• Journal of Life Science
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• v.24 no.10
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• pp.1151-1156
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• 2014

Traditional medicinal plants are widely used to treat many diseases, such as inflammation, infections, and even cancer. Ulmus macrocarpa Hance, a Chinese elm species, is distributed in Korea, China, and Japan. The stem bark is widely employed in Korean traditional medicine to treat dermatitis, mastitis, and edema. The aim of this study was to investigate whether water extract of U. macrocarpa Hance bark (Ulmus cortex) has a immune-modulating function in a mouse model. Three different concentrations (30 mg/kg, 100 mg/kg, and 300 mg/kg) of Ulmus cortex water extract (UCWE) were orally administered to mice for 14 days, and their immune responses were analyzed. Cytokines, such as interleukin (IL)-2, IL-12, and IFN-${\gamma}$, increased in the blood of UCWE-fed groups when compared with a control group. In contrast, the IL-4 level did not change in any of the UCWE-fed groups Cell-mediated cytotoxicity was also assayed using lymphokine-activated killer cells (LAK). LAK showed greater cytotoxicity in the UCWE-fed groups than LAK in the control group. Internal organ indices, such as liver, kidney, spleen, and thymus, were similar in all the groups, including the control group, indicating that UCWE may have been nontoxic in the experimental animals. These data suggest that UCWE has an immune-modulating function in a mouse model.

• Proceedings of the KSAR Conference
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• 2000.10a
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• pp.10-12
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• 2000

Members of the glycoprotein family, which includes CG, LH, FSH and TSH, comprise two noncovalently linked $\alpha$- and $\beta$-subunits. Equine chorionic gonadotropin (eCG), known as PMSG, has a number of interesting and unique characteristics since it appears to be a single molecule that possesses both LH- and FSH-like activities in other species than the horse. This dual activity of eCG in heterologous species is of fundamental interest to the study of the structure-function relationships of gonadotropins and their receptors. CG and LH $\beta$ genes are different in primates. In horse, however, a single gene encodes both eCG and eLH $\beta$-subunits. The subunit mRNA levels seem to be independently regulated and their imbalance may account for differences in the quantities of $\alpha$ - and $\beta$ -subunits in the placenta and pituitary. The dual activities of eCG could be separated by removal of the N-linked oligosaccharide on the $\alpha$-subunit Asn 56 or CTP-associated O-linked oligosaccharides. The tethered-eCG was. efficiently secreted and showed similar LH-like activity to the dimeric eCG. Interestingly, the FSH-like activity of the tethered-eCG was increased markedly in comparison with the native and wild type eCG. These results also suggest that this molecular can implay particular models of FSH-like activity not LH-like activity in the eCG/indicate that the constructs of tethered molecule will be useful in the study of mutants that affect subunit association and/or secretion. A single-chain analog can also be constructed to include additional hormone-specific bioactive generating potentially efficacious compounds that have only FSH-like activity. The LH/CG receptor (LH/CGR), a membrane glycoprotein that is present on testicular Leydig cells and ovarian theca, granulosa, luteal, and interstitial cells, plays a pivotal role in the regulation of gonadal development and function in males as well as in nonpregnant and pregnant females. The LH/CGR is a member of the family of G protein-coupled receptors and its structure is predicted to consist of a large extracellular domain connected to a bundle of seven membrane-spanning a-helices. The LH/CGR phosphorylation can be induced with a phorbol ester, but not with a calcium ionophore. The truncated form of LHR also was down-regulated normally in response to hCG stimulation. In contrast, the cell lines expressing LHR-t63I or LHR-628, the two phosphorylation-negative receptor mutant, showed a delay in the early phase of hCG-induced desensitization, a complete loss of PMA-induced desensitization, and an increase in the rate of hCG-induced receptor down-regulation. These results clearly show that residues 632-653 in the C-terminal tail of the LHR are involved in PMA-induced desensitization, hCG-induced desensitization, and hCG-induced down-regulation. Recently, constitutively activating mutations of the receptor have been identified that are associated with familial male-precocious puberty. Cells expressing LHR-D556Y bind hCG with normal affinity, exhibit a 25-fold increase in basal cAMP and respond to hCG with a normal increase in cAMP accumulation. This mutation enhances the internalization of the free and agonist-occupied receptors ~2- and ~17-fold, respectively. We conclude that the state of activation of the LHR can modulate its basal and/or agonist-stimulated internalization. Since the internalization of hCG is involved in the termination of hCG actions, we suggest that the lack of responsiveness detected in cells expressing LHR-L435R is due to the fast rate of internalization of the bound hCG. This statement is supported by the finding that hCG responsiveness is restored when the cells are lysed and signal transduction is measured in a subcellular fraction (membranes) that cannot internalize the bound hormone.

• Journal of Bio-Environment Control
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• v.17 no.3
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• pp.231-237
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• 2008

Objective of this research was to investigate the effect of calcium concentrations in the fertilizer solution on growth and development of Ca deficiency in 'Maehyang' strawberry (Fragaria $\times$ ananassa Duch.). The margins of the youngest leaves were scorched and they developed a cupped shape as they were expanded in Ca deficient plants. The vein area of the youngest leaves became brown when the deficiency became severe. The quadratic responses were observed in dry weight production to elevated Ca concentrations in fertilizer solutions with the highest growth in 4.5 mM treatment. The regression equation was y=2.4026+1.0209x-$0.098x^2$ $(R^2=0.3546^{***})$. However, tissue Ca contents increased lineally as the Ca concentrations in fertilizer solutions were elevated (y=1.2108+0.1333x, $R^2=0.9189^{***}$). In changes of the fresh weight and Ca concentrations in petiole sap, fresh weight production showed quadratic responses to elevated Ca concentrations in fertilizer solution, but Ca concentration increased lineally. The equations in changes of fresh weight and Ca concentrations were y=9.273+4.882x-$0.4245x^2$ $(R^2=0.4935^{***})$ and y=52.311+3.2917x $(R^2=0.6918^{***})$, respectively. When the concentration of calcium at which plant growth was retarded by 10% is regarded as critical concentration level, the calcium contents based on dry weight of above ground plant tissue and in petiole sap should be in the range between 1.6 to 2.25% and 63 to $79mg{\cdot}kg^{-1}$, respectively.

• Journal of Food Hygiene and Safety
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• v.20 no.3
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• pp.134-140
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• 2005

Boiling point and distillation range, melting range, and identification methods in general test method of Korea, Japan, Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee of Food Additives (JECFA), and USA on chemical food additives were compared. Boiling point of propylene glycol was indicated as boiling point in Korea, distillate in Japan, distillation range in JECFA and USA, and its value was up to the standard. Distillation range of propionic acid was indicated as distillate in Korea and Japan, distillation range in JECFA and USA, and its value was up to the standard. There is no standard on distillation range of isopropyl alcohol in Japanese method. Test method of melting range on synthetic food additives was identical in all organizations, and there are 28 items to which this test method applies in Korean Food Additives Code. The standards on molting range of D-mannitol were different in various organizations, and in USA method there are no standards to which L-ascorbic acid, calciferol, and fumaric acid apply. Synthetic food additives performing the identification test were 251 items in Korean Food Additives Code, but there are no items to which manganese, glycerophosphate, bromate, thiosulfate, and bromide apply. Calcium benzoate was dissolved by heating in benzoate test and we could not identify the citrate in ferric citrate by method (2) of Korea and Japan. Identification test methods for ammonium, lactate, magnesium, copper, sulfate, phosphate, and zinc were identical in all organizations, and these could be identifed by current identification methods.

• Journal of Food Hygiene and Safety
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• v.26 no.3
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• pp.203-208
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• 2011

This study was to evaluate the efficacy of sanitizer concentrations and treatment time against two major toad-borne pathogenic microorganisms such as Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus on a stainless steel surface. As a result, stainless steel, treated with 100 ppm of chlorine showed reduction of E. coli(1.56, 1.49, 1.95 log cfu/25 $cm^2$) and S. aureus(0.49, 0.88, 1.27 log cfu/25 $cm^2$) after 0, 5 and 10 min, but none was not detected in treatment with 200 ppm. The population of E. coli(0.73, 0.90, 1.55 log cfu/25 $cm^2$) and S. aureus(0.37, 1.00, 1.45 log cfu/25 $cm^2$) reduced in 35.5% ethanol treated group, but none was not detected in treatment with 70%. The population was reduced E coli(0.28, 0.64, 1.07 cfu/25 $cm^2$) and S. aureus(0.53, 0.87, 0.99 log cfu/25 $cm^2$) by treatment with 45.5 ppm of hydrogen peroxide, but none was not detected in treatment with 91 ppm. Quarternary ammonium compound with 100 ppm was reduced E. coli(0.82, 1.62, 1.71 log cfu/25 $cm^2$) and S. aureus(0.46, 0.93, 1.38 log cfu/25 $cm^2$), but none was not detected in treatment with 200 ppm. Predictive models of sterilization for all 4 disinfectants were suitable to use with $r^2$ value of higher than 0.94. These models may be of use to food services and manufacture of safe products by controlling E. coli and S. aureus without the need for further detection of the organisms.

• Journal of Gifted/Talented Education
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• v.24 no.4
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• pp.509-541
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• 2014

There was a great need to consider a core competency-based approach as a new direction of the science education for gifted students according to the value and vision of the 21st century knowledge-based societies. Therefore we developed a core competency model of scientist and examined its validity as a prerequisite for a core competency-based education of science gifted students. In order to this, the survey was conducted after developing questionnaire through the theoretical review of the various resources such as paper, book, and newspaper articles and the qualitative analysis of the behavioral event interview, and then an exploratory factor analysis was performed to validate the factor structure based on the results of the survey. The results revealed that the core competency model with the 5 cluster units of competency and the 15 core competencies was potentially constituted. And the reliability, convergent validity, and discriminant validity of the core competency model were verified through the confirmatory factor analysis. The cognitive cluster consisted of 5 competencies and they were as follows: creative, comprehensive, exploratory, analytical, and conceptual thinking competency. The achievement-orientation cluster consisted of 3 competencies and they were as follows: initiative, preparation & problem solving, and strategic influence competency. The scientific attitude cluster consisted of 3 competencies and they were as follows: flexible thinking & attitude, passion for research, and views about science competency. The personal effectiveness cluster consisted of 2 competencies and they were as follows: diverse experiences and global attitude competency. Finally, the networking cluster consisted of 2 competencies and they were as follows: personal understanding and communication competency. Findings were expected to provide the basic data for developing programs and establishing strategies based on the core competency as well as introducing the core competency model of scientist to science education for gifted students effectively.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.5 no.1
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• pp.16-24
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• 1973

Breads were made from composite flours based on domestic resources and their quality was assessed to obtain the following results. 1) When barley bread was made according to the formula for standard wheat bread, its specific loaf volume (SLV) was quite low (1.3 at 100% addition of water) in comparison with 3.3 for wheat bread. Addition of 10% defatted soy flour increased its SLV to 1.7 (at 100% water). Among various flour-improving additives, the use of 1.5% GMS + 0.5% CSL gave best results (SLV: 2.0 at 100% water). Admixture of wheat flour with the composite flour based on barley was most effective. Replacement of barley flour with 25% wheat flour gave SLV of 2.8 (at 90% water) and that with 50% wheat flour gave SLV of 3.2 (at 90% water), comparable to standard wheat bread with respect to loaf volume, color and texture. 2) Sweet potato bread had the characteristics of turning black-brown on baking. Use of 20% defatted soy flour and GMS + CSL gave higher SLV (1.9 at 100% water). Addition of wheat flour at 25% or 50% level to the composite flour based on sweet potato flour gave SLV of 2.3 and 2.6, respectively, at 90% water and its color and texture were improved 3) Potato flour was different from sweet potato flour in baking, the effect of GMS + CSL being quite low. Bread from corn flour was different from barley flour bread and defatted rice bran was not suitable for bread-making. 4) Bread was made from following composite flours based on naked barley and sweet potato flours along with the use of proper additives: (a) naked barley flour + defatted soy flour + wheat flour (45 : 10 : 45) (b) naked barley flour + defatted soy flour + wheat flour (67 : 10 : 23) (c) naked barley flour + defatted soy flour (90 : 10) (d) sweet potato flour + defatted soy flour + wheat flour (40 : 20 : 40) (e) sweet potato flour + defatted soy flour (60 : 20 : 20) Sensory evaluation of above breads in comparison with standard wheat bread (So) gave the following decreasing order of scores, So>(a)>(b)>(c)>(e)>(d) and Duncan's multiple range test showed that bread (a) was not different from standard wheat bread significantly at 5% level, in overall evaluation including color, texture, taste and flavor.

• Journal of Korean Society for Atmospheric Environment
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• v.28 no.3
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• pp.233-248
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• 2012

The national emission from energy sector accounted for 84.7% of all domestic emissions in 2007. Of the energy-use emissions, the emission from mobile source as one of key categories accounted for 19.4% and further the road transport emission occupied the most dominant portion in the category. The road transport emissions can be estimated on the basis of either the fuel consumed (Tier 1) or the distance travelled by the vehicle types and road types (higher Tiers). The latter approach must be suitable for simultaneously estimating $CO_2$, $CH_4$, and $N_2O$ emissions in local administrative districts. The objective of this study was to estimate 31 municipal GHG emissions from road transportation in Gyeonggi Province, Korea. In 2008, the municipalities were consisted of 2,014 towns expressed as Dong and Ri, the smallest administrative district unit. Since mobile sources are moving across other city and province borders, the emission estimated by fuel sold is in fact impossible to ensure consistency between neighbouring cities and provinces. On the other hand, the emission estimated by distance travelled is also impossible to acquire key activity data such as traffic volume, vehicle type and model, and road type in small towns. To solve the problem, we applied a hierarchical cluster analysis to separate town-by-town road patterns (clusters) based on a priori activity information including traffic volume, population, area, and branch road length obtained from small 151 towns. After identifying 10 road patterns, a rule building expert system was developed by visual basic application (VBA) to assort various unknown road patterns into one of 10 known patterns. The expert system was self-verified with original reference information and then objects in each homogeneous pattern were used to regress traffic volume based on the variables of population, area, and branch road length. The program was then applied to assign all the unknown towns into a known pattern and to automatically estimate traffic volumes by regression equations for each town. Further VKT (vehicle kilometer travelled) for each vehicle type in each town was calculated to be mapped by GIS (geological information system) and road transport emission on the corresponding road section was estimated by multiplying emission factors for each vehicle type. Finally all emissions from local branch roads in Gyeonggi Province could be estimated by summing up emissions from 1,902 towns where road information was registered. As a result of the study, the GHG average emission rate by the branch road transport was 6,101 kilotons of $CO_2$ equivalent per year (kt-$CO_2$ Eq/yr) and the total emissions from both main and branch roads was 24,152 kt-$CO_2$ Eq/yr in Gyeonggi Province. The ratio of branch roads emission to the total was 0.28 in 2008.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.49 no.6
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• pp.512-515
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• 2004

The purpose of this experiment was to obtain informations about variation of anthocyanin content within black-seeded soybean testa according to cultivation and harvest time. Three varieties, Ilpumgeomjeongkong, Geomjeongkong 2, Tawonkong were tested in this experiment. Seeds were planted on April 15 (early planting), May 15 (optimum planting), and June 15 (late planting), respectively. Harvest time was R6 (full seed), R7 (physiological maturity), and R8 (harvest maturity), respectively. The content of delphinidin-3-glucoside (D3G), cyanidin-3-glucoside (C3G), petunidin-3-glucoside (Pt3G), and total anthocyanin (TA) had all increased gradually from April 15 to June 15 as well as R6 to R8. There was no varietal difference in D3G, but C3G and TA of Geomjeongkong 2 were higher than other two varieties. Pt3G was the highest Tawonkong of varieties. The value of L as anthocyanin color difference had gradually decreased from April 15 to June 15 and R6 to R8, Geomjeongkong 2 among three varieties was the lowest. The value of a was the highest on May 15 and increased gradually from R6 to R8, Geomjeongkong 2 was the lowest. The value of b was the highest on June 15 as late planting and was the highest Geomjeongkong 2 of varieties. The value of b had increased gradually from R6 to R8. D3G, C3G, Pt3G, and TA contents showed mutually high positive correlation and these four characters were represented high negative correlation with L value but showed high positive correlation with a and b values. The value of L showed high negative correlation with a and b values. The value of a showed high positive correlation with b value.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.49 no.6
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• pp.507-511
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• 2004

This research was carried out to offer the basic informations about new varietal breeding for specific use and physiological characteristics through investigation of detection, content variation and color difference of anthocyanin individual pigments within seed coats in domestic black soybean. The seed of thirteen cultivars such as Geomjeongkong 1, Geomjeongkong 2, Seonheugkong, Tawonkong, Ilpumgeomjeongkong, Geomjeongolkong, Cheongjakong, Jinju 1, Heugcheongkong, Juinunikong-Y, Juinunikong-G, Geomjeongkong 3, Geomjeongkong 4 was tested. C3G (cyanidin-3-glucoside) was detected in only Geomjeongkong 1 and Seonheugkong but D3G (delphinidin-3-glucoside) and C3G were found in Heugcheongkong. The rest cultivars that there were three anthocyanins such as D3G, C3G, and Pt3G (petunidin-3-glucoside). Anthocyanin content of tested cultivars showed a high variation. The ranges of D3G, C3G, Pt3G, and TA (total anthocyanin) contents were $0.55\~2.63mg/g,\;2.77\~8.38mg/g,\;0.38\~5.65mg/g,\;and\;3.32\~16.92mg/g$, respectively. These contents showed variation among cultivars as well as variation between two years, 2001-2002. As a result of variation of anthocyanin color difference, the ranges of L (lightness), a (redness), and b (yellowness) as Hunter's value were $34.09\~42.89,\;12.77\!22.85,\;and\;5.36\~12.10$, respectively, and these color differences showed variation among cultivars and also variation between two years, 2001-2002. D3G, C3G, Pt3G, and TA showed reciprocally a positive correlation being representive of high significance.