gaussian mixture model and extracts the water bodies of the main channel and tributary. Next, the self-organizing map simplifies the flow line of the water bodies into the 1-dimensional curve grid. After that, the curvilinear coordinate transformation is performed using the water body pixels and the curve grid. As a result, the shear layer identification method was successfully applied to the confluence between Nakdong River and Nam River to extract geometric shear layer features (confluence angle, upstream- and downstream- channel widths, shear layer length, maximum shear layer thickness).

• Korean Journal of Heritage: History & Science
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• v.53 no.2
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• pp.254-269
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• 2020

The purpose of this study is to propose guidance for wall renewal that is appropriate for an ancient city wall through application of advanced research and theories in wall design. It is a streetscape improvement project which forms part of the "Ancient City Image Finding Project". Study methods consist of advanced research classification, wall design theory contemplation, and analysis of the significance of designated ancient city areas and the "Ancient City Image Finding Project" status. Based on these methods, case study candidates were selected, case status and problems were identified, and improvement proposals were analyzed by comparing various features. Advanced wall research was classified into six categories including analysis of wall characteristics; wall design principle applications; wall structure, color, shape, and application; modern reinterpretation; palace walls; and house, temple, and village walls. The wall is an element of the streetscape improvement component of the "Ancient City Image Finding Project", with the characteristic of providing preceding experience in visual and cognitive awareness than interior structure. Case candidates for ancient city wall improvement are based on the composition distribution of the special conservation district in each ancient city as well as the conservation promotion district. Ultimately, the surrounding village of Gongju-si Geumseong-Dong Songsanri-gil, adjacent to the Royal Tomb of King Muryeong, was selected as the candidate. The "Ancient City Image Finding Project" of the surrounding village of Gongju-si Geumseong-Dong Songsanri-gil began with new Hanok construction. However, wall maintenance did not begin concurrently with that new Hanok construction. Support and maintenance took place afterwards as an exterior maintenance project for roadside structures. If the Hanok and wall were evaluated and constructed at the same time, the wall would have been built in unison with the size and design of the Hanok. The layout of the main building and wall of the Hanok is deemed to be a structure that is closed tightly because of its spatial proximity and tall height. Songsan-ri-gil's wall design should create a calm, subtle, and peaceful atmosphere with shapes, colors, and materials that express ancient city characteristics, but it is in an awkward position due to its sharpness and narrowness. The cause of the problem at Gongju-si Geumseong-dong Songsanri-gil, the case candidate, is that it is lacking significantly in terms of the aesthetic factors that traditional walls should possess. First, aesthetic consciousness seems to have disappeared during the selection and application process of the wall's natural materials. Second, the level of completion in design and harmony is absent. Maintenance guidance after analyzing the cause of problems in ancient city wall maintenance at Gongju-si Geumseong-dong Songsanri-gil, the subject area of research, is as follows: First, the Hanok design and layout of the wall and main gate should be reviewed simultaneously. Second, the one-sided use of natural stone wall in the Hanok wall design should be reexamined. Third, a permanent system to coordinate the opinions of citizens and experts during the planning and design phases should be employed. Fourth and finally, the Hanok's individuality shall be collectivized and its value as a cultural asset representing the identity of the community shall be increased.

• Korean Journal of Heritage: History & Science
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• v.51 no.4
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• pp.120-145
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• 2018

This study intended to examine the drainage facility of Gyeongbokgung Palace based on the traces of the relic found during the excavation survey. Historical records indicate that various efforts have been made for smooth drainage facility for the palace since the foundation of the Joseon Dynasty. Although there are no drawings showing the image of early appearance of Gyeongbokgung Palace during the foundation, it is possible to estimate it through the drawings prepared after the King Yeongjo's reign. The image of the palace after reconstruction can be seen through the "Bukgwoldohyeong" and other relevant documents. At this present, since the survey intends to determine the image of Gyeongbokgung Palace during the reign of King Gojong based on the standard restoration plan of the Cultural Heritage Administration, this study also focused on the drainage facility of Gyeongbokgung Palace during King Gojong's reign, particularly on the collecting wells and culverts of six areas including "Chimjeon Hall", "Taewonjeon Hall", "Geoncheongung Hall", "Sojubang Hall", "Hamhwadang - Jipgyeongdang - Yeonghundang Hall", and "Heungbokjeon Hall". Gyeongbokgung Palace is divided into various zones composed of the central halls and surrounding corridors, and the drains also primarily start from each hall and later join the central drain of the zone. The central drain then leads to the "Eo-gu(御溝)" and the water led to the "Eo-gu" is finally discharged through the water gate. It appears that this series of processes were basically devised to coordinate artificial drain with the natural drain using the natural geographical features of the palace. Research showed that the collecting well where the draining begin was installed in the area where a large amount of household sewage was generated but mostly in the corners where corridors met or corridors and wall met. This appears to be an arrangement to handle the water falling from the roof and household sewage. Also, "Ju(廚)" was installed mainly at the end of the corridor to handle household sewage. The installation of these drainage facilities shows the possibility that the drainage of Gyeongbokgung was very compact under a series of plans.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.26 no.11
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• pp.1237-1244
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• 2016

A comprehensive analysis of the genetic diversity and relationship of the cold-water fishery walleye pollock (Theragra chalcogramma), the most abundant economically important fishery resource in the East sea of Korea, has not been carried out, despite its importance in Korea. The present study assessed the genetic diversity and relationship between five walleye pollock populations (Korean population, Russian population, USA population, and Japanese populations) of T. chalcogramma using eight microsatellite DNA (msDNA) markers to provide the scientific data for the preservation and management of the Pollock fishery resource. The results of the analysis of 186 individuals of the Pollock revealed a range of 7.13-10.63 numbers of alleles (mean number of alleles=9.05). The means of observed heterozygosity ($H_O$), expected heterozygosity ($H_E$) were 0.732 and 0.698, respectively. The results of genetic distance, Pairwise $F_{ST}$, UPGMA (UPGMA: un-weighted pair-group method with an arithmetical average) (the phylogenetic tree), PCA (PCA: Principal Coordinate analysis) analysis pointed to significant differences between the Korean population, Russian population, USA population, and Japanese populations, although small (p<0.05). These results shed light on the genetic diversity and relationships of T. chalcogramma and can be utilized for research on the evaluation and conservation of Korean T. chalcogramma as genetic resources.

• Korean Journal of Microbiology
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• v.47 no.3
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• pp.200-208
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• 2011

Most problematic antibiotic resistance mechanism for MLS (macrolide-lincosamide-streptogramn B) antibiotics encountered in clinical practice is mono- or dimethylation of specific adenine residue at 2058 (E. coli coordinate) of 23S rRNA which is performed by Erm (erythromycin ribosome resistance) protein through which bacterial ribosomes reduce the affinity to the antibiotics and become resistant to them. ErmSF is one of the four gene products produced by Streptomyces fradiae to be resistant to its own antibiotic, tylosin. Unlike other Erm proteins, ErmSF harbors idiosyncratic long N-terminal end region (NTER) 25% of which is comprised of arginine well known to interact with RNA. Furthermore, NTER was found to be important because when it was truncated, most of the enzyme activity was lost. Based on these facts, capability of NTER peptide to inhibit the enzymatic activity of ErmSF was sought. For this, expression system for two different proteins to be expressed in one cell was developed. In this system, two plasmids, pET23b and pACYC184 have unique replication origins to be compatible with each other in a cell. And expression system harboring promoter, ribosome binding site and transcription termination signal is identical but disparate amount of protein could be expressed according to the copy number of each vector, 15 for pACYC and 40 for pET23b. Expression of NTER peptide in pET23b together with ErmSF in pACYC 184 in E. coli successfully gave more amounts of NTER than ErmSF but no inhibitory effects were observed suggesting that there should be dynamicity in interaction between ErmSF and rRNA rather than simple and fixed binding to each other in methylation of 23S rRNA by ErmSF.