• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.48 no.1
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• pp.64-70
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• 2015

We investigated the branchial osmoregulatory response of black sea bream Acanthopagrus schlegelii to short-term (3-48 h) exposure to a hyposaline environment (5 psu). Gill $Na^+/K^+$-ATPase (NKA) activity was decreased after 3 h in fish transferred to 5 psu compared to salt water-acclimated (control) fish, but the level of activity returned to that observed in the control fish at 6 h after transfer. NKA activity increased significantly at 24 h after transfer, but it returned to the level observed in the control fish at 48 h after transfer. Immunohistochemical staining revealed that gill NKA was localized to chloride cells. The number of chloride cells tended to change in parallel with NKA activity. Substantial decreases in plasma $Na^+$, $Cl^-$, and osmolality were observed after 12 h of exposure to 5 psu; however, these parameters began to recover to the values detected in the controls at 24 h after transfer. In conclusion, our results suggest that black sea bream are able to adjust their osmoregulatory mechanisms to shift from hypo- to hyperosmoregulation within 6 h of exposure to a hypoosmotic environment.

• Applied Chemistry for Engineering
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• v.4 no.1
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• pp.94-102
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• 1993

The effects of temperature and of $Na_2O$ and $SiO_2$ contents on the crystallization of zeolite A were studied, by examining crystallization curves and particle size distributions of final products at various crystallization conditions. Crystallization process could be simulated adopting the assumptions of constant linear growth rate and equilibrium between amorphous solid phase and soluble species. Rate constants were determined by comparing the simulated crystallization curves with experimental data. Rate constant for linear growth increased with temperature and crystallization rate at different mole ratio of $Na_2O/H_2O$ correlated reasonably well with increase of soluble species. The rate constant of crystallization did not increase with increase in mole ratio of $Na_2O/H_2O$, but the rate of nuclei formation and the fraction of soluble species were enhanced. The rate constants for linear growth of zeolite A were determined as $0.07{\sim}0.24{\mu}m{\cdot}min^{-1}$ at these experimental conditions Apparent activation energy was estimated as $49kJ{\cdot}mol^{-1}$.

• Biomedical Science Letters
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• v.6 no.2
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• pp.159-164
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• 2000

We studied the effects of Escherichia coli (E. coli) endotoxin on blood electrolytes levels in rabbits. Endotoxin (5. coli serotype O55 : B5) was injected via rabbits' ear vein : 0.10 mg/kg (Group A) or 0.50 mg/kg (Group B). Blood samples were taken at postendotoxemic 3, 6, 12 and 24 hrs and were analyzed for detections of the levels of blood electrolytes such as $Ca^{++}$, $Mg^{++}$, Na$^{+}$, $K^{+}$ and Cl$^{-}$. As compared to control group, in endotoxin-treated rabbits $Ca^{++}$ levels elevated at 6 hrs but decreased at 24 hrs, $Mg^{++}$ levels were high at 3, 6 and 12 hrs, Na$^{+}$ and $K^{+}$ levels increased at all sampling times and Cl$^{-}$ levels rose at 3, 12 and 24 hrs (p<0.05). Interestingly, endotoxic rabbits having hypermagnesemia (about 4.0 mg/dL) showed severe syndromes such as increased secretion, shock, tachypnea, seizure and/or diarrhea, suggesting that these may be clinical signs of imminent death in rabbits. These observations testify that bacterial endotoxin leads to dyshomeostasis of blood electrolytes and the physiological imbalances may cause fatal disorders and subsequent death.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.34 no.1
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• pp.60-67
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• 2014

The comparisons between cellulolytic bacteria adhesion on rice straw and fiber digestion in time course during rumen fermentation were studied in situ. The adhesions of cellulolytic bacteria, F. succinogenes. R. albus and R. flavefaciens, were measured by RT-PCR. When the rice straws were incubated at 0. 2, 4, 8, 12 and 24 hours of the in situ rumen, straw was degraded with increasing speed during the incubation and showed the highest disappearance increasing rate (DM g/h) from 8 to 12 hour. The adhesions of F. succinogenes, R. flavefaciens and R. albus were achieved above 80% in 1 hour of in situ rumen fermentation and then keep adhesive population up after the time of fermentation. When the in situ samples were collected at 0, 5, 10, 30 and 60 min to detect the early stages of adhesion on the rice straws ingested into rumen, the numberous adhesive colony of F. succinogenes, R. flavefaciens and R. albus were detected in 5 min. In case of rice straw treated with 0, 2, 4 and 8% NaOH, all of three cellulolytic bacteria showed the increasing trends of adhesion with increasing DM disappearance of rice straw by higher concentration of NaOH at 12 hour of in situ. However, there were showed respectively difference at 24 hour. The present results gave certain evidence that adhesion of cellulolytic bacteria is definitely achieved in early stage of roughage ingestion into rumen, their colony develop the stable communities on roughage in process of rumen fermentation and then fiber degradation is accelerated.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.24 no.6
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• pp.686-693
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• 2014

Restricted supply of nutrients may affect genes at the molecular level as well as physiological functions. Understanding the cellular responses during starvation is necessary for developing strategies to reduce damage caused by starvation stress. After 1 h of starvation, Got1 gene expression was increased but its expression returned to the normal state after 24 h. Mat1 gene expression continuously increased with starvation from 1 h until 24 hr. Rats starved for 1-3 days showed significant changes in expression of the Got1 and Mat1 genes, which were significantly reduced in the cerebral cortex and cerebellum. In the lung, gene expression was increased by starvation for 1-2 days but decreased on the third day. No differences were observed in gene expression in the heart. Strong Got1 lung gene expression was seen in the starvation group one day after restoration of the food supply. Muscle mass was significantly reduced at the start of starvation and remained the same after two days of starvation and one day after the food supply was restored. The Mat1 gene expression did not change. The Got1 was induced by NaCl and showed strong expression in the lung and the thymus, but the apparent decrease of the remaining changes were not observed in male rats. The Mat1 gene was not as sensitive as the Got1 gene to induction by NaCl. However, differences in gene induction by NaCl were evident between males and females, indicating that diet control of gene expression is associated with hormones.

• The Journal of the Society of Korean Medicine Diagnostics
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• v.17 no.2
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• pp.169-177
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• 2013

The perpose of this study is to report the effect of oriental demonstration treatment for Acne. Acne is an facial skin problems with depress, white head on the facial skin and bad smell. Objectives We experienced one case of Acne through acupuncture, cupping, herbal medication and herbal patch. 24 years old female patient suffered from acne with bad smell and depress. Method She was taken 23 times of acupuncture and cupping treatment, 30days of taking herb medicine and 7days for herbal patch(brand named Lee Myung Lae patch). Results After 23 times treatment her acne symtoms was improved. Conculusion Asian medical treatment could be safe and effective to American patient.

• Asian Journal of Turfgrass Science
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• v.11 no.1
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• pp.23-31
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• 1997

The K+ and Na+ contents in the guard cells of Agave which had a characteristic of CAM plant were measured by using "Rolling technique". That results were correspond with the change of the stomatal aperture width. That is to say, stomatal movement of Agave is due to the change of K+and Na+ concentration in the guard cells. As Agave which was used in this experiment showed two peaks of which one was at 3 hour and the other was at 24 hour in stomatal aperture width, it was seemed that Agave had both characteristics of CAM and $C_3$pattern.

• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• v.27 no.2 s.46
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• pp.226-229
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• 1994

In hypertensives, electrocardiographic left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH) is an independent risk factor for cardiovascular disease. Animal and human studies suggest an association between left ventricular mass and dietary sodium (Na) intake. This study determined if dietary Na intake in a homogenous ethnic population is associated with electrocardiographic LVH (S in Vl + R in $V5{\geq}5.5 mV$). Blood pressure (BP), body mass index, EKG, and 24 hour urine Na and potassium (K) excretion were determined in 40 otherwise healthy Korean patients with untreated essential hypertension on the standard Korean diet. Among these variables, only Na excretion (mmol/day) was significantly different between those with and without LVH $[LVH+:357{\pm}50,\;LVH-;\;268{\pm}25(p=0.04]$. Thus, dietary sodium intake may be predictive of electrocardiographic LVH.

• Journal of the Society of Cosmetic Scientists of Korea
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• v.10 no.1
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• pp.24-41
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• 1984

Tallow fatty acid consists of mixtures of fatty acids differing in chain length and saturation. In separation of tallow fatty acid, the effects of the type and concentration of detergents and electrolytes were studied. And the changes of acid composition of particular fractions were determined by gas-chromatography. Sodium lauryl sulfate (SLS), sodium lauryl ether sulfate (SLES) and sodium lauryl benzene sulfonate (SLBS) were used as detergents and NaCl, Na2SO4 and MgSO4 were used as electrolytes. At low concentration of detergent, the tallow fatty acid was not fully wetted, and at high concentration, the emulsion was so stable that the tallow fatty acid was not well separated. The addition of proper amount of electrolyte increased the separation efficiency by the decrease of interfacial tension and by the increase of the amount of adsorbed detergent on the surface of solid fatty acid crystals. The optimum range of detergent was 0.4-0.6% (wt.) in SLS, 0.2-0.4% in SLES and 2.0-) .0% in SLBS. And the optimum range of electrolyte was 2.0-2.5% in NaCl, 3.0-4.0% In Na2SO4 and 0.5-1.0% in MgSO4 respectively.

• Economic and Environmental Geology
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• v.32 no.6
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• pp.575-584
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• 1999

Through alkaline hydrothermal activation processes, zeolite minerals were synthesized from fly ashes produced at Youngwol and Boryoung power plants. The syntheses were performed in a closed teflon vessel with a teflon-coated magnetic bar for continuous stirring during the reaction periods. The experiments were caeeied out at three different reaction temperatures ($100^{\circ}C$,$200^{\circ}C$, and $250^{\circ}C$), with varying NaOH concentations (0.5~8N) and reaction time (24 to 288 hours). Mineralogical characterization of the reaction products indicated that Na-p1, analcime, and hydroxysodalite were dominant zeolites formed from the both fly ashes at the given experimental conditions, The highest amount of zoelites produced from the Youngwol and Boryoung fly ash were:60 and 45wt%for Na-P1, 70 and 45wt% for analicime, 50 and 40wt% for hydroxysodalite, respectively. A small amount of zeolite A was present in NaP-dominant dample is about 250 meq/100g. This suggests the possibility of its utilization as an ion-absorbent.