• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.24 no.4
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• pp.196-201
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• 2000

Effects of ginsenosides on NaCN-induced neuronal cell death were studied in cultured rat cerebellar granule cells. NaCN produced a concentration-dependent (1-10 mM) reduction of cell viability (measured by frypan blue exclusion test), that was blocked by N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor antagonist (MK-801) and L-type Ca$\^$2+/ channel blocker (verapamil). Pretreatment with ginsenosides (Rb$_1$, Rc, Re, Rf and Rg$_1$) significantly decreased the neuronal cell death in a concentration range of 0.5∼5$\mu\textrm{g}$/ml. Ginsenosides Rb$_1$ and Rc (5 $\mu\textrm{g}$/ml) inhibited glutamate release into medium induced by NaCN (5 mM). NaCN (1 mM)-induced increase of [Ca$\^$2+/], was significantly inhibited by the pretreatment of Rb$_1$ and Rc (5 $\mu\textrm{g}$/ml). Other ginsenosides caused relatively little inhibition on the elevation of glutamate release and of (Ca$\^$2+/). These results suggest that the NaCN-induced neurotoxicity was related to a series of cell responses consisting of glutamate release and [Ca$\^$2+/]i elevation via glutamate (NMDA and kainate) receptors and resultant cell death, and that ginsenosides, especially Rb$_1$ and Rc, prevented the neuronal cell death by the blockade of the NaCN-induced Ca$\^$2+/influx.

• The Journal of Korean Medicine
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• v.26 no.3 s.63
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• pp.135-145
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• 2005

Objectives : This study investigated effect of Evodiae fructus water extract (EVOR) on apoptotic cell death induced by NaCN in SK-N-SH neuroblastoma cell lines. NaCN stimulates glutamate release which can activate glutamate receptors to initiate excitotoxic processes. This study examines the role of EVOR in mediating NaCN-induced cytotoxicity. Methods & Results : Cytotoxicity was assessed by measuring lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) in the culture media. NaCN(0.1mM) produced cytotoxicity following 12hrs of incubation. NaCN-induced cytotoxicity was partially blocked by EVOR. The treatment of EVOR in simultaneous exposure of cultures to NaCN provided complete protection against cytotoxicity. NaCN-induced cytotoxicity was found to inhibit DNA fragmentation, repaired by cell cycle and simultaneous exposure to NaCN, regenerated with neurite outgrowh by EVOR. These results indicate thaf damage by NaCN in neumnal cell cultures was repaired by EVOR, whereas NaCN-induced cytotoxicity is blocked Primarily by activation of anti-apoptosis. Conclusions : These results suggest that EVOR may be beneficial for the treatment of dementia and other degenerative problems of the central nervous system.

• Ocean Science Journal
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• v.43 no.2
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• pp.107-113
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• 2008

Laboratory bioassays were conducted to test the acute toxicity effects of sudden exposure to sodium cyanide (NaCN) on the endogenous rhythm of the oxygen consumption rate (OCR) in the black rockfish Sebastes schlegeli. The OCR of the black rockfish(n = 14, total length = $20.4{\pm}1.16\;cm$, wet weight = $158{\pm}25\;g$) was measured with an automatic intermittent-flow-respirometer. OCR decreased significantly when experimental fish were exposed to NaCN. When exposed to 10 ppb NaCN, fish were able to recover their OCR rhythmic activities. When fish were exposed to 20 ppb, however, the metabolic activity rhythms were not recovered. These results suggest that exposure to NaCN concentrations over 20 ppb cause severe physiological damage to the endogenous rhythms of black rockfish.

• Journal of the Korean Electrochemical Society
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• v.23 no.1
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• pp.11-17
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• 2020

The Prussian blue analogues of Fe₂(CN)₆ and Na_xFe₂(CN)₆ are prepared by precipitation method and evaluated the electrochemical characteristics as positive electrode materials for lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) because of their low cost. Fe₂(CN)₆ shows a low reversible capacity of 34.6 mAh g^-1, whereas sodium-containing Na_xFe₂(CN)₆ exhibits a reversible capacity of 107.5 mAh g^-1 when the discharge process proceeds first. When charging is first carried out to remove sodium in the structure, the reversible capacity of 114.1 mAh g^-1 is achieved and the cycle performance is further improved. In addition, Na_x-Fe₂(CN)₆ is synthesized at 0℃, room temperature (RT), and 60℃, respectively. Regardless of the synthesis temperature, Na_xFe₂(CN)₆ shows similar initial reversible capacity, but the crystallite size is formed smaller and improved cycle performance when synthetic temperature is lower. The sample synthesized at 0℃ shows a reversible capacity of 86.4 mAh g^-1 at the 120^th cycle and maintains 76.8% of the initial capacity.

• Clean Technology
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• v.27 no.2
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• pp.168-173
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• 2021

The treatment of plated wastewater is subject to various and complex processes depending on the pH, heavy metal, and cyanide content of the wastewater. Alkali chlorine treatment using NaOCl is commonly used for cyanide treatment. However, if ammonia and cyanide are present simultaneously, NaOCl is consumed excessively to treat ammonia. To solve this problem, this study investigated 1) the consumption of NaOCl according to ammonia concentration in the alkaline chlorine method and 2) whether ferrate (VI) could selectively treat the cyanide. Experiments using simulated wastewater showed that the higher the ammonia concentration, the lower the cyanide removal rate, and the linear increase in NaOCl consumption according to the ammonia concentration. Removal of cyanide using ferrate (VI) confirmed the removal of cyanide regardless of ammonia concentration. Moreover, the removal rate of ammonia was low, so it was confirmed that the ferrate (VI) selectively eliminated the cyanide. The cyanide removal efficiency of ferrate (VI) was higher with lower pH and showed more than 99% regardless of the ferrate (VI) injection amount. The actual application to plated wastewater showed a high removal ratio of over 99% when the input mole ratio of ferrate (VI) and cyanide was 1:1, consistent with the molarity of the stoichiometry reaction method, which selectively removes cyanide from actual wastewater containing ammonia and other pollutants like the result of simulated wastewater.

• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.32 no.9
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• pp.3323-3326
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• 2011

Various aldoximes and ketoximes were efficiently reduced to their corresponding amines with $NaBH_3CN$ in the presence of $MoCl_5/NaHSO_4{\cdot}H_2O$ system. Reduction reactions were carried out in refluxing EtOH or DMF within 0.3-3.8 h to afford the amines in high to excellent yields.

• Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.33 no.1
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• pp.43-51
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• 1990

Meat emulsions containing 0, 15, 30 and 45% of soy protein isolate(SPI), Na-caseinate(Na-CN) and their mixtures were prepared in order to determine the effect of these non-meat proteins on the physical properties and their sensory quality in emulsion type sausage. It was found that SPI was better fat stabilizer and better binder than Na-CN. The mixtures of SPI and Na-CN didn't exert any significant effect on emulsion stability. From the texture profile analysis by using Instron two-cycle compression tests, decrease in the substitution levels and increase in the ratio of SPI/Na-CN resulted in a significant increase in the textural values of hardness, adhesiveness, gumminess, chewiness. The finished products showed that the substituted product for 15 % meat protein had higher textural values than the unsubstituted product. The sensory quality evaluated for the final products showed no significant difference between the SPI substituted product for 15 % meat protein and the unsubstituted product. However, all of the substituted products for 15 % meat protein and some of those for 30 % substitution with SPI and 67 % SPI received higher scores than average.

• Journal of the Korean Electrochemical Society
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• v.15 no.4
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• pp.256-263
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• 2012

This study was performed to investigate the separation of cesium cations by using an electrochemical ion exchanger of nickel hexacyanoferrate($KNiFe(CN)_6$) film electrode. Potential, current, and charge passing through the cyclic voltammograms were measured in singular and binary solutions of 1.0M $NaNO_3$ and 1.0M $CsNO_3$. Before and after each experiment, the structural morphology and atomic composition of $KNiFe(CN)_6$ were analyzed by SEM and EDS, respectively. The ion selectivity of $KNiFe(CN)_6$ was also observed by the voltammograms and atomic compositions measured in the solution alternated between sodium and cesium. As the result of this study, it was found that the electrically switched $KNiFe(CN)_6$ ion exchanger had the significant advantage of 40 times or longer durability than conventional organic or inorganic ion exchanger. It was also shown that the $KNiFe(CN)_6$ ion exchanger had high selectivity for cesium over sodium.

• Korean Journal of Pharmacognosy
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• v.34 no.4 s.135
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• pp.282-287
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• 2003

We reported that neurotoxicity may contribute to cyanide-induced neuronal injury. Cyanide stimulates the release of glutamate which can activate glutamate receptors to propagate excitotoxic processes. We examined the role of plant extracts in mediating the cyanide-induced cytotoxicity and report here that the cytotoxicity assessed in SK- N-SH cell cultures by measuring lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) in the culture media was significantly blocked by Evodia officinalis MeOH extract (OMU). Also, when OMU was treated in NaCN level cultures, the neurite outgrowth was regenerated as much as in the treatment of NaCN only. These results indicate that OMU treatment were not only protected the neurons against NaCN-induced damage but also regenerated the neurite outgrowth of neuroblastoma cells.

• Journal of the Korean institute of surface engineering
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• v.42 no.6
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• pp.280-286
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• 2009

In this study, the corrosion property of copper alloy tubes in seawater has been investigated. Three copper alloys of nominal composition Cu-20Zn-2Al(Al-Brass), Cu-30Ni(CN70/30) and Cu-10Ni(CN90/10) were considered. The samples were immersed in 3%NaCl flowing solution at $90^{\circ}C$ for 30, 50 and 80 days. Corrosion rate of copper alloy tubes in 3%NaCl flowing solution was investigated by weight-loss measurements and electrochemical test. The CN70/30 showed lowest corrosion rate among three copper alloy tubes. Because of passive films formation, corrosion rates of three types of copper tubes were decrease with time. Surface characteristics of copper alloy tubes were analyzed by optical micrograph(OM), scanning electronic microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive X-ray analysis(EDAX) and X-ray diffraction patterns(XRD). CN70/30 showed partly pitting problem on the surface owing to high Fe content, even though having high resistant against corrosion. Cracks appeared on the surface of CN90/10 and CN70/30 after more than 50 days immersion, which could be derived from high nickel contents.