• Molecules and Cells
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• 제38권2호
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• pp.151-155
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• 2015

Matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-9 degrades type IV collagen in the basement membrane and plays crucial roles in several pathological implications, including tumorigenesis and inflammation. In this study, we analyzed the effect of flavonols on MMP-9 expression in phorbol-12-myristate-13-acetate (PMA)-induced human fibrosarcoma HT-1080 cells. Galangin and kaempferol efficiently decreased MMP-9 secretion, whereas fisetin only weakly decreased its secretion. Galangin and kaempferol did not affect cell viability at concentrations up to $30{\mu}M$. Luciferase reporter assays showed that galangin and kaempferol decrease transcription of MMP-9 mRNA. Moreover, galangin and kaempferol strongly reduce $I{\kappa}B{\alpha}$ phosphorylation and significantly decrease JNK phosphorylation. These results indicate that galangin and kaempferol suppress PMA-induced MMP-9 expression by blocking activation of NF-${\kappa}B$ and AP-1. Therefore, these flavonols could be used as chemopreventive agents to lower the risk of diseases involving MMP-9.

• 대한한의학방제학회지
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• 제32권2호
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• pp.155-179
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• 2024

Objective : Danggwisu-san (DGSS) is an herbal formula that has been mainly used in the East Asia for the treatment of bruise, sprain and external injury. The cause of this pain is that Qi and blood become tangled and do not circulate well. DGSS can improve the tangled situation and make it well-circulated. The present study evaluated the anti-inflammatory effects of DGSS on Raw 264.7 cells and in rats with paw edema. Methods : Cell viability was measured using the MTT assay. The amount of nitric oxide (NO) production was measured the amount of nitrite content in the cultured medium using Griess reagent. The amount of tumor necrosis factor-α, monocyte chemoattractant protein 1, interleukin (IL)-1βand IL-6 in the cultured supernatant were measured by ELISA kit. Proteins expression were detected by Western blot. Furthermore, the effect of DGSS on acute inflammation was observed in rat paw edema model. Results : The DGSS ameliorates the lipopolysaccharide-activated changes in NO production, iNOS expression and pro-inflammatory cytokines. Additionally, DGSS significantly suppressed expression of p-JNK, p-ERK and nuclear NF-κB. As expected, in rat paw edema study, 1.0 g/kg of DGSS significantly reduced the carrageenan-induced paw edema and iNOS expression for 1-4 h. Moreover, administration of 1.0 g/kg (4 days) of DGSS used in this study did not show any significant change on ALT and AST. Conclusion : These results demonstrate that DGSS has anti-inflammatory effects in vitro and in vivo. Therefore, this present study can put scientific evidences up for the anti-inflammatory effect of DGSS.

• The Korean Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology
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• 제27권2호
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• pp.143-155
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• 2023

Percutaneous coronary intervention and acute coronary syndrome are both closely tied to the frequently occurring complication of coronary microembolization (CME). Resveratrol (RES) has been shown to have a substantial cardioprotective influence in a variety of cardiac diseases, though its function and potential mechanistic involvement in CME are still unclear. The forty Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into four groups randomly: CME, CME + RES (25 mg/kg), CME + RES (50 mg/kg), and sham (10 rats per group). The CME model was developed. Echocardiography, levels of myocardial injury markers in the serum, and histopathology of the myocardium were used to assess the function of the cardiac muscle. For the detection of the signaling of TLR4/MyD88/NF-κB along with the expression of pyroptosis-related molecules, ELISA, qRT-PCR, immunofluorescence, and Western blotting were used, among other techniques. The findings revealed that myocardial injury and pyroptosis occurred in the myocardium following CME, with a decreased function of cardiac, increased levels of serum myocardial injury markers, increased area of microinfarct, as well as a rise in the expression levels of pyroptosis-related molecules. In addition to this, pretreatment with resveratrol reduced the severity of myocardial injury after CME by improving cardiac dysfunction, decreasing serum myocardial injury markers, decreasing microinfarct area, and decreasing cardiomyocyte pyroptosis, primarily by blocking the signaling of TLR4/MyD88/NF-κB and also reducing the NLRP3 inflammasome activation. Resveratrol may be able to alleviate CME-induced myocardial pyroptosis and cardiac dysfunction by impeding the activation of NLRP3 inflammasome and the signaling pathway of TLR4/MyD88/NF-κB.

• Journal of Acupuncture Research
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• 제22권3호
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• pp.155-167
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• 2005

Cobrotoxin의 항염증 치료 기전에 대해 연구하기 위하여 성상세포에 LPS 및 SNP로 염증을 유도한 후 NF-${\kappa}B$와 DNA의 결합 능력, NF-kB Dependent Luciferase 발현, Astrocyte의 세포활성, NF-${\kappa}B$ 구성 단백질인 P50, P-$1{\kappa}B$, $1{\kappa}BB$ 및 염증(炎症)관련 유전자(遺傳子)인 Cox-2, iNOS, cPLA2의 발현과 GSH와 DTT로 sulf-hydryl기를 환원시 NF-${\kappa}B$와 DNA의 결합 능력, NF-${\kappa}B$ 구성 단백질인 P50 발현에 미치는 영향과 Cobrotoxin의 성상세포 내 유입 등을 관찰하여 다음과 같은 결론을 얻었다. 1. LPS 로 염증을 유발한 후 NF-${\kappa}B$와 DNA의 결합 능력을 관찰한 결과 Cobrotoxin 0.1${\mu}g/m{\ell}$ 처리군, Astrocyte 내에서의 Cobrotoxin 0.1, 0.5${\mu}g/m{\ell}$ 처리군에서 모두 대조군에 비하여 유의한 억제를 나타내었다. 2. LPS로 염증을 유발한 후 Astrocyte 내에서 NF-${\kappa}B$ Dependent Luciferase 발현을 살펴본 결과 Cobrotoxin 모든 처리군에서 대조군에 비하여 유의한 억제를 나타내었다. 3. SNP로 염증을 유발한 후 Cobrotoxin이 NF-${\kappa}B$ 구성 단백질인 P50, P-$1{\kappa}B$, $1{\kappa}B$ 발현에 미치는 영향을 살펴본 결과 P50와 $1{\kappa}B$는 Cobrotoxin 0.1, 0.5 및 $1{\mu}g/m{\ell}$ 모든 처리군에서 대조군에 비하여 유의한 억제를 나타내었고, P-$1{\kappa}B$는 Cobrotoxin $0.1{\mu}g/m{\ell}$ 처리군에서 대조군에 비하여 억제를, Cobrotoxin 0.5, $1{\mu}g/m{\ell}$ 처리군에서 각각 대조군에 비하여 유의한 억제를 나타내었다. 4. LPS로 염증을 유발한 후 Cobrotoxin이 NF-${\kappa}B$ 구성 단백질인 P50, P-$1{\kappa}B$, $1{\kappa}B$ 발현에 미치는 영향을 살펴본 결과 P50와 $1{\kappa}B$는 Cobrotoxin 0.5, $1{\mu}g/m{\ell}$ 처리군에서 각각 대조군에 비하여 유의한 억제를 나타내었다. 5. SNP로 염증을 유발한 후 Cobrotoxin이 염증(炎症) 관련 유전자(遺傳子)인 Cox-2, iNOS, cPLA2 발현에 미치는 영향을 살펴본 결과 Cox-2, iNOS, cPLA2 모두 Cobrotoxin $1{\mu}g/m{\ell}$ 처리군에서 대조군에 비하여 유의한 억제를 나타내었다. 6. LPS로 염증을 유발한 후 Cobrotoxin이 염증(炎症) 관련 견전자(遣傳子)인 Cox-2, iNOS, cPLA2 발현에 미치는 영향을 살펴본 결과 Cox-2와 cPLA2의 경우 Cobrotoxin 0.1, 0.5 및 $1{\mu}g/m{\ell}$ 모든 처리군에서, iNOS의 경우 Cobrotoxin 0.5, $1{\mu}g/m{\ell}$ 처리군에서 대조군에 비하여 유의한 억제를 나타내었다. 7. Astrocyte내에서 SNP로 염증을 유발한 후 GSH와 DTT로 sulf-hydryl기를 환원하여 NF-${\kappa}B$와 BNA의 결합 능력을 관찰한 결과 Cobrotoxin $0.5{\mu}g/m{\ell}$과 DTT 1mM Cobrotoxin $0.5{\mu}g/m{\ell}$과 DTT 5mM의 동시처리군은 각각 Cobrotoxin $0.5{\mu}g/m{\ell}$ 처리군에 비하여 유의한 증가를 나타내었다. 8. Astrocyte 내에서 LPS로 염증을 유발한 후 GSH와 DTT로 sulf-hydryl기를 환원하여 NF-${\kappa}B$와 DNA의 결합 능력을 관찰한 결과 cobrotoxin $0.5{\mu}g/m{\ell}$과 DTT 1mM Cobrotoxin $0.5{\mu}g/m{\ell}$과 DTT 5mM의 동시처리군과 Cobrotoxin $0.5{\mu}g/m{\ell}$과 GSH 1mM Cobrotoxin $0.5{\mu}g/m{\ell}$과 GSH 5mM의 동시처리군 모두에서 Cobrotoxin $0.5{\mu}g/m{\ell}$ 처리군에 비하여 유의한 증가를 나타내었다. 9. Astrocyte 내에서 SNP로 염증을 유발한 후 GSH와 DTT로 sulf-hydryl기 환원시 NF-${\kappa}B$ 구성 단백질인 P50 발현에 미치는 영향을 관찰한 결과 SNP, Cobrotoxin $1{\mu}g/m{\ell}$와 DTT 1 또는 5mM 동시처리군과 SNP, Cobrotoxin $1{\mu}g/m{\ell}$와 GSH 1 또는 5mM 동시처리군 모두에서 Cobrotoxin $1{\mu}g/m{\ell}$ 처리군에 비하여 발현의 유의한 증가를 나타내었다. 10. Cobrotoxin의 세포 내 유입 확인을 살펴본 결과 Astrocyte 내에서 Cobrotoxin이 세포내로 유입되는 것으로 나타났다. 이상의 결과로 보아 Cobrotoxin 처리는 성상 세포 들을 대상을 LPS 및 SNP로 유도된 NF-${\kappa}B$ 관련 염증 기전과 iNOS, COX-2, cPLA2와 같은 염증관련 유전자의 발현 및 NO, PGE2,에 유의한 변동을 나타내었고, 이들 결과는 Cobrotoxin의 항염증 효과 및 그 치료기전에 대하여 입증한 것이며, 향후 안전성 연구를 바탕으로 신경계 및 심혈관계 염증치료에 약침개발과 같은 적극적인 활용이 기대된다.

• 대한한의학회지
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• 제28권2호통권70호
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• pp.155-165
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• 2007

Objective : The Angelica gigas Nakai ethanol extract (AGE) was investigated to compare nitric oxide (NO) production and $NF-{\kappa}B$ activity from RAW 264.7 cells, since NO and nuclear $factor-{\kappa}B$ $(NF-{\kappa}B)$ have been shown to be factors implicated in inflammatory disease. Method : AGE was prepared by extracting medicinal herb with 70% (v/v) ethanol solution. We investigated production of nitric oxide (NO) and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) gene expression by ARE in LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 macrophage cells. We also investigated inhibition of LPS-induced activation of $NF-{\kappa}B$ on western blot. Result : LPS-induced RAW 264.7 cells increased NO production and iNOS expression. Upon treatment with AGE, nitrite production was significantly inhibited in a concentration-dependent manner compared to the untreated control. AGE inhibited this LPS-induced iNOS mRNA and protein in a dose-dependent manner. AGE markedly inhibited the expression of iNOS mRNA and protein at a concentration of 100 ${\mu}g/ml$. LPS-induced RAW 264.7 cells with AGE blocked inhibitory $factor-{\kappa}B{\alpha}$ degradation. Conclusion :This study shows that AGE seems to attenuate inflammation through inhibition of NO production and iNOS expression by blockade of $NF-{\kappa}B$ activation in LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 cells.

• 한국환경과학회지
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• 제15권2호
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• pp.141-155
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• 2006

This study is aimed at the development of a runoff forecasting model to solve the uncertainties occurring in the process of rainfall-runoff modeling and improve the modeling accuracy of the stream runoff forecasting, The study area is the downstream of Naeseung-chun. Therefore, time-dependent data was obtained from the Wolpo water level gauging station. 11 and 2 out of total 13 flood events were selected for the training and testing set of model. The model performance was improved as the measuring time interval$(T_m)$ was smaller than the sampling time interval$(T_s)$. The Neuro-Fuzzy(NF) and TANK models can give more accurate runoff forecasts up to 4 hours ahead than the Feed Forward Multilayer Neural Network(FFNN) model in standard above the Determination coefficient$(R^2)$ 0.7.

• 생약학회지
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• 제48권2호
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• pp.155-159
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• 2017

Cudrania tricuspidata Bureau (Moraceae) is a traditional oriental medicine that has been widely used as anti-oxidant, anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory in Korea. This study was performed that the 70% ethanol extract of the roots of C. tricuspidata (CTE) suppressed receptor activator of NF-${\kappa}B$ ligand (RANKL)-induced osteoclastogenesis, actin ring formation in RAW 264.7 cell lines. CTE significantly inhibited the JNK/mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathway without affecting ERK and p38 signaling in RANKL-stimulated RAW 264.7 cells. Also, CTE inhibited RANKL-induced expression of c-Fos, an upstream activator of NFATc1. Consequently, CTE suppresses osteoclast differentiation by inhibiting RANKL induced MAPK signaling pathways and disrupts the actin rings in mature osteoclasts. Thus, CTE can be used for the development of osteoporosis treatment drug with a natural material.

• 한국막학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국막학회 2004년도 Proceedings of the second conference of aseanian membrane society
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• pp.155-160
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• 2004

Permeation experiments of a commercial nanofiltration membrane (nominated as ESNA 1) were carried out with aqueous solutions of various single salts, that is, five chlorides (NH$_4$Cl, NaCl, KCl, MgCl$_2$ and $CaCl_2$), three nitrates $(NaNo_3,\;Mg(No_3)_2\;and\;Ca(NO_3)_2)\;and\;three\;sulfates\;((NH_4)_2SO_4,\;Na_2SO_4\;and\;MgSO_4)$. The experimental results showed that (1) the permeate volume flux of the ESNA 1 membrane increased and decreased with the growth of the applied pressure and the feed concentration of salts, respectively. The real rejection of ESNA 1 membrane to most single salts increased with the growth of the permeate volume flux. (2) The reflection coefficients of ESNA 1 membrane to chlorides, nitrates and sulfates are 0.97, 0.96 and 0.99, respectively. The solute permeability of most salts except for magnesium and calcium salts increased with the growth of feed concentration. (3) The sequence of the rejections of ESNA 1 membrane to anions is $R({SO_4}^{2-})>R(CI)>R(NO_3)$ at the same feed concentration. While the sequence of the rejections to cations is cataloged into two cases: $R(Na^+)>R(K^+)>R(Mg^{2+})>R(Ca^{2+})$ at the concentration of 10 mol/$m^3$ and $R(Mg^{2+})>R(Ca^{2+})>R(Na^+)>R(K^+)$ at the concentration of 100 mol/$m^3$. The separation capability of a NF membrane is usually affected by the electrostatic effect and the steric-hindrance effect. In this case, the electrostatic effect is the major factor at low concentration and the steric-hindrance effect is the major factor at high concentration. Both the specific sorption and the hydration also reasonably influenced the separation performance of NF membrane to salts.

• IMMUNE NETWORK
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• 제11권3호
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• pp.155-162
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• 2011

Background: Toll-like receptor 3 (TLR3) recognizes double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) and induces inflammation. In this study we attempted to ascertain if there are endogenous host molecules controlling the production of cytokines and chemokines. Two candidates, ribosomal protein L19 and L22, were analyzed to determine if they influence cytokine production followed by TLR3 activation. In this study we report that L19 acts upon production of IP-10 or IL-8 differently in glioblastoma cells. Methods: L19 or L22 was transfected into HEK293-TLR3, A549 or A172 cells. After treatment with several inhibitors of NF-${\kappa}B$, PI3K, p38 or ERK, production of IL-8 or IP-10 was measured by ELISA. siRNA was introduced to suppress expression of L19. After Vesicular stomatitis virus infection, viral multiplication was measured by western blot. Results: L19 increased ERK activation to produce IL-8. In A172 cells, in which TLR3 is expressed at endosomes, L19 inhibited interferon regulatory factor 3 (IRF3) activation and IP-10 production to facilitate viral multiplication, whereas L19 inhibited viral multiplication in A549 cells bearing TLR3 on their cell membrane. Conclusion: Our results suggest that L19 regulates TLR3 signaling, which is cell type specific and may be involved in pathogenesis of autoimmune diseases and chronic inflammatory diseases.

• Molecular & Cellular Toxicology
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• 제3권4호
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• pp.231-237
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• 2007

Exposure to DNA-damaging agents can elicit a variety of stress-related responses that may alter the expression of genes associated with numerous biological pathways. We used 19 k whole human genome chip to detect gene expression profiles and potential signature genes in human normal hepatocytes (THLE-3) by treatment of five direct acting mutagens, furylfuramide (AF-2), N-nitroso-N-methylurea (MNU), methylmethanesulfonate (MMS), 4-nitroquinoline-N-oxide (4-NQO) and 2-nitrofluorene (2NF) of the $IC_{20}$ concentration for 3 h. Fifty one up-regulated common genes and 45 down-regulated common genes above 1.5-fold by five direct-acting mutagens were identified by clustering analysis. Many of these changed genes have some association with apoptosis, control of cell cycle, regulation of transcription and signal transduction. Genes related to these functions, as TP73L, E2F5, MST016, SOX5, MAFB, LIF, SII3, TFIIS, EMR1, CYTL1, CX3CR1 and RHOH are up-regulated. Down-regulated genes are ALOX15B, xs155, IFITM1, BATF, VAV2, CD79A, DCDC2, TNFSF8 and KOX8. We suggest that gene expression profiling on mutagens by toxicogenomic analysis affords promising opportunities to reveal potential new mechanistic markers of genotoxicity.