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Lack of Associations between Genetic Polymorphisms in GSTM1, GSTT1 and GSTP1 and Pancreatic Cancer Risk: A Multi-Institutional Case-Control Study in Japan

  • Yamada, Ikuhiro;Matsuyama, Masato;Ozaka, Masato;Inoue, Dai;Muramatsu, Yusuke;Ishii, Hiroshi;Junko, Ueda;Ueno, Makoto;Egawa, Naoto;Nakao, Haruhisa;Mori, Mitsuru;Matsuo, Keitaro;Nishiyama, Takeshi;Ohkawa, Shinichi;Hosono, Satoyo;Wakai, Kenji;Nakamura, Kozue;Tamakoshi, Akiko;Kuruma, Sawako;Nojima, Masanori;Takahashi, Mami;Shimada, Kazuaki;Yagyu, Kiyoko;Kikuchi, Shogo;Lin, Yingsong
    • Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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    • 제15권1호
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    • pp.391-395
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    • 2014
  • Background: We aimed to evaluate the role of genetic polymorphisms in tobacco carcinogen-metabolizing genes and their interactions with smoking in a hospital-based case-control study of Japanese subjects. Materials and Methods: We examine the associations of pancreatic cancer risk with genetic polymorphisms in GSTM1, GSTT1 and GSTP1, phase II enzymes that catalyze the conjugation of toxic and carcinogenic electrophilic molecules. The study population consisted of 360 patients and 400 control subjects, who were recruited from several medical facilities in Japan. Unconditional logistic regression methods were used to estimate odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for the associations between genotypes and pancreatic cancer risk. Results: Among the control subjects, the prevalence of the GSTM1-null genotype and the GSTT1-null genotype was approximately 56% and 48%, respectively. Cases and controls were comparable in terms of GSTM1 and GSTT1 genotype distributions. Neither of the deleted polymorphisms in GSTM1 and GSTT1 was associated with the risk of pancreatic cancer, with an age- and sex-adjusted OR of 0.99 (95%CI: 0.74-1.32) for the GSTM1-null genotype, and 0.98 (95%CI: 0.73-1.31) for the GSTT1-null genotype. The OR was 0.97 (95%CI: 0.64-1.47) for individuals with the GSTM1 and GSTT1-null genotypes compared with those with the GSTM1 and GSTT1- present genotypes. No synergistic effects of smoking or GST genotypes were observed. Conclusions: Our results indicate no overall association between the GSTM1 and GSTT1 deletion polymorphisms and pancreatic cancer risk in the Japanese subjects in our study.

Persicaria senticosa Nakai의 Dimorphism에 관한 연구 (STUDIES ON THE DIMORPHISM OF THE PERSICARIA SENTICOSA NAKAI)

  • HARN, Chang Yawl
    • Journal of Plant Biology
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    • 제3권1호
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    • pp.16-25
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    • 1960
  • 여뀌과식물(Polygonaceae)의 수정관계 특히 기중 Heterostyle 식물을 연구해 오든중 Persicaria senticosa가 분류학에서는 1형화로 취급되고 있지만 실은 2형화로 되어 있는것을 발견하고 L주, S주에 대해서 그 형태, 수정생리등을 조사해 보았드니 이 생물은 화기구조상으로는 전형적인 이형예식물이지만 수정생리 및 화분관의 행동등으로는 아직 이형예식물로의 분화가 거이 안되고 비이형화의 일반 Polygonum (Persicaria) 속 대부분의 특징인 부분적 타가수정인 자가수정식물의 성질을 거이 전부 보유하고 있는 특수형의 이형예식물이라는 것이 명백히 되었다. 실험결과의 개요를 말하면 다음과 같다. 1) P. senticosa는 화주장, 화사장 속 제일차적 차이가 L, S주간에 \ulcorner저할 뿐만 아니라 이차적 차이에 있어서도 화분입대 같은것은 L, S주간에 분화가 심히 생겨 뚜렸한 이형예식물로 되어 있다. 2) 그러나 동과의 Heterostyle 식물인 P. japonica나 Fagopyrum esculentum에 비하면 아직 형태적으로 훨씩 미분화상태에 있다. 3) 생리적으로는 장주화(L), 단주화개체(S)에서 다 분화가 아직 생겨서 적법, 부적법수분정을 막론하고 수정, 결실이 다 같은 정도로 잘된다. 4) 화분질신장은 적법수분, 부적법수분에서 다 수분후 30분이면 자방까지 도달되는데 비교적 신장속도는 빠른편이다. 5) 신장속도는 적법수분시가 부적법수분시보다 더 속한 경동이 있다. 6) 아 식물은 형태상으로는 장주화, 단주화의 2형화식물로 되어 있지만 기타의 형태, 생태, 생리적분화는 아직 뚜렸하게 되어 있질않아 Heterostyle 식물중에서도 특이한 형상을 나타내고 있는데 이것을 같은 여뀌과의 이형예식물과 비교를 해보면 P. japonica 같은 것은 가장 L, S주간이 분화가 심하게 되어 있는데 반하야 이 P. senticosa 는 화주장, 화사장, 화분립대 이하에는 아직 분화가 되질 않은 특수형의 이형예식물이라고 볼수가 있다. 만일 P. japonica 를 진화형이라고 개정하면 P. senticosa는 원시형이라 하겠고, E. esculentum은 이행형이라고 볼수가 있다.

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국제항공(國際航空)테러리즘으로 인한 여객손해(旅客損害)에 대한 운송인(運送人)의 책임(責任) ("Liability of Air Carriers for Injuries Resulting from International Aviation Terrorism")

  • 최완식
    • 항공우주정책ㆍ법학회지
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    • 제1권
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    • pp.47-85
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    • 1989
  • The Fundamental purpose of the Warsaw Convention was to establish uniform rules applicable to international air transportation. The emphasis on the benefits of uniformity was considered important in the beginning and continues to be important to the present. If the desire for uniformity is indeed the mortar which holds the Warsaw system together then it should be possible to agree on a worldwide liability limit. This liability limit would not be so unreasonable, that it would be impossible for nations to adhere to it. It would preclude any national supplemental compensation plan or Montreal Agreement type of requirement in any jurisdiction. The differentiation of liability limits by national requirement seems to be what is occurring. There is a plethora of mandated limits and Montreal Agreement type 'voluntary' limits. It is becoming difficult to find more than a few major States where an unmodified Warsaw Convention or Hague Protocol limitation is still in effect. If this is the real world in the 1980's, then let the treaty so reflect it. Upon reviewing the Warsaw Convention, its history and the several attempts to amend it, strengths become apparent. Hijackings of international flights have given rise to a number of lawsuits by passengers to recover damages for injuries suffered. This comment is concerned with the liability of an airline for injuries to its passengers resulting from aviation terrorism. In addition, analysis is focused on current airline security measures, particularly the pre-boarding screening system, and the duty of air carriers to prevent weapons from penetrating that system. An airline has a duty to exercise a high degree of care to protect its passengers from the threat of aviation terrorism. This duty would seemingly require the airline to exercise a high degree of care to prevent any passenger from smuggling a weapon or explosive device aboard its aircraft. In the case an unarmed hijacker who boards having no instrument in his possession with which to promote the hoax, a plaintiff-passenger would be hard-pressed to show that the airline was negligent in screening the hijacker prior to boarding. In light of the airline's duty to exercise a high degree of care to provide for the safety of all the passengers on board, an acquiescene to a hijacker's demands on the part of the air carrier could constitute a breach of duty only when it is clearly shown that the carrier's employees knew or plainly should have known that the hijacker was unarmed. A finding of willful misconduct on the part of an air carrier, which is a prerequisite to imposing unlimited liability, remains a question to be determined by a jury using the definition or standard of willful misconduct prevailing in the jurisdiction of the forum court. Through the willful misconduct provision of the Warsaw Convention, air carrier face the possibility of unlimited liability for failure to implement proper preventive precautions against terrorist. Courts, therefore, should broadly construe the willful misconduct provision of the Warsaw Convention in order to find unlimited liability for passenger injuries whenever air carrier security precautions are lacking. In this way, the courts can help ensure air carrier safety and prevention against terrorist attack. Air carriers, therefore, would have an incentive to increase, impose and maintain security precautions designed to thwart such potential terrorist attacks as in the case of Korean Air Lines Flight No.858 incident having a tremendous impact on the civil aviation community. The crash of a commercial airliner, with the attending tragic loss of life and massive destruction of property, always gives rise to shock and indignation. The general opinion is that the legal system could be sufficient, provided that the political will is there to use and apply it effectively. All agreed that the main responsibility for security has to be borne by the governments. I would like to remind all passengers that every discovery of the human spirit may be used for opposite ends; thus, aircraft can be used for air travel but also as targets of terrorism. A state that supports aviation terrorism is responsible for violation of International Aviation Law. Generally speaking, terrorism is a violation of international law. It violates the soverign rights of the states, and the human rights of the individuals. I think that aviation terrorism as becoming an ever more serious issue, has to be solved by internationally agreed and closely co-ordinated measures. We have to contribute more to the creation of a general consensus amongst all states about the need to combat the threat of aviation terrorism.

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Serum Tumor Marker Levels might have Little Significance in Evaluating Neoadjuvant Treatment Response in Locally Advanced Breast Cancer

  • Wang, Yu-Jie;Huang, Xiao-Yan;Mo, Miao;Li, Jian-Wei;Jia, Xiao-Qing;Shao, Zhi-Min;Shen, Zhen-Zhou;Wu, Jiong;Liu, Guang-Yu
    • Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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    • 제16권11호
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    • pp.4603-4608
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    • 2015
  • Background: To determine the potential value of serum tumor markers in predicting pCR (pathological complete response) during neoadjuvant chemotherapy. Materials and Methods: We retrospectively monitored the pro-, mid-, and post-neoadjuvant treatment serum tumor marker concentrations in patients with locally advanced breast cancer (stage II-III) who accepted pre-surgical chemotherapy or chemotherapy in combination with targeted therapy at Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center between September 2011 and January 2014 and investigated the association of serum tumor marker levels with therapeutic effect. Core needle biopsy samples were assessed using immunohistochemistry (IHC) prior to neoadjuvant treatment to determine hormone receptor, human epidermal growth factor receptor 2(HER2), and proliferation index Ki67 values. In our study, therapeutic response was evaluated by pCR, defined as the disappearance of all invasive cancer cells from excised tissue (including primary lesion and axillary lymph nodes) after completion of chemotherapy. Analysis of variance of repeated measures and receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves were employed for statistical analysis of the data. Results: A total of 348 patients were recruited in our study after excluding patients with incomplete clinical information. Of these, 106 patients were observed to have acquired pCR status after treatment completion, accounting for approximately 30.5% of study individuals. In addition, 147patients were determined to be Her-2 positive, among whom the pCR rate was 45.6% (69 patients). General linear model analysis (repeated measures analysis of variance) showed that the concentration of cancer antigen (CA) 15-3 increased after neoadjuvant chemotherapy in both pCR and non-pCR groups, and that there were significant differences between the two groups (P=0.008). The areas under the ROC curves (AUCs) of pre-, mid-, and post-treatment CA15-3 concentrations demonstrated low-level predictive value (AUC=0.594, 0.644, 0.621, respectively). No significant differences in carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) or CA12-5 serum levels were observed between the pCR and non-pCR groups (P=0.196 and 0.693, respectively). No efficient AUC of CEA or CA12-5 concentrations were observed to predict patient response toward neoadjuvant treatment (both less than 0.7), nor were differences between the two groups observed at different time points. We then analyzed the Her-2 positive subset of our cohort. Significant differences in CEA concentrations were identified between the pCR and non-pCR groups (P=0.039), but not in CA15-3 or CA12-5 levels (p=0.092 and 0.89, respectively). None of the ROC curves showed underlying prognostic value, as the AUCs of these three markers were less than 0.7. The ROC-AUCs for the CA12-5 concentrations of inter-and post-neoadjuvant chemotherapy in the estrogen receptor negative HER2 positive subgroup were 0.735 and 0.767, respectively. However, the specificity and sensitivity values were at odds with each other which meant that improving either the sensitivity or specificity would impair the efficiency of the other. Conclusions: Serum tumor markers CA15-3, CA12-5, and CEA might have little clinical significance in predicting neoadjuvant treatment response in locally advanced breast cancer.

쇼핑 가치 추구 성향에 따른 쇼핑 목표와 공유 의도 차이에 관한 연구 - 전자제품 구매고객을 중심으로 (Shopping Value, Shopping Goal and WOM - Focused on Electronic-goods Buyers)

  • 박경원;박주영
    • 마케팅과학연구
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    • 제19권2호
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    • pp.68-79
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    • 2009
  • The interplay between hedonic and utilitarian attributes has assumed special significance in recent years; it has been proposed that consumption offerings should be viewed as experiences that stimulate both cognitions and feelings rather than as mere products or services. This research builds on previous work on hedonic versus utilitarian benefits, regulatory focus theory, customer satisfaction to address two question: (1) Is the shopping goal at the point of purchase different from the shopping value? and (2) Is the customer loyalty after the use different from the shopping value and shopping goal? We surveyed 345 peoples those who have bought the electronic-goods within 6 months. This research dealt with the shopping value which is consisted of 2 types, hedonic and utilitarian. Those who pursue the hedonic shopping value may prefer the pleasure of purchasing experience to the product itself. They tend to prefer atmosphere, arousal of the shopping experience. Consistent with previous research, we use the term "hedonic" to refer to their aesthetic, experiential and enjoyment-related value. On the contrary, Those who pursue the utilitarian shopping value may prefer the reasonable buying. It may be more functional. Consistent with previous research, we use the term "utilitarian" to refer to the functional, instrumental, and practical value of consumption offerings. Holbrook(1999) notes that consumer value is an experience that results from the consumption of such benefits. In the context of cell phones for example, the phone's battery life and sound volume are utilitarian benefits, whereas aesthetic appeal from its shape and color are hedonic benefits. Likewise, in the case of a car, fuel economics and safety are utilitarian benefits whereas the sunroof and the luxurious interior are hedonic benefits. The shopping goals are consisted of the promotion focus goal and the prevention focus goal, based on the self-regulatory focus theory. The promotion focus is characterized into focusing ideal self because they are oriented to wishes and vision. The promotion focused individuals are tend to be more risk taking. They are more sensitive to hope and achievement. On the contrary, the prevention focused individuals are characterized into focusing the responsibilities because they are oriented to safety. The prevention focused individuals are tend to be more risk avoiding. We wanted to test the relation among the shopping value, shopping goal and customer loyalty. Customers show the positive or negative feelings comparing with the expectation level which customers have at the point of the purchase. If the result were bigger than the expectation, customers may feel positive feeling such as delight or satisfaction and they would want to share their feelings with other people. And they want to buy those products again in the future time. There is converging evidence that the types of goals consumers expect to be fulfilled by the utilitarian dimension of a product are different from those they seek from the hedonic dimension (Chernev 2004). Specifically, whereas consumers expect the fulfillment of product prevention goals on the utilitarian dimension, they expect the fulfillment of promotion goals on the hedonic dimension (Chernev 2004; Chitturi, Raghunathan, and Majahan 2007; Higgins 1997, 2001) According to the regulatory focus theory, prevention goals are those that ought to be met. Fulfillment of prevention goals in the context of product consumption eliminates or significantly reduces the probability of a painful experience, thus making consumers experience emotions that result from fulfillment of prevention goals such as confidence and securities. On the contrary, fulfillment of promotion goals are those that a person aspires to meet, such as "looking cool" or "being sophisticated." Fulfillment of promotion goals in the context of product consumption significantly increases the probability of a pleasurable experience, thus enabling consumers to experience emotions that result from the fulfillment of promotion goals. The proposed conceptual framework captures that the relationships among hedonic versus utilitarian shopping values and promotion versus prevention shopping goals respectively. An analysis of the consequence of the fulfillment and frustration of utilitarian and hedonic value is theoretically worthwhile. It is also substantively relevant because it helps predict post-consumption behavior such as the promotion versus prevention shopping goals orientation. Because our primary goal is to understand how the post consumption feelings influence the variable customer loyalty: word of mouth (Jacoby and Chestnut 1978). This research result is that the utilitarian shopping value gives the positive influence to both of the promotion and prevention goal. However the influence to the prevention goal is stronger. On the contrary, hedonic shopping value gives influence to the promotion focus goal only. Additionally, both of the promotion and prevention goal show the positive relation with customer loyalty. However, the positive relation with promotion goal and customer loyalty is much stronger. The promotion focus goal gives the influence to the customer loyalty. On the contrary, the prevention focus goal relates at the low level of relation with customer loyalty than that of the promotion goal. It could be explained that it is apt to get framed the compliment of people into 'gain-non gain' situation. As the result, for those who have the promotion focus are motivated to deliver their own feeling to other people eagerly. Conversely the prevention focused individual are more sensitive to the 'loss-non loss' situation. The research result is consistent with pre-existent researches. There is a conceptual parallel between necessities-needs-utilitarian benefits and luxuries-wants-hedonic benefits (Chernev 2004; Chitturi, Raghunathan and Majaha 2007; Higginns 1997; Kivetz and Simonson 2002b). In addition, Maslow's hierarchy of needs and the precedence principle contends luxuries-wants-hedonic benefits higher than necessities-needs-utilitarian benefits. Chitturi, Raghunathan and Majaha (2007) show that consumers are focused more on the utilitarian benefits than on the hedonic benefits of a product until their minimum expectation of fulfilling prevention goals are met. Furthermore, a utilitarian benefit is a promise of a certain level of functionality by the manufacturer or the retailer. When the promise is not fulfilled, customers blame the retailer and/or the manufacturer. When negative feelings are attributable to an entity, customers feel angry. However in the case of hedonic benefit, the customer, not the manufacturer, determines at the time of purchase whether the product is stylish and attractive. Under such circumstances, customers are more likely to blame themselves than the manufacturer if their friends do not find the product stylish and attractive. Therefore, not meeting minimum utilitarian expectations of functionality generates a much more intense negative feelings, such as anger than a less intense feeling such as disappointment or dissatisfactions. The additional multi group analysis of this research shows the same result. Those who are unsatisfactory customers who have the prevention focused goal shows higher relation with WOM, comparing with satisfactory customers. The research findings in this article could have significant implication for the personal selling fields to increase the effectiveness and the efficiency of the sales such that they can develop the sales presentation strategy for the customers. For those who are the hedonic customers may be apt to show more interest to the promotion goal. Therefore it may work to strengthen the design, style or new technology of the products to the hedonic customers. On the contrary for the utilitarian customers, it may work to strengthen the price competitiveness. On the basis of the result from our studies, we demonstrated a correspondence among hedonic versus utilitarian and promotion versus prevention goal, WOM. Similarly, we also found evidence of the moderator effects of satisfaction after use, between the prevention goal and WOM. Even though the prevention goal has the low level of relation to WOM, those who are not satisfied show higher relation to WOM. The relation between the prevention goal and WOM is significantly different according to the satisfaction versus unsatisfaction. In addition, improving the promotion emotions of cheerfulness and excitement and the prevention emotion of confidence and security will further improve customer loyalty. A related potential further research could be to examine whether hedonic versus utilitarian, promotion versus prevention goals improve customer loyalty for services as well. Under the budget and time constraints, designers and managers are often compelling to choose among various attributes. If there is no budget or time constraints, perhaps the best solution is to maximize both hedonic and utilitarian dimension of benefits. However, they have to make trad-off process between various attributes. For the designers and managers have to keep in mind that without hedonic benefit satisfaction of the product it may hard to lead the customers to the customer loyalty.

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일제강점기 「고건축물」 보존수리 공사비용 운용시스템에 관한 연구 - 「보존비공사」와 「보존비보조공사」 분류체계에 대하여 - (A Study on Operation Systems of Preservation & Repair Expenses for Architectural Heritage in Japanese Colonial Era - Focused on Classification of Preservation Cost Construction & Preservation Cost-Aided Construction -)

  • 서동천
    • 헤리티지:역사와 과학
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    • 제50권4호
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    • pp.82-103
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    • 2017
  • 일제강점기 고건축물 보존수리 공사에 관한 공사비를 운용하는 시스템은 크게 둘로 나뉜다. 고건축물의 소유권에 따라 보존비 공사와 보존비보조공사로 구분된다. 보존비 공사는 관유 건축물, 즉 조선총독부가 소유권과 관리권을 갖는 고건축물에 대한 보존 수리를 의미하며, 보존비보조공사는 사찰 등의 개인이 소유권을 가지고 있는 사유 건축물의 보존수리를 의미한다. 관유 건축물 보존수리의 경우, 조선총독부가 주체가 되어 보존수리를 시행하였으므로 예산집행과 관리감독의 주체가 동일하다. 왕릉 및 유물, 구 관청, 향교, 일부 서원 등이 여기에 속한다. 반면 사유 건축물의 보존수리는 사유재산을 대상으로 하는 만큼 조선총독부는 보존수리의 허가에 대한 권한이 있을 뿐이다. 소유자 측에서 보존수리를 요청하면 조선총독부는 보존수리비를 지원할지 결정하고 이를 관리 감독하는 역할을 하게 된다. 사찰이 소유하는 불당 및 탑, 그리고 개인 및 문중이 소유하는 사원 및 사당이 여기에 해당한다. 따라서 관유 고건축물은 조선총독부의 예산 안에서 지출되므로 보존비 공사로 분류되고, 사유 고건축물은 조선총독부의 보존보조비 예산 안에서 지출되므로 보존비보조공사로 분류된다. 보존비공사와 보존비보조공사는 주체가 다르므로 공사시행 절차에서 다소 차이가 드러난다. 제출하는 서류의 종류, 현장감독의 역할 등 행정 절차상의 차이가 두드러진다. 이러한 양분된 시스템은 일제강점기 내내 개선되지 않은 채로 남게 된다. 조선총독부는 식민지 정부였으므로 일본 정부의 영향을 많이 받았다. 일본은 대부분의 건축 문화재가 사찰과 신사 소유였고, 관유 건축문화재가 거의 없었으므로 조선총독부와는 달리 일원화된 체제였다. 조선총독부의 고적 및 유적 관련 시스템은 당시 한국의 정황에 맞게 형성되기보다 일본의 영향 하에서 형성되었다. 따라서 문화재 보존수리 비용의 양분된 체계 속에서도 조선총독부는 뚜렷한 해결방식을 제시하지 못하였다. 이는 당시 식민지 정부인 조선총독부의 한계가 보이는 부분이라 할 수 있다.

치아 발육 단계의 상관관계를 이용한 하악 제3대구치 발육 평가 (Estimation of Mandibular Third Molar Development Using the Correlation in Dental Developmental Stages)

  • 김준영;김현태;신터전;현홍근;김영재;김정욱;장기택;송지수
    • 대한소아치과학회지
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    • 제50권4호
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    • pp.373-384
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    • 2023
  • 이 연구의 목적은 소아 청소년의 하악 견치, 제1, 2소구치, 제2, 3대구치의 발육 단계별 평균 연령을 확인하고, 이를 토대로 하악 제3대구치의 발생 유무를 추정할 수 있는 하악 견치, 제1, 2소구치, 제2대구치의 발육 단계를 확인하는 것이다. 2019년 1월부터 2020년 12월까지 서울대학교치과병원에 내원한 만 6 - 15세 사이의 건강한 환자의 1,956개의 파노라마 방사선 사진을 이용하여, Demirjian과 Goldstein의 방법으로 양측 하악 견치, 제1, 2소구치, 제2, 3대구치의 치아 발육 단계를 평가하였다. 제3대구치의 치배가 처음 관찰되는 연령은 평균 9.34 ± 1.35세였고, 6세부터 12세에 걸쳐 다양하게 나타났다. 하악 견치, 제1, 2소구치가 F단계, 제2대구치가 E단계 이후에도, 제3대구치가 관찰되지 않으면 제3대구치의 결손 가능성이 높은 것으로 나타났으며 그 연령은 평균 10세였다. 제3대구치의 발육 여부를 추정할 때 치아 하나만을 고려한다면 제2소구치와의 추정 부합도가 가장 높았으며 4개 치아 전부를 포함했을 때와 큰 차이가 없었다.이번 연구를 통해 만 6세에서 15세 사이의 소아 청소년에서 하악 견치, 제1, 2소구치, 제2대구치의 발육 단계별 연령 분포를 확인할 수 있었으며, 이를 근거로 하악 제3대구치의 발육 여부를 평가할 수 있는 하악 견치, 제1, 2소구치, 제2대구치의 발육 단계를 확인할 수 있었다.

한국인에서 조현병과 Cannabinoid Receptor 1 유전자의 삼핵산 반복서열의 연합에 대한 연구 (Association Analysis between (AAT)n Repeats in the Cannabinoid Receptor 1 Gene and Schizophrenia in a Korean Population)

  • 김지원;노양호;김민재;김채리;박병래;배준설;신형두;최인근;한상우;황재욱;우성일
    • 생물정신의학
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    • 제21권3호
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    • pp.99-106
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    • 2014
  • Objectives Previous studies suggest that the cannabinoid receptor 1 (CNR1) gene could be an important candidate gene for schizophrenia. According to linkage studies, this gene is located on chromosome 6q14-q15, which is known to harbor the schizophrenia susceptibility locus (locus 5, SCZ5, OMIM 803175). The pharmacological agent delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (${\Delta}$-9-THC) seems to elicit the symptoms of schizophrenia. The association between CNR1 polymorphisms and schizophrenia is actively being investigated, and some studies have linked the AAT-trinucleotide repeats in CNR1 to the onset of schizophrenia. In this study, we have investigated the association between the AAT-trinucleotide repeats in CNR1 and schizophrenia by studying schizophrenia patients and healthy individuals from Korea. Methods DNA was extracted from the blood samples of 394 control subjects and 337 patients diagnosed with schizophrenia (as per the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, fourth edition criteria). After polymerase chain reaction amplification, a logistic regression analysis, with age and gender as the covariates, was performed to study the variations in the AAT-repeat polymorphisms between the two groups. Results In total, 8 types of trinucleotide repeats were identified, each containing 7, 8, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, and 15 repeats, respectively. $(AAT)_{13}$ allele was most frequently observed, with a frequency of 33.6% and 31.6% in the patient and control groups, respectively. The frequency of the other repeat alleles in the patient group (in the decreasing order) was as follows : $(AAT)_{13}$ 33.6%, $(AAT)_{14}$ 21.6%, $(AAT)_{12}$ 18.5%, and $(AAT)_{7}$ 11.1%. The frequency of the repeat alleles in the control group (in the decreasing order) was as follows : $(AAT)_{13}$ 31.6%, $(AAT)_{14}$ 24.5%, $(AAT)_{12}$ 17.2%, and $(AAT)_{7}$ 11.6%. However, there were no significant differences in the AAT-repeat polymorphisms of the CNR1 gene between the patient group and the control group. Conclusions Although our study revealed no significant association of the AAT-repeat polymorphism of the CNR1 gene with schizophrenia, it will serve as a good reference for future studies designed to examine the cannabinoid hypothesis of schizophrenia.

Changes in Cytomegalovirus Seroprevalence in Korea for 21 Years: a Single Center Study

  • Choi, Sae Rom;Kim, Kyung-Ran;Kim, Dong Sub;Kang, Ji-Man;Kim, Sun Ja;Kim, Jong Min;Oh, Soo-young;Kang, Choel-In;Chung, Doo Ryeon;Peck, Kyong Ran;Kang, Eun-Suk;Kim, Yae-Jean
    • Pediatric Infection and Vaccine
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    • 제25권3호
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    • pp.123-131
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    • 2018
  • 목적: 거대세포바이러스(Cytomegalovirus [CMV])는 정상 면역을 가진 사람에서는 대부분 불현성 감염이지만, 면역저하자 또는 태아의 선천 감염의 경우 위중한 합병증을 유발한다. 본 연구는 21년 동안의 시기 및 연령에 따른 CMV 항체 양성률을 조사하였다. 방법: 1995년 1월부터 2015년 12월까지 성균관대학교 의과대학, 삼성서울병원에서 CMV immunoglobulin G (IgG) 검사를 시행한 환자를 대상으로 하였다. 검사 결과는 성별, 연령별, 전국 지역별로 분석하였고, 두 시기에 따른 (1995-2005년; 1기, 2006-2015년; 2기) 항체 양성률의 변화를 분석하였다. 결과: 총 11,584명의 환자 중 CMV IgG 양성결과를 보인 총 환자는 10,900명 (94.1%)이었다. 전체 환자에서 두 시기에 따른 CMV 양성률의 차이는 없었다 (94.2% vs. 94.1%) (P=0.86). 10년 간격으로 비교를 했을 때 다른 연령군은 유의하지 않았으나 11-20세의 연령군의 CMV 양성률은 1기에 비해 2기에 더 낮았다 (P<0.001). 이 연령에 따른 항체 양성률 분석에서 31-40세 연령군의 항체 양성률 (97.4%)은 이보다 어린 연령군에 비하여 유의하게 높았으며 (P<0.001, odds ratio [OR]<1), 더 높은 연령군에 비하여 유의하게 낮았다 (P<0.001, OR>1). 가임기 여성은 총 2,441명이었으며 (15-49세) 이 중 CMV IgG 양성률은 2,367 (97%)명이었다. 해당 연령군의 시기별 항체 양성률의 유의한 차이는 없었다. 가임기 여성 중 20-24세의 연령군은 해당 연령의 남자에 비하여 유의한 높은 항체 양성률을 보였다 (97.6% vs. 85.6%, OR, 6.78; 95% CI, 1.585-28.968; P=0.0028). 지역별 항체 양성률의 큰 차이는 보이지 않았다. 결론: 본 논문은 한국인의 전 연령의 CMV 항체 양성률 변화에 대한 조사를 시행한 최초 논문이며 전체적으로 약 94%의 높은 CMV 항체 양성률과 가임기 여성은 97%의 항체 양성률을 보이는 것으로 관찰되었다. 향후, 가임기 여성을 포함한 한국인의 CMV 항체 양성률의 변화 추세에 대한 모니터링과 국내 임산부에서의 CMV 감염에 대한 연구가 필요할 것으로 사료된다.

폐암 및 결핵성 흉막염에서 Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor의 임상적 의의 (Clinical Significance of Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor in Patients with Lung Cancer and Tuberculous Pleurisy)

  • 임병국;오윤정;신승수;이규성;박광주;황성철;이이형;최진혁;임호영
    • Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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    • 제50권2호
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    • pp.171-181
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    • 2001
  • 연구배경 : 혈관신생은 종양의 성장과 주변 조직으로의 침습 및 전이에 필수적이다. 혈관신생을 촉진하는 인자 중 하나인 VEGF는 여러 종양에서 혈중 농도가 증가하며 임상적 소견 및 예후 등과도 관련이 있는 것으로 알려져 있고 또한 최근에는 흉막액 VEGF 측정의 의의와 유용성이 보고되고 있다. VEGF는 염증성 질환에서도 증가하는 것으로 알려져 있으나 결핵에 있어서의 보고는 매우 드물다. 본 연구는 폐암과 결핵성 흉막염 환자에서 혈청과 흉막액의 VEGF 농도를 측정하여 병인학적 및 임상적 의의를 알아보고자 한다. 또한 폐암 환자에서 치료 반응 및 경과에 따른 VEGF 농도의 변화 양상을 관찰하여 종양 표지자로서의 임상적 의의를 평가해 보고자 한다. 방법 : 폐암 환자 85예와 결핵성 흉막염 환자 13예, 정상 대조군 20예에서 혈청과 흉막액을 채취하여 enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay 법으로 VEGF 농도를 측정하여 각 군간의 비교 및 임상적 소견과의 비교 분석을 하였다. 결 과 : 폐암 환자($619.9{\pm}722.8pg/ml$)에서 정상 대조군($215.9{\pm}191.1pg/ml$) 에 비해 혈청 VEGF 농도가 높았다. 폐암의 조직세포형에 따라서는 대세포암과 미분화암에서 편평상피암과 선암에 비해 혈청 VEGF 농도가 높았으며, 환자의 다른 임상적 소견에 따라서는 유의한 차이를 보이지 않았다. 악성 흉막액을 동반한 폐암 환자 ($2,228.1{\pm}2,103.0\;pg/ml$)에서 결핵성 흉막염 환자($897.6{\pm}978.8\;pg/ml$)에 비해 흉막액 VEGF 농도가 높았다. 악성 흉막액에서 VEGF 농도는 흉막액의 적혈구 수(r=0.75), LDH(r=0.70), glucose(r=-0.55) 등과 상관성이 있었다. 결 론 : 폐암 환자에서 VEGF의 혈청 농도가 증가되어 있으며 특히 악성 흉막액 내의 VEGF는 혈청에 비해 고농도를 보였고 결핵성 흉막액에서보다 높게 나타나 악성 흉막액의 형성에 병인학적인 역할을 시사하였다. 악성 흉막액의 VEGF 농도는 흉막액의 LDH, glucose, 적혈구 수 등과 상관성이 나타나 종양 부하량(tumor burden)의 유의한 지표로 사료된다.

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