• Food Science of Animal Resources
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• v.37 no.6
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• pp.926-930
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• 2017

High-quality meat is of great economic importance to the pig industry. The 1-acylglycerol-3-phosphate-O-acyltransferase 5 (AGPAT5) enzyme converts lysophosphatidic acid to phosphatidic acid in the mitochondrial membrane. In this study, we found that the porcine AGPAT5 gene was highly expressed in muscle tissue, influencing meat characteristics, and we also identified a non-synonymous single-nucleotide polymorphism (nsSNP) (rs196952262, c.673 A>G) in the gene, associated with a change of isoleucine 225 to valine. The presence of this nsSNP was significantly associated with meat color (lightness), lower cooking loss, and lower carcass temperatures 1, 4, and 12 h after slaughter (items T1, T4, and T12 on the recognized quality scale, respectively), and tended to increase backfat thickness and the water-holding capacity. These results suggest that nsSNP (c.673A>G) of the AGPAT5 gene is a potential genetic marker of high meat quality in pigs.

• The Korean Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology
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• v.24 no.6
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• pp.517-527
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• 2020

Layer 2/3 pyramidal neurons (L2/3 PyNs) of the cortex extend their basal dendrites near the soma and as apical dendritic tufts in layer 1, which mainly receive feedforward and feedback inputs, respectively. It is suggested that neuromodulators such as serotonin and acetylcholine may regulate the information flow between brain structures depending on the brain state. However, little is known about the dendritic compartment-specific induction of synaptic transmission in single PyNs. Here, we studied layer-specific serotonergic and cholinergic induction of long-term synaptic plasticity in L2/3 PyNs of the agranular insular cortex, a lateral component of the orbitofrontal cortex. Using FM1-43 dye unloading, we verified that local electrical stimulation to layers 1 (L1) and 3 (L3) activated axon terminals mostly located in L1 and perisomatic area (L2/3). Independent and AMPA receptor-mediated excitatory postsynaptic potential was evoked by local electrical stimulation of either L1 or L3. Application of serotonin (5-HT, 10 μM) induced activity-dependent longterm depression (LTD) in L2/3 but not in L1 inputs. LTD induced by 5-HT was blocked by the 5-HT₂ receptor antagonist ketanserin, an NMDA receptor antagonist and by intracellular Ca²⁺ chelation. The 5-HT₂ receptor agonist α-me-5-HT mimicked the LTD induced by 5-HT. However, the application of carbachol induced muscarinic receptor-dependent LTD in both inputs. The differential layer-specific induction of LTD by neuromodulators might play an important role in information processing mechanism of the prefrontal cortex.

• Food Science and Biotechnology
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• v.14 no.5
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• pp.608-613
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• 2005

Effects of transglutaminase (TG) on physicochemical properties of dough prepared with 20% resistant starch (RS)-added wheat flour were investigated. RS levels of wheat flours added with native wheat starch (NS), Hi-maize (RS2), retrograded (RS3), and cross-linked (RS4) wheat starches were 2.97, 11.88, 5.79, and 9.09%, respectively. Peak viscosity of NS-added flour was higher, whereas setback was lower, than those added with other resistant starches. TG had no effect on pasting behaviors of RS-added flours. Water absorption ranged from 66.5 to 79.0%, and development time increased with RS addition. TG increased tensile strength of dough after fermentation and bread volume, due to well-developed gluten network resulting from cross-linking facilitated by TG Addition of TG decreased hardness of baguettes, with RS2-added baguette showing lowest value. These results indicate addition of TG enhanced eating quality of RS-added breads.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.45 no.6
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• pp.545-552
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• 2012

This study developed a natural seasoning (NS) and characterized its food components. Hydrolysate from Alaska Pollock Theragra chalcogramma heads and sea tangle Laminaria japonica byproduct were obtained by incubating them with Neutrase for 4 h. NS was prepared by mixing sorbitol 2%, salt 2%, ginger powder 0.04%, garlic powder 0.2%, onion powder 0.2% and inosine monophosphate (IMP) 0.1% based on concentrated hydrolysates from Alaska pollock head and sea tangle byproduct before vaccum filtering. The proximate composition of NS was 82.7% moisture, 9.0% crude protein, and 5.1% ash. It had a higher crude protein content than commercial anchovy sauce (CS), it was lower in moisture and ash. The 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging activity and angiotensin-I converting enzyme (ACE) inhibiting activity of NS were 90.1% and 88.9%, respectively, which were superior to those of CS. The free amino acid content and total taste value of NS were 1,626.0 mg/100 mL and 165.86, respectively, which were higher than those of CS. According to the results of taste value, the major free amino acids were glutamic acid and aspartic acid. In the sensory evaluation, the color and taste of NS were superior to those of CS. No difference in fish odor between NS and CS was found.

• Genomics & Informatics
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• v.19 no.4
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• pp.48.1-48.10
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• 2021

Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) encodes small envelope protein (E) that plays a major role in viral assembly, release, pathogenesis, and host inflammation. Previous studies demonstrated that pyrazine ring containing amiloride analogs inhibit this protein in different types of coronavirus including SARS-CoV-1 small envelope protein E (SARS-CoV-1 E). SARS-CoV-1 E has 93.42% sequence identity with SARS-CoV-2 E and shared a conserved domain NS3/small envelope protein (NS3_envE). Amiloride analog hexamethylene amiloride (HMA) can inhibit SARS-CoV-1 E. Therefore, we performed molecular docking and dynamics simulations to explore whether amiloride analogs are effective in inhibiting SARS-CoV-2 E. To do so, SARS-CoV-1 E and SARS-CoV-2 E proteins were taken as receptors while HMA and 3-amino-5-(azepan-1-yl)-N-(diaminomethylidene)-6-pyrimidin-5-ylpyrazine-2-carboxamide (3A5NP2C) were selected as ligands. Molecular docking simulation showed higher binding affinity scores of HMA and 3A5NP2C for SARS-CoV-2 E than SARS-CoV-1 E. Moreover, HMA and 3A5NP2C engaged more amino acids in SARS-CoV-2 E. Molecular dynamics simulation for 1 ㎲ (1,000 ns) revealed that these ligands could alter the native structure of the proteins and their flexibility. Our study suggests that suitable amiloride analogs might yield a prospective drug against coronavirus disease 2019.

• Molecules and Cells
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• v.45 no.3
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• pp.148-157
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• 2022

Hepatitis C virus (HCV) is a major cause of chronic liver disease and is highly dependent on cellular proteins for viral propagation. Using protein microarray analysis, we identified 90 cellular proteins as HCV nonstructural 5A (NS5A) interacting partners, and selected telomere length regulation protein (TEN1) for further study. TEN1 forms a heterotrimeric complex with CTC and STN1, which is essential for telomere protection and maintenance. Telomere length decreases in patients with active HCV, chronic liver disease, and hepatocellular carcinoma. However, the molecular mechanism of telomere length shortening in HCV-associated disease is largely unknown. In the present study, protein interactions between NS5A and TEN1 were confirmed by immunoprecipitation assays. Silencing of TEN1 reduced both viral RNA and protein expression levels of HCV, while ectopic expression of the siRNA-resistant TEN1 recovered the viral protein level, suggesting that TEN1 was specifically required for HCV propagation. Importantly, we found that TEN1 is re-localized from the nucleus to the cytoplasm in HCV-infected cells. These data suggest that HCV exploits TEN1 to promote viral propagation and that telomere protection is compromised in HCV-infected cells. Overall, our findings provide mechanistic insight into the telomere shortening in HCV-infected cells.

• Korean Journal of Breeding Science
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• v.41 no.4
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• pp.403-411
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• 2009

We inspected seed sizes of 353 genetic accessions of watermelon to diversify functional utility related to seed size and classified them into six representative groups based on their seed sizes. Each group was named as giant seed (GS), big seed (BS), medium size (NS), small size (SS), micro seed (MS) and tomato seed (TS) from the biggest. As the seed size was getting smaller, decreased seed length and seed width, increased seed number per fruit, and decreased seed weight per fruit were observed, but seed shape did not change significantly. In order to study the effect of seed size on fruit weight and seed germination, we developed three near isogenic lines (NILs) with three different seed sizes, SS, MS and TS, from crossing between two accessions 'NT' and 'TDR', and one NIL with seed size of TS from crossing between two accessions 'S55' and 'TDR'. In the study on the fruit weight of NILs with various seed sizes, NS, SS, MS, and TS NILs produced an average of 6.4, 6.3, 5.9, and 4.2 kg fruits, respectively. The bigger seed types showed the better germination rate. NS type showed the highest germination percentage, while TS showed very low germination percentage. Fermentation treatment for 48 hrs increased the germination percentage on TS type seed, but still remained at a low level. In NS, SS, and MS material, the ratio of embryo/whole seed weight was over 50%, meanwhile that of TS was only 44.4% of which low embryo percentage would be one of the reason of low germination percentage. From this study, we concluded that watermelon has very wide genetic diversity on seed size which is somehow related to fruit sizes and germination rate.

• Economic and Environmental Geology
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• v.44 no.5
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• pp.413-431
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• 2011

An Epithemal Au-Ag mineralized zone is developed in the Moisan area of Hwangsan-myeon, Haenam-gun, Jeol-lanam-do, Korea, which is located in the southwestern part of the Ogcheon metamorphic zone. It is hosted in the Hwangsan volcaniclastics of the Haenam Formation of the Late Cretaceous Yucheon Group. This research investigated the characteristics of bedding arrangement, fold, fault, fracture system, quartz vein and the time-relationship of the fracture system to understand the geological structure related to the formation of the mineralized zone. On the basis of this result, the tectonic environment at the time of the mineralization was considered. Beds mainly trend east-northeast and gently dip into north-northwest or south-southeast. Their poles have been rearranged by subhorizontal-upright open fold of (east)-northeast trend as well as dip-slip fault. Fracture system was formed through at least 6~7 different deformation events. D1 event; formation phase of the main fracture set of EW (D1-1) and NS (D1-2) trends with a good extensity, D2 event; that of the extension fracture of NW trend, and conjugate shear fracturing of the EW (dextral) and NS (sinistral) trends, D3 event; that of the extension fracture of NE trend, and conjugate shear refracturing of the EW (sinistral) and NS (dextral) trends, D4 event; that of the extension fracture of NS trend showing a poor extensity, D5 event; that of the extension fracture of NW trend, and conjugate shear refracturing of the EW (dextral) and NS (sinistral) trends, D6 event; that of the extension fracture of EW trend showing a poor extensity. Frequency distribution of fracture sets of each deformation event is D1-1 (19.73 %)> D1-2 (16.44 %)> D3=D5 (14.79 %)> D2 (13.70 %)> D4 (12.33 %)> D6 (8.22 %) in descending order. The average number of fracture sets within 1 meter at each deformation event is D6 (5.00)> D5 = D4 (4.67)> D2 (4.60)> D3 (4.13)> D1-1 (3.33)> D1-2 (2.83) in descending order. The average density of all fractures shows 4.20 fractures/1 m, that is, the average spacing of all fractures is more than 23.8 cm. The frequency distribution of quartz veins at each orientation is as follows: EW (52 %)> NW (28 %)> NS (12 %)> NE (8 %) trends in descending order. The average density of all quartz veins shows 4.14 veins/1 m, that is, the average spacing of all quartz veins is more than 24.2 cm. Microstructural data on the quartz veins indicate that the epithermal Au-Ag mineralization (ca. 77.9~73.1 Ma) in the Moisan area seems to occur mainly along the existing D1 fracture sets of EW and NS trends with a good extensity not under tectonic stress but non-deformational environment directly after epithermal rupture fracturing. The D1 fracturing is considered to occur under the unstable tectonic environment which alternates compression and tension of NS trend due to the oblique northward subduction of the Izanagi plate resulting in the igneous activity and deformation of the Yucheon Group and the Bulguksa igneous rocks during Late Cretaceous time.

• The Journal of Korean Institute of Electromagnetic Engineering and Science
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• v.16 no.3 s.94
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• pp.235-245
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• 2005

In this paper, a novel Ultra-Wideband(UWB) antenna fed by CPW is designed, fabricated, and measured for UWB communications. We have used the Microwave Studio of CST to simulate the proposed antenna. It is designed to work on a substrate TMM4 of thickness 0.762 mm and relative permittivity 4.5. The proposed antenna is satisfied with Ultra-Wideband communication band from 3.1 GHz to 11.5 GHz, for VSWR$\leq$2, and isolated IEEE 802.1la frequency band(5.15 GHz$\~$5.825 GHz) using a rectangular slot. Measured group delay variation is less than 1 ns, thus indicating the proposed antenna a good candidate for UWB applications.

• Journal of Oral Medicine and Pain
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• v.24 no.1
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• pp.95-106
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• 1999

This study was performed to investigate the age distribution with tooth calcification and degree of eruption of permanent teeth. For the study, healthy 184 patients from 5 to 19 years old without any previous serious dental treatment were randomly selected, and intraoral standard films and dental casts were taken for evaluation of stage of calcification and degree of eruption, respectively. Tooth calcification of 13 stages, designed by the author based on the Nolla's classification and eruption level of 4 or 5 degree was used. Data were processed by SAS/Stat program and the obtained results were as follows; 1. The age of root completed with open apex in lower posterior teeth were 13.8 years for first premolar, 14.0 years for second premolar, 10.5 years for first molar, and 14.2 years for second molar. There were no significant difference between right and left side. 2. As for the sequence of eruption, first molar was the first teeth erupted in upper arch, while central incisor was the first teeth in lower arch. In general, eruption of lower teeth were slightly earlier than the corresponding teeth of upper arch. 3. There were no difference of age of the same stage of development between Nolla's and the author's classification. From the results, the author's classification can be used for estimation of age with more finely in age of 8 to 15 years old. 4. Multiple regression equations for age with Nolla's(Ns) and the author's(Ks) classification of tooth calcification, and degree of eruption(DE) were as follow; Age(by #34) = 7.55 + 0.76Ks34 + 0.80DE34 - 0.72Ns34 Age(by #35) = 7.10 + 0.81Ks35 + 0.6IDE35 Age(by #37) = 6.61 + 0.82Ks37 + 0.5IDE37. Age(by #44) = 7.02 + 0.62Ks44 + 0.82DE44 Age(by #45) = 8.04 + 0.93Ks45 + 0.64DE45 - 0.89Ns45 Age(by #47) = 6.40 + 0.86Ks47 + 0.56DE47.