• IMMUNE NETWORK
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• 제20권6호
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• pp.51.1-51.17
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• 2020

Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) causes severe pulmonary disease in infants, young children, and the elderly. Formalin inactivated RSV (FI-RSV) vaccine trials failed due to vaccine enhanced respiratory disease, but the underlying immune mechanisms remain not fully understood. In this study, we have used wild type C57BL/6 and CD4 knockout (CD4KO) mouse models to better understand the roles of the CD4 T cells and cellular mechanisms responsible for enhanced respiratory disease after FI-RSV vaccination and RSV infection. Less eosinophil infiltration and lower pro-inflammatory cytokine production were observed in FI-RSV vaccinated CD4KO mice after RSV infection compared to FI-RSV vaccinated C57BL/6 mice. NK cells and cytokine-producing CD8 T cells were recruited at high levels in the airways of CD4KO mice, correlating with reduced respiratory disease. Depletion studies provided evidence that virus control was primarily mediated by NK cells whereas CD8 T cells contributed to IFN-γ production and less eosinophilic lung inflammation. This study demonstrated the differential roles of effector CD4 and CD8 T cells as well as NK cells, in networking with other inflammatory infiltrates in RSV disease in immune competent and CD4-deficient condition.

• Biomolecules & Therapeutics
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• 제18권2호
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• pp.211-218
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• 2010

Acanthopanax koreanum Nakai (Araliaceae) is a medicinal plant indigenous to Korea. The root and stem barks of Acanthopanax species have been used as a tonic and sedative as well as in the treatment of rheumatism and diabetes. In our study, three lignans, eleutheroside E (EE), tortoside A (TA), and syringaresinol (SY), were isolated from the stem and root of A. koreanum in an effort to study the immunomodulating effect. We treated natural killer cells and dendritic cells with lignans (EE, TA, or SY), and analyzed their cytokine (IL-12 and IFN-${\gamma}$) secretion. EE, TA, or SY markedly enhanced IL-12 secretion in mouse lymphoid (DC1) and myeloid type (DC2.4) dendritic cells after 48 hr of treatment. There were no significant differences in the cytokine stimulatory effects between EE, TA, or SY. Moreover, treatment of EE, TA, or SY significantly induced IFN-${\gamma}$ secretion by human NK cells (NK92MI) confirmed by ELISA assay. This study suggests that lignans from A. koreanum modulate cytokines, and that such modulation may provide the mechanism of action for many of their therapeutic effects.

• 생약학회지
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• 제25권4호통권99호
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• pp.348-355
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• 1994

An antitumor component, F-D-P, was purified from the hot water extract of the carpophores of Elfvingia applanata by precipitation with ethanol, dialysis, and passage through a column of DEAE-cellulose ion exchange. F-D-P inhibited the growth of Sarcoma 180 in mice showing the tumor inhibition ratio of 88.3% in doses of 20 mg/kg for ten days. Chemical analysis of F-D-P showed that it was composed of polysaccharide(65.3%) and protein(6.5%0, and that the monosaccharides consisting of the polysaccharide was glucose(89.1%) and mannose(10.9%). The immunomodulatory activities of F-D-P were explored by determining its effect on the proliferation of the whole and subpopulations of lymphocytes, and on the generation of natural killer(NK) cell activity in vitro. F-D-P was mitogenic to total lymphocytes and B cells, but not to purified T cells, even in the presence of accessory cells. F-D-P did not increase NK cell activity when added to cultures of resting lymphocytes. From these results, it is clear that F-D-P modulates primarily the humoral immune responeses.

• 대한약침학회지
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• 제6권3호
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• pp.39-47
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• 2003

Background & Methods : In order to measure the acute and subacute toxicity of Vermilionum and it's anti-cancer effects, Sarcoma-180 abdominal cancer cells were injected intravenously. The following results were obtained after measuring the survival rate, toxicity of the NK cells, and IL- 2 productivity. Results : 1. It was impossible to measure $LD_{50}$ value in the acute toxicity test and no toxic effects were witnessed in the clinical observation. 2. No significant differences were shown in the weight changes between the experiment groups and the control group in the acute toxicity test. 3. No peculiar toxic effects were shown in the subacute toxicity test and the weight changes were insignificant between the experiment groups and the control group. 4. In measuring the survival rate after inducing abdominal cancer by Sarcoma-180, the experiment groups showed increased of 9.52% compared to the control group. 5. In measuring the activity of NK cells, no significant changes were shown between the experiment groups and the control group. 6. In measuring the productivity of IL-2, significant reduction was shown in the experiment groups compared to the normal group, but no significance was witnessed compared to the control group.

• 한국식생활문화학회지
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• 제35권2호
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• pp.215-223
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• 2020

Ganjang and doenjang are known as major fermented soy-based foods in Koreans. Current investigations have proved that fermented soybean foods impart anti-cancer, anti-obesity, and anti-diabetic effects. The aim of this study was to evaluate the anti-cancer activities of commercialized soy food, Ganjang, as a function of aging period. The test groups were classified into four time periods-short (under 5 years, S group), mid (under 10 years, M group), long (under 15 years, L group), and eternal (over 15 years, E group). The anti-cancer effects of Ganjang were determined by cell cytotoxicity assay of three types of cancer cell lines and splenocyte proliferation assay. Besides these assays, we also analyzed NK cell activity for cancer immunotherapy. The results show that the anti-cancer effect increased in the S and M period aging groups for all three cancer cell lines. Interestingly, similar to the anti-cancer result, splenocyte proliferation and NK activity showed the highest effect in the S and M groups. In contrast, Japanese ganjang-treated (JG1, JG2) groups and E group showed significantly reduced splenocyte proliferation. Collectively, these results suggest that the short and middle periods of traditional fermented Ganjang might have potential anti-cancer activities.

• 대한한방부인과학회지
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• 제22권1호
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• pp.41-52
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• 2009

Purpose: This study was designed to investigate the anti-tumor metastasis by immunomodulating effects of extracts of Prunellae Spica. Methods: Antimetastatic experiment was conducted in vivo by using colon 26-M3.1 carcinoma. And we observed cytotoxicity of Prunellae Spica on colon 26-M3.1 carcinoma, L5178Y-R lymphoma cell, hela cell and macrophage. To observe the immnomodulating effects of Prunellae Spica, we estimated IL-6, IL-10, IL-12, TNF-${\alpha}$ from peritoneal macrophages. And we evaluated the activation of NK cell by using anti-asialo-GM1 serum. Results: We found that the administration of Prunellae Spica extracts significantly inhibited tumor metastasis in vivo. In an in vitro cytotoxicity analysis, cell growth are closer to 100% in case of colon 26-M3.1 carcinoma, L5178Y-R lymphoma cell, hela cell at low concentration. In case of macrophage, cell proliferation is closer to 100% less than $62.5{\mu}g/m{\ell}$ of Prunellae Spica extracts. The level of cytokine such as IL-6, IL-10, IL-12 which stimulates Prunellae Spica extracts was increased in dose-dependent manner compared to the control group. TNF-${\alpha}$ is hardly secreted less than $250{\mu}g/m{\ell}$ The depletion of NK cells by anti-asialo GM1 serum partly abolished the inhibitory effect of Prunellae Spica on tumor metastasis. Conclusion: Prunellae Spica appears to have considerable activity on the anti-metastasis by activation the immune system such as macrophage and NK cell.

• 대한수의학회지
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• 제34권2호
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• pp.307-313
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• 1994

We have previously shown that crude water extract of Euonymus alatus (EA) had strong prophylactic effect against chemically induced-and tumor cell implanted-cancer, and that the mechanisms responsible for its antitumor effects were due to nonspecific enhancement of the NK cell activities and the cell mediated immunity. However, it was unknown that any components of crude extract did work so, since it consisted of several components. In this paper, we fractionated the crude watar EA-extract into several fraction such as hexane-, ethylether-, ethyl acetate-, n-butanol- and water soluble-fraction, and screened the immune regulating activities of each fraction by the evaluation of lymphokine production and activated lymphocyte proliferation. As a result of the component fraction of EA-extract, it was found that n-butanol fraction was a potent immunostimulator, and the remained water soluble fraction also contained some stimulator, But, other fraction did not showed any remarkable effect. It is therefore suggested that EA-glycosides in n-butanol fraction may be new one of the potent biological response modifiers. The present study was also undertaken in an efforts to investigate the effects of elm-bark(EB, Ulmus clavidiana var japonica), which has been used for curing ulcer and inflammation as a folk medicine without any kind of experimental evidence to support this, on the cellular- and humoral-immune responses, lymphocyte function and NK cell activities in mice. Regardless of time and duration of EB-treatment, Arthus reaction and antibody response to SRBC were not modified by EB, but delayed hypersensitivity to SRBC was significantly enhanced only when EB was treated prior to SRBC-sensitization. EB slightly inhibited the proliferation responses of splenocytes to PHA-stimulation, but it significantly augmented the responses of these cells to S aureus Cowan 1 and Con A-activation, and these effects were manifested only when EB was added at culture initiation. EB did not influence Ig secretion of spleen cells but it significantly augmented the Con A-induced 1L 2 and MIF production of splenocytes. NK cell activities of splenocytes were markedly riled when effector cells were pretreated with EB and this augmentation was dine to the increase of binding affinity of effector cells to target cells and the target cell lytic activities of effector cells. These results led to the conclusion that EB triggers increase of cellular immune responses, such as delayed hypersensitivitiy, lymphokine production and NK cell activities. Also these results suggested that EB contains potent immune stimulants, which may provide the rational basis for their therapeutic use as one of the new biological response modifiers.

• 한국과 국제사회
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• 제3권1호
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• pp.77-106
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• 2019

본 논문의 목적은 미국의 상쇄전략 개념을 발전적으로 검토하여 4차 산업혁명 기술혁신을 적용하고 국방개혁 2.0과 연계한 북한의 핵 위협에 대응하기 위한 방안을 제시한 것이다. 남북, 미 북 정상회담을 통하여 북한의 완전한 비핵화를 달성하기 위한 다양한 협상을 진행하고 있으나 2019년 베트남 하노이에서의 미 북 정상회담 결렬 등 북한의 완전한 비핵화를 달성하기까지는 많은 시간과 노력이 필요한 실정이다. 이에 현실화된 북한의 핵 위협에 대응하기 위한 개념과 기술, 조직을 발전적으로 검토하였다. 대응개념은 미국의 상쇄전략 추진사항을 발전적으로 검토하여 '적 중심 마비작전'을 작전개념으로, 이를 뒷받침할 수 있는 기술은 4차 산업혁명 기술혁신과 미국의 3차 상쇄전략 추진 사항을, 조직은 국방개혁 2.0 추진과 미국의 국방부 획득조직 개편에 대한 시사점을 분석하여 발전적인 방안을 도출하였다. 미국의 전략적인 개념의 일치가 필요한 부분이 있고, 기술의 상호운용성, 한 미동맹 차원의 협력분야를 도출하였다. 그리고 4차 산업혁명 기술혁신과 국방개혁 2.0 추진 사항을 연계하여 북핵 대응 역량을 강화할 필요가 있음을 도출하였다. 북핵 대응을 위한 작전수행 개념의 발전을 위해 새로운 패러다임을 적용이 필요하였으며 미국의 '국제공역에서의 접근과 기동을 위한 작전개념'(JAM-GC)를 벤치마킹하여 '적 중심 마비전' 작전개념을 제안하였다. 북한의 비핵화 협상이 진행 중인 점과 4차 산업혁명 기술혁신의 방대함, 국방개혁 2.0과의 연계성, 한반도 평화프로세스와의 접목 등을 고려할 때 더욱 정교하고 세밀한 북핵 대응방안의 발전이 필요할 것이다.

• 한국식품과학회지
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• 제51권3호
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• pp.263-271
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• 2019

적양배추 유래물의 면역 활성 및 항전이 활성을 평가하기 위하여 적양배추 유래 열수추출물 RCW 및 조다당 RCP를 분리하였다. RCW는 중성당이 60%의 높은 비율로 검출되었으며, 이중 Glc가 28.2%로 구성되어 있었으며, RCP는 중성당과 산성당이 각각 40.0% 및 58.9%로 이루어져 있으며, 구성당 분석 결과, Ara(27.5%)와 Gal (17.2%)가 높은 비율로 검출되었다. RCW와 RCP는 정상세포 및 암 세포에 대한 어떠한 독성도 나타나지 않았으며, 오히려 정상세포에서는 약간의 증식능이 확인되었다. 또한 대식세포 자극을 통한 cytokine 분비능을 측정한 결과, RCW는 IL-6, IL-12 및 $TNF-{\alpha}$ 생산능은 어떠한 농도에서도 확인되지 않았으며, $1000{\mu}g/mL$ 고농도에서 NO 생산능이 확인되었다. 반면에 RCP는 $8{\mu}g/mL$의 저농도에서도 IL-6, IL-12, $TNF-{\alpha}$ 및 NO의 생산능이 확인되었다. 높은 cytokine 생산능을 나타낸 RCP의 NK 세포 활성 및 항전이 활성을 측정한 결과, RCP를 $1000{\mu}g/mouse$농도로 정맥투여할 경우, NK 세포를 무처리군 대비 최대 12배 활성화 시키는 것으로 확인되었으며, 47.3%의 항전이 활성이 확인되었다. 적양배추 유래 면역 활성 다당의 구조를 추정하기 위하여 ${\beta}-Glucosyl$ Yariv reagent와의 반응성을 검토한 결과, RCP $1000{\mu}g/mL$에는 약 9.7%의 $arabino-{\beta}-3,6-galactan$이 검출되었다. 본 결과로부터 적양배추에는 $arabino-{\beta}-3,6-galactan$을 일부 함유하는 RG-I 형태의 다당으로 존재하며, 이들에 의해 강력한 면역 증진 활성이 나타나는 것이라 결론지을 수 있었다.

• Preventive Nutrition and Food Science
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• 제8권1호
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• pp.29-35
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• 2003

A crude polysaccharide fraction (GU-3) from the roots of Glycyrrhiza uralensis (licorice root), a screened herbal plant used in the preparation of herbal kimchi, enhanced Peyer's patch mediated bone marrow cell proliferation and NK cell-mediated tumor cytotoxicity against Yac-1 cells. GU-3 was further purified by DEAE-Sepharose CL-6B yielding fractions designated as GU-3I, and 3IIa∼3IIe. GU-3IIa is mainly composed of arabinose, galactose and galacturonic acid, and showed the highest bone marrow cell proliferation activity. In addition, GU-3IIb had arabinose, galactose, rhamnose and galacturonic acid as the component sugars with a small quantity of protein; GU-3IIb also enhanced activity of NK cell-mediated tumor cytotoxicity. After these fractions were further fractionated via gel filtration on Sepharose CL-6B or Sephacryl S-300, two immunological active polysaccharides, GU-3IIa-2 and 3IIb-1 were purified from the respective fractions. GU-3IIa-2 mostly contained neutral sugars (75%) such as arabinose and galactose (molar ratio; 1.0 : 0.7) in addition to a considerable amount of galacturonic acid (20%), whereas GU-3IIb-1 was composed of arabinose, galactose, rhamnose and galacturonic acid (molar ratio; 0.3 : 0.5 : 0.1 : 1.0). Methylation analysis indicated that GU-3IIa-2 was composed mainly of terminal, 4- or 5-linked and 3,4- or 3,5-branched arabinose, 3-linked, 4-linked and 3,6-branched galactose, and terminal and 4-linked galacturonic acid whereas GU-3IIb-1 contained various glycosidic linkages such as terminal and 4- or 5-linked arabinose, 2,4-branched rhamnose, terminal and 4-linked galactose, and terminal and 4-galacturonic arid. Single radial gel diffusion indicated that only GU-3IIa-2 strongly reacted with β-D-glucosyl-Yariv antigen. These results suggest that bone marrow cell proliferating activity and enhancement of NK cell-mediated tumor cytotoxicity of GU-3 are caused by polysaccharides containing a pectic arabinogalactan (GU-3IIa-2) and pectic polysaccharide (GU-3IIb-1).