• Transactions of the Korean Society of Automotive Engineers
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• v.15 no.5
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• pp.105-111
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• 2007

In this study, we investigated the conversion performance of de-NOx catalyst for lean-burn natural gas engine. As a de-NOx catalyst, NOx storage reduction catalyst was composed of Pt, Pd and Rh with washcoat including Ba and Ni, Ru-ZSM-5. Ni, Ru-ZSM-5, which was regarded as a NOx direct decomposition catalyst, was made up of ion exchanged ZSM-5 by 5wt.% Ni or Ru. The performance of de-NOx catalyst was evaluated by NOx storage capacity and catalytic reduction in air/fuel, $\lambda=1.6$. The catalytic reaction was also observed when the added fuel was supplied to fuel rich atmosphere by fuel spike period of 5 seconds. The NOx conversion of the catalysts with Ni-ZSM-5 or Ru-ZSM-5 was mainly caused by the effect of NOx adsorption of Ba rather than the catalytic reduction of Ni, Ru-ZSM-5. Ni, Ru-ZSM-5 catalysts can not use for the NSR catalyst because they have quick process in thermal deactivation.

• Environmental Engineering Research
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• v.11 no.3
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• pp.149-155
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• 2006

NOx reduction experiments were conducted by direct injection of urea into a diesel fueled, combustion-driven flow reactor which simulated a single engine cylinder ($966cm^3$). NOx reduction tests were carried out over a wide range of air/fuel ratios (A/F=20-40) using an initial NOx level of 530ppm, and for normalized stoichiometric ratios of reductant to NOx (NSR) of 1.5 to 4.0. The results show that effective NOx reduction with urea occurred over an injection temperature range of 1100 to 1350K. NOx reduction increased with increasing NSR values, and about a 40%-60% reduction of NOx was achieved with NSR=1.5-4.0. Most of the NOx reduction occurred within the cylinder and head section (residence time <40msec), since temperatures in the exhaust pipe were too low for additional NOx reduction. Relatively low NOx reduction is believed to be due to the existence of higher levels of CO and unburned hydrocarbons (UHC)inside the cylinder, and large temperature drops along the reactor. Injection of secondary combustible additives (diesel fuel/$C_2H_6$) into the exhaust pipe promoted further substantial NOx reduction (5%-30%) without shifting the temperature windows. Diesel fuel was found to enhance NOx reduction more than $C_2H_6$, and finally practical implications are further discussed.

• Journal of Coastal Disaster Prevention
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• v.4 no.3
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• pp.133-137
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• 2017

The Arctic region remains surrounded by sea ice during most of the period of the year. In the Arctic Ocean the Northern Sea Route (NSR) has been used as an important route for shipping. The arctic sea ice is decreasing since 1979; hence needs to be monitored. In this research work sea ice concentration in the recent years and sea ice concentration anomalies of few months with long term sea ice concentration are studied. The climatology of long term ice concentration data from various satellites, and the recent sea ice concentration data from Advanced Microwave Scanning Radiometer 2 (AMSR2) were used. The results show that sea ice concentration and sea ice extent in the Arctic region decreased by around 5% from 2015 to 2016, but in 2017 increased again in smaller amount in some areas like around Novaya Zemlya, and parts of the sea in between Greenland and Longyearbyen, and around Banks Island. The percentages of sea ice area in NSR for July 7 in 2015 to 2017 were 37%, 39% and 33%, respectively, indicating a large area (around ten thousand $km^2$) become ice free in 2017 compared to the previous year.

• International Journal of Fuzzy Logic and Intelligent Systems
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• v.11 no.3
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• pp.204-210
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• 2011

This paper proposes a fuzzy support vector machine ($FSVM_n$) pattern classifier to classify the arrhythmia patterns of an electrocardiograph (ECG). The $FSVM_n$ is a pattern classifier which combines n-dimensional fuzzy membership functions with a slack variable of SVM. To evaluate the performance of the proposed classifier, the MIT/BIH ECG database, which is a standard database for evaluating arrhythmia detection, was used. The pattern classification experiment showed that, when classifying ECG into four patterns - NSR, VT, VF, and NSR, VT, and VF classification rate resulted in 99.42%, 99.00%, and 99.79%, respectively. As a result, the $FSVM_n$ shows better pattern classification performance than the existing SVM and FSVM algorithms.

• Journal of Ocean Engineering and Technology
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• v.17 no.6
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• pp.96-100
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• 2003

For moving cargo between the North Pacific region and Northern European ports, the Northern Sea Route, along Russia's coastline, is 35-60％ shorter than the traditionally used routes through the Suez or Panama Canals. in addition to its shorter distance, there exist extensive ports und shipping infrastructure, and the potential for developing new markets in Russia and other northern countries including Korea and Japan. These incentives attracted considerable attention from the international shipping and shipbuilding industries and have formed a cooperative international research program, called as the International Northern Sea Route Programme (INSROP) This paper is a general compilation of the historical usage, recent trade developments, the physical environment, and the practical considerations that may shape future operational mode of shipping in the NSR based on results from INSROP reports. This study focuses mainly on an operation of commercial icebreaking cargo vessels that may be utilized along the NSR.

• Proceedings of the KAIS Fall Conference
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• 2009.12a
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• pp.1050-1053
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• 2009

상용화 되고 있는 Pt/BaO/$Al_2O_3$촉매에 Iron을 첨가량에 따른 흡장량의 증가를 알아내기 위한 실험을 실행하였다. $SO_2$를 포함하고 있는 배기가스중의 NOx를 제거하기 위해 SOx 존재 하에서 Pt/Co/BaO/$Al_2O_3$촉매에 Iron량을 증감하여 흡장량을 비교분석하였으며, 10%에서 높은 흡장 면적을 나타내었다. XRD와 BET 결과 고온 소성시 흡장량 감도는 Pt의 열화 소결이 원인인 것으로 나타난다.

• Journal of information and communication convergence engineering
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• v.8 no.3
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• pp.333-338
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• 2010

This paper derives a nominal state relationship (NSR) from the data of a nominal system. Through an example of a second order system, it is shown that the relationship can be derived only in the system with different real eigenvalues. In higher order system, the relationship is expressed by using neural network (NN). The derived NSR is used to design a noble sliding surface with a nominal system characteristic. By using the sliding surface, the robustness of the sliding mode control (SMC) is added to the pole-placement control.

• Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Navigation and Port Research Conference
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• 2013.10a
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• pp.110-111
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• 2013

우리나라 현대 글로비스사는 스웨덴의 Stena 해운사 소속인 M/T Stena Polaris호를 용선하여 화물(납사, 43,838톤)을 싣고 2013년 9월 15일 러시아 Ust Luga항을 출항하여 약 8,100마일 북극해 항로(North Sea Route)를 통하여 10월 17일경 여수 사포 1부두에 입항할 예정이다. 이는 금년 5월 15일 "북극해 이사회"의 영구옵서버 자격을 취득과 더블어 새로운 물류 시대의 개막이라고 할 수 있겠다. 이런 시점에서 한국해양수산연수원은 국내 Ice Navigator 교육시장 선점과 세계적 교육기관으로 도약을 하기 위하여 교육과정을 개설준비 하고 있으며, 금번 시범운항 행사를 위하여 방문한 9월 13일 Ice Navigation Training 교육과정이 이미 개설되어 있는 Russia Admiral Makarov State Maritime Academy측 총장 및 관계자와 Russia교수진의 협력 및 NSR 통과 선박의 승선실습을 요청하였으며, 교육인증을 위한 협력도 추진하기로 하였다. 따라서 현재 북극해 항로현황과 Ice Navigator교육과정 개발에 대하여 검토해 보고자 한다.

• Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Navigation and Port Research Conference
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• 2013.06a
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• pp.225-226
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• 2013

우리나라는 2013년 5월 15일 "북극이사회"의 영구옵서버 자격을 취득하였으며, 2013년 후반기 국적선박을 북극해 항로에 투입 할 예정인 시점에서 한국해양수산연수원은 국내 Ice Navigator 교육시장 선점과 세계적 교육기관으로 도약을 하기 위하여 Ice Navigation Training교육과정을 개설준비 하고 있다. 이를 위하여 북극해 항해기술, 극지 안전훈련, 북극해 최신 동향, 러시아의 북극해 정책, 통과절차 및 외국선박의 운항사례분석 등을 통하고, Ice Navigation Training 교육과정(Familiarization(친숙화), Professional(상급), Practical(직무), Crew Management등)이 이미 개설되어 있는 Russia Admiral Makarov State Maritime Academy측 교수진의 연수원 파견 및 한국적 선박의 북극해항로(North Sea Route, NSR) 통과시 승선실습이 가능할 수 있도록 협조를 요청 할 예정이며, 교육인증을 위한 협력(Makarov Academy측으로부터 교육과정에 대한 인증)도 추진 중이다. 이에 준비한 교육개발을 소개하고자 한다.

• Proceedings of the Materials Research Society of Korea Conference
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• 2011.05a
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• pp.243.1-243.1
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• 2011

We demonstrate a facile and robust layer-by-layer (LbL) assembly method for the fabrication of nonvolatile resistive switching memory (NRSM) devices based on superparamagnetic nanocomposite multilayers, which allows the highly enhanced magnetic and resistive switching memory properties as well as the dense and homogeneous adsorption of nanoparticles, via nucleophilic substitution reaction (NSR) in nonpolar solvent. Superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (MP) of about size 12 nm (or 7 nm) synthesized with oleic acid (OA) in nonpolar solvent could be converted into 2-bromo-2-methylpropionic acid (BMPA)-stabilized iron oxide nanoparticles (BMPA-MP) by stabilizer exchange without change of solvent polarity. In addition, bromo groups of BMPA-MP could be connected with highly branched amine groups of poly (amidoamine) dendrimer (PAMA) in ethanol by NSR of between bromo and amine groups. Based on these results, nanocomposite multilayers using LbL assembly could be fabricated in nonpolar solvent by NSR of between BMPA-MP and PAMA without any additional phase transfer of MP for conventional LbL assembly. These resulting superparamagnetic multilayers displayed highly improved magnetic and resistive switching memory properties in comparison with those of multilayers based on water-dispersible MP. Furthermore, NRSM devices, which were fabricated by LbL assembly method under atmospheric conditions, exhibited the outstanding performances such as long-term stability, fast switching speed and high ON/OFF ratio comparable to that of conventional inorganic NRSM devices produced by vacuum deposition.