• Korean Journal of Veterinary Research
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• v.57 no.2
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• pp.105-111
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• 2017

Hyaluronic acid (HA) has been investigated for biomedical and pharmaceutical applications. This study was conducted to determine the distributions of HA nanoparticles (NPs; size 350-400 nm) and larger HA polymers in mice at intervals after application. $^{177}Lutetium$ (Lu)-labeled HA-NPs or HA polymers were intravenously injected (5 mg/kg) into male ICR mice, and radioactivity levels in blood and target organs were measured from 0.25 h to 28 days post-injection. In blood, the radioactivities of HA-NPs and HA polymer peaked at 0.5 h after injection but were remarkably decreased at 2 h; subsequently, they maintained a constant level until 6 days post-injection. HA-NPs and HA polymers were observed in the liver, spleen, lung, kidney, and heart (in ascending order) but were seldom observed in other organs. After 3 days, both the HA-NP and HA polymer levels showed similar steady decreases in lung, kidney, and heart. However, in liver and spleen, the HA-NP levels tended to decrease gradually after 1 day and both were very low after 14 days, whereas the HA polymer level accumulated for 28 days. The results indicate that HA-NPs, with their faster clearance pattern, may act as a better drug delivery system than HA polymers, especially in the liver and spleen.

• Clinical and Experimental Vaccine Research
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• v.12 no.3
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• pp.179-192
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• 2023

The world has watched the emergence of numerous animal viruses that may threaten animal health which were added to the perpetual growing list of animal pathogens. This emergence drew the attention of the experts and animal health groups to the fact that it has become necessary to work on vaccine development. The current review aims to explore the perspective vaccines for emerging viral diseases in farm animals. This aim was fulfilled by focusing on modern technologies as well as next generation vaccines that have been introduced in the field of vaccines, either in clinical developments pending approval, or have already come to light and have been applied to animals with acceptable results such as viral-vectored vaccines, virus-like particles, and messenger RNA-based platforms. Besides, it shed the light on the importance of differentiation of infected from vaccinated animals technology in eradication programs of emerging viral diseases. The new science of nanomaterials was explored to elucidate its role in vaccinology. Finally, the role of Bioinformatics or Vaccinomics and its assist in vaccine designing and developments were discussed. The reviewing of the published manuscripts concluded that the use of conventional vaccines is considered an out-of-date approach in eliminating emerging diseases. However, these types of vaccines are considered the suitable plan especially in countries with few resources and capabilities. Piloted vaccines that rely on genetic-based technologies with continuous analyses of current viruses should be the aim of future vaccinology. Smart genomics of emerging viruses will be the gateway to choosing appropriate vaccines, regardless of the evolutionary rates of viruses.

• Journal of the Society of Cosmetic Scientists of Korea
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• v.30 no.3 s.47
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• pp.295-305
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• 2004

Colloid and surface chemistry have been focused on surface area and surface energy. Local surface properties such as surface density, interaction, molecular orientation and reactivity have been one of interesting subjects. Systems of such surface energy being important would be listed as association colloid, emulsion, particle dispersion, foam, and 2-D surface and film. Such nanoparticle systems would be applied to drug delivery systems and functional cosmetics with biocompatible and degradable materials, while nanoparticles having its size of several nm to micron, and wide surface area, have been accepted as a possible drug carrier because their preparation, characteristics and drug loading have been inves-tigated. The biocompatible carriers were also used for the solubilization of insoluble drugs, the enhancement of skin absorption, the block out of UV radiation, the chemical stabilization and controlled release. Nano/micro emulstion system is classified into nano/microsphere, nano/microcapsule, nano/microemulsion, polymeric micelle, liposome according to its prep-aration method and size. Specially, the preparation method and industrial applications have been introduced for polymeric micelles self-assembled in aqueous solution, nano/microapsules controlling the concentration and activity of high concen-tration and activity materials, and monolayer or multilayer liposomes carrying bioactive ingredients.

• Journal of the Korean Magnetics Society
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• v.15 no.2
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• pp.100-105
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• 2005

$Ni_{0.9}Zn_{0.1}Fe_2O_4$ nanoparticles have been prepared by a sol-gel method. The structural and magnetic properties have been investigated by DTA/TGA, XRD, SEM, and $M\ddot{o}ssbauer$ spectroscopy, VSM. $Ni_{0.9}Zn_{0.1}Fe_2O_4$ powder that was annealed at $300^{\circ}C$ has spinel structure and behaved superparamagnetically. The estimated size of superparammagnetic Ni-Zn ferrite nanoparticle is around 10 nm. The hyperfine fields at 13 K for the A and B patterns were found to be 533 and 507 kOe, respectively. The blocking temperature ($T_B$) of superparammagnetic $Ni_{0.9}Zn_{0.1}Fe_2O_4$ nanoparticle is about 250 K. The magnetic anisotropy constant and relaxation time constant of $Ni_{0.9}Zn_{0.1}Fe_2O_4$ nanoparticle were calculated to be $1.6\times10^6\;ergs/cm^3$ and ${\tau}_0=5.0{\times}10^{-13}$ s, respectively. Also, Temperature increased up to $43^{\circ}C$ within 10 minutes under AC magnetic field of 7 MHz. It is considered that $Ni_{0.9}Zn_{0.1}Fe_2O_4$ powder that was annealed at $300^{\circ}C$ is available for biomedicine application such as hyperthermia, drug delivery system and contrast agents in MRI.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.15 no.13
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• pp.5311-5316
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• 2014

Nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) has been recognized as a transcription factor that controls mechanisms of cellular defense response by regulation of three classes of genes, including endogenous antioxidants, phase II detoxifying enzymes and transporters. Previous studies have revealed roles of Nrf2 in resistance to chemotherapeutic agents and high level expression of Nrf2 has been found in many types of cancer. At physiological concentrations, luteolin as a flavonoid compound can inhibit Nrf2 and sensitize cancer cells to chemotherapeutic agents. We reported luteolin loaded in phytosomes as an advanced nanoparticle carrier sensitized MDA-MB 231 cells to doxorubicin. In this study, we prepared nano phytosomes of luteolin to enhance the bioavailability of luteolin and improve passive targeting in breast cancer cells. Our results showed that cotreatment of cells with nano particles containing luteolin and doxorubicin resulted in the highest percentage cell death in MDA-MB 231cells (p<0.05). Furthermore, luteolin-loaded nanoparticles reduced Nrf2 gene expression at the mRNA level in cells to a greater extent than luteolin alone (p<0.05). Similarly, expression of downstream genes for Nrf2 including Ho1 and MDR1 were reduced significantly (p<0.05). Inhibition of Nrf-2 expression caused a marked increase in cancer cell death (p<0.05). Taken together, these results suggest that phytosome technology can improve the efficacy of chemotherapy by overcoming resistance and enhancing permeability of cancer cells to chemical agents and may thus be considered as a potential delivery system to improve therapeutic protocols for cancer patients.