• Journal of Nuclear Fuel Cycle and Waste Technology(JNFCWT)
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• v.12 no.3
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• pp.217-233
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• 2014

Securing the radiological safety is a prerequisite for the safe management of the naturally occurring radioactive materials (NORM) which cannot be reused. This becomes a crucial focus of our R&D efforts upon the implementation of the Act on Protective Action Guidelines against Radiation in the Natural Environment. To secure the safety, the establishment of technical bases and procedures for securing radiological safety related to the disposal of NORM is required. Thus, it is necessary to analyze the characteristics, to collect the data, to have the radiological safety assessment methodologies and tools, to investigate disposal methods and facilities, and to study the effects of the input data on the safety for the NORM wastes. Here, we assess the environmental impact of the NORM waste disposal with respect to the major domestic and foreign NORM characteristics. The data associated with major industries are collected/analyzed and the status of disposal facilities and methodologies relevant to the NORM wastes is investigated. We also suggest the conceptual design concept of a landfill disposal facility and the management plan with respect to the major NORM wastes characteristics. The radionuclide pathways are identified for the atmospheric transport and leachate release and the environmental impact assessment methodology for the NORM waste disposal is established using a relevant code. The assessment and analysis on the exposure doses and excessive cancer risks for the NORM waste disposal are performed using the characteristics of the representative domestic NORM wastes including flying ash, phosphor gypsum, and redmud. The results show that the exposure dose and the excessive cancer risks are very low to consider any radiation effects. This study will contribute to development in the areas of the regulatory technology for securing radiological safety relevant to NORM waste disposal and to the implementation technology for the Act.

• Korean Journal of Air-Conditioning and Refrigeration Engineering
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• v.16 no.12
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• pp.1234-1268
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• 2004

A review on the papers published in the Korean Journal of Air-Conditioning and Refrigerating Engineering in 2002 and 2003 has been carried out. Focus has been put on current status of research in the aspect of heating, cooling, air-conditioning, ventilation, sanitation and building environment/design. The conclusions are as follows. (1) Most of fundamental studies on fluid flow were related with heat transportation in diverse facilities. Drop formation and rivulet flow on solid surfaces were interesting topics related with condensation augmentation. Research on micro environment considering flow, heat transfer, humidity was also interesting to promote comfortable living environment. It can be extended considering biological aspects. Development of fans and blowers of high performance and low noise were continuing research topics. Well developed CFD technologies were widely applied for analysis and design of various facilities and their systems. (2) Heat transfer characteristics of enhanced finned tube heat exchangers and heat sinks were extensively investigated. Experimental studies on the boiling heat transfer, vortex generators, fluidized bed heat exchangers, and frosting and defrosting characteristics were also conducted. In addition, the numerical simulations on various heat exchangers were performed and reported to show heat transfer characteristics and performance of the heat exchanger. (3) A review of the recent studies shows that the performance analysis of heat pump have been made by various simulations and experiments. Progresses have been made specifically on the multi-type heat pump systems and other heat pump systems in which exhaust energy is utilized. The performance characteristics of heat pipe have been studied numerically and experimentally, which proves the validity of the developed simulation programs. The effect of various factors on the heat pipe performance has also been examined. Studies of the ice storage system have been focused on the operational characteristics of the system and on the basics of thermal storage materials. Researches into the phase change have been carried out steadily. Several papers deal with the cycle analysis of a few thermodynamic systems which are very useful in the field of air-conditioning and refrigeration. (4) Recent studies on refrigeration and air-conditioning systems have focused on the system performance and efficiency enhancement when new alternative refrigerants are applied. Heat transfer characteristics during evaporation and condensation are investigated for several tube shapes and new alternative refrigerants including natural refrigerants. Efficiency of various compressors and performance of new expansion devices are also dealt with for better design of refrigeration/air conditioning system. In addition to the studies related with thermophysical properties of refrigerant mixtures, studies on new refrigerants are also carried out. It should be noted that the researches on two-phase flow are constantly carried out. (5) A review of the recent studies on absorption refrigeration system indicates that heat and mass transfer enhancement is the key factor in improving the system performance. Various experiments have been carried out and diverse simulation models have been presented. Study on the small scale absorption refrigeration system draws a new attention. Cooling tower was also the research object in the respect of enhancement its efficiency, and performance analysis and optimization was carried out. (6) Based on a review of recent studies on indoor thermal environment and building service systems, it is noticed that research issues have mainly focused on several innovative systems such as personal environmental modules, air-barrier type perimeterless system with UFAC, radiant floor cooling system, etc. New approaches are highlighted for improving indoor environmental conditions and minimizing energy consumption, various activities of building energy management and cost-benefit analysis for economic evaluation.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Traditional Landscape Architecture
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• v.28 no.3
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• pp.29-38
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• 2010

A moat is a pond or waterway paved on the outside of a fortress that is one of the facilities to prevent enemy from approaching the fortress wall or classify it as the boundary space, and this study was undertaken to find out the characteristics of the moat that was existed in the East and the West from ancient time to medieval time with the following result. First, the moat in the East was installed of natural moat and artificial moat at the same time while the moat in the West had the fortress built in naturally advantageous site to use natural most substantially more. Second, the moats of Korea were smaller in scale compared to other countries (Japan, China and the Western countries). Third, the fortresses in the East were built to protect towns or royal palace while the West had the fortress to protect the residence of kings, lords, great wealthy persons and the like, and they were used jointly with the natural moat and artificial moat to defend against the infiltration of enemy. Fourth, the Pungsujiri in the Orient is one of the numerous ideologies forming the supplementary ideologic system of Korean people that could not be denied as the perception that influences on Korean people after the Silla Dynasty, and this Pungsujiri was considered when determining the location of the castle. The moat surrounding the castle had the role to keep the good energy in the castle from escaping away. Fifth, the Ha-Ha technique in the west was designed to prevent the external power from infiltration by digging the ditch on the place applicable to the boundary of the garden site, rather than the fence. While walking around along the water-side path without knowing the existence of this ditch, when the road is discovered with the cut off in the ditch, people had the exclamation without actually recognizing such astonishment. It was originally the dike for military purpose during the medieval time that was designed to look into the garden without physical boundary surrounded with the vertical fence in the garden that by having the deep ditch like shape on the boundary line of the garden which was designed to form the farm by preventing various types of cattle from coming inside the garden and bring in the garden element for farms, forestry, agricultural land and the like.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.34 no.1
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• pp.63-71
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• 2020

This study characterized the spatial and seasonal patterns of light pollution in the Deogyusan National Park and examined the potential effects of light pollution on ecosystems in the park using light intensities derived from VIIRS (Visible Infrared Imaging Radiometer Suite) DNB (Day and Night Band) nightlight images collected in January and August 2018. Results showed that the Muju Deogyusan resort had the greatest light intensity than other sources of light pollution in the park, and light intensity of the resort was much higher in January than in August, suggesting that artificial lights in ski slopes and facilities were the major source of light pollution in the park. An analysis of an urban-natural light pollution gradient along a neighboring urban area through the inside of the park indicated that light radiated from a light pollution source permeated for up to 1km into the adjacent area and contaminated the edge area of the park. Of the legally protected species whose distributions were reported in literature, four mammals (Martes flavigula, Mustela nivalis, Prionailurus bengalensis, Pteromys volans aluco), two birds (Falco subbuteo, Falco tinnunculus), and nine amphibians and reptiles (Onychodactylus koreanus, Hynobius leechii, Karsenia koreana, Rana dybowskii, Rana huanrenensis, Elaphe dione, Rhabdophis tigrinus, Gloydius ussuriensis, Gloydius saxatilis) inhabited light-polluted areas. Of those species inhabiting light-polluted areas, nocturnal species, such as Prionailurus bengalensis and Pteromys volans aluco, in particular, were vulnerable to light pollution. These results implied that protecting ecosystems from light pollution in national parks requires managing nighttime light in the parks and surrounding areas and making a plan to manage nighttime light pollution by taking into account ecological characteristics of wild animals in the parks.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.48 no.1
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• pp.35-45
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• 2020

This study focused on the park as a space to support the behavior of urban citizens in modern society. Modern city parks are not spaces that play a specific role but are used by many people, so their function and meaning may change depending on the user's behavior. In addition, current online data may determine the selection of parks to visit or the usage of parks. Therefore, this study analyzed the change of behavior in Yeouido Park, Yeouido Hangang Park, and Yangjae Citizen's Forest from 2000 to 2018 by utilizing a time series analysis. The analysis method used Big Data techniques such as text mining and social network analysis. The summary of the study is as follows. The usage behavior of Yeouido Park has changed over time to "Ride" (Dynamic Behavior) for the first period (I), "Take" (Information Communication Service Behavior) for the second period (II), "See" (Communicative Behavior) for the third period (III), and "Eat" (Energy Source Behavior) for the fourth period (IV). In the case of Yangjae Citizens' Forest, the usage behavior has changed over time to "Walk" (Dynamic Behavior) for the first, second, and third periods (I), (II), (III) and "Play" (Dynamic Behavior) for the fourth period (IV). Looking at the factors affecting behavior, Yeouido Park was had various factors related to sports, leisure, culture, art, and spare time compared to Yangjae Citizens' Forest. The differences in Yangjae Citizens' Forest that affected its main usage behavior were various elements of natural resources. Second, the behavior of the target areas was found to be focused on certain main behaviors over time and played a role in selecting or limiting future behaviors. These results indicate that the space and facilities of the target areas had not been utilized evenly, as various behaviors have not occurred, however, a certain main behavior has appeared in the target areas. This study has great significance in that it analyzes the usage of urban parks using Big Data techniques, and determined that urban parks are transformed into play spaces where consumption progressed beyond the role of rest and walking. The behavior occurring in modern urban parks is changing in quantity and content. Therefore, through various types of discussions based on the results of the behavior collected through Big Data, we can better understand how citizens are using city parks. This study found that the behavior associated with static behavior in both parks had a great impact on other behaviors.

• KSCE Journal of Civil and Environmental Engineering Research
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• v.33 no.5
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• pp.1797-1807
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• 2013

Dams always have the possibility of failure due to unexpected natural phenomena. In particular, dam failure can cause huge damage including damage for humans and properties when dam downstream regions are densely populated or have important national facilities. Although many studies have been conducted on the analysis of flood waves about single dam failure thus far, studies on the analysis of flood waves about the sequential failure of dams are lacking. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to calculate the peak discharge of sequential failure of dams through flood wave analysis of sequential failure of dams and this analysis techniques to predict flood wave propagation situation in downstream regions. To this end, failure flood wave analysis were conducted for Lawn Lake Dam which is a case of sequential failure of dams among actual failure cases using DAMBRK to test the suitability of the dam failure flood wave analysis model. Based on the results, flood wave analysis of sequential failure of dams were conducted for A dam in Korea assuming a virtual extreme flood to predict flood wave propagation situations and 2-dimensional flood wave analysis were conducted for major flooding points. Then, the 1, 2-dimensional flood wave analysis were compared and analyzed. The results showed goodness-of-fit values exceeding 90% and thus the accuracy of the 1-dimensional sequential failure of dams simulation could be identified. The results of this study are considered to be able to contribute to the provision of basic data for the establishment of disaster prevention measures for rivers related to sequential failure of dams.

• The Journal of Engineering Geology
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• v.23 no.4
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• pp.493-502
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• 2013

This study investigates the design parameters for riverbed filtration (RBF) based on the geochemistry of river water and groundwater. The study area consists of alluvium, and the area is readily affected by non-point sources of chemical contaminants in the surface environment; this is expected to affect the design parameters for RBF. River and groundwater samples were collected at three points along the river flow and at nine points along a transect normal to the river, respectively. The geochemical data indicate that the sources of individual chemical contaminants are industrial facilities and agricultural activity near the study area. In addition, The samples are mainly Ca-Na-$HCO_3$, Ca-Cl, and Ca-$HCO_3$-Cl type waters. The design parameters of RBF in the study area should consider K, $HCO_3$, $NO_3$, and Cl. We divided the study area into three regions based on the concentrations of stable nitrogen isotopes: Region A, the origin of the river and denitrification; Region B, denitrification in the flow direction of tributaries; and Region C, the origin of natural soil, sewage, and anthropogenic pollution.

• Journal of Korea Water Resources Association
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• v.36 no.6
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• pp.1069-1082
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• 2003

The Cheongdocheon has the reaches under reduction of stream flow. We analysed the cause of the reduction. We investigated the current status of facilities for agricultural water use. We also compared the discharge measurements with the results from the continuous simulation of watershed runoff The satellite image was a tool to find some reaches of stream flow reduction under doubt. Agricultural reservoirs block up the stream and water does not flow over the reservoirs except by storm. They also discharge water through diversion channels and the water diverted does not flow through the natural stream. Farmers directly take water from the stream by weirs. The infiltration gallery of water below the stream ground makes the reach dryness perfect in Kamakchon. These are causes of the stream flow reduction. The discharge measurements are less than the simulation results of watershed runoff, and we guess that the reaches investigated have dried. We found the reaches of stream flow reduction that were under doubt from some KOMPSAT satellite images with the resolution of 6.6 m. Then, we confirmed the reduction of stream flow by a field investigation. All the above reaches have infiltration galleries of water below the stream ground. The research results are a case study on the cause analysis on the reduction of stream flow. One can obtain the KOMPSAT image for a low price and can get prior information to find the doubtful reach of stream flow reduction.

• Journal of Korean Society of Rural Planning
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• v.22 no.4
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• pp.131-138
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• 2016

Recently, the cultivated area is reduced, the ratio of upland-field in the total cultivated area is increasing relative appeared in 36.2% in 1990 from 43.7% in 2013. If upland-field can be applied well designed-infrastructure, good income crop production is possible, however, maintenance of infrastructure and a significant portion of the upland-field is maintained under insufficient infrastructure. While imports of agricultural products expanded since the 2000s in progress, looking at the self-sufficiency of upland-field crops, it is reduced to from 90% to 42% for the pepper, it is from 90% to 74% for the garlic, cereals is reduced from 42% by 26%. As a result of these conditions, the competitiveness of farmers has weakened, the risk to meet the challenges of this area of production and supply reduction increased. This study was the first to conduct a basic evaluation index, data analysis and evaluation of indicators to diagnose the agricultural production capacity of the upland field. 12 kinds classified index of producing conditions from the natural environment and eight factors for the cultivation and production capabilities have developed for the assessment of productivity of upland-field (especially Kimchi cabbage). Through this regional imbalance was found, based on the production capabilities conditions are good in Haenam, Gangneung, Pyeongchang. 3 Regions have been low and the lowest Youngwol to 0.8992. Climate(Cultivation conditions) indicators of Mungyeong region is the highest, relatively low areas were in Taebaek. In particular, it is determined to be preferred that the area required for the enhancing the production environment based on providing the convenience for the producing and maintenance of the first production area. It is necessary Increasing part of mechanization, agro-industrial competitiveness through aggressive management plans for facilities as required in the process of post-harvest storage, processing, distribution line can be improved.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.25 no.3
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• pp.66-88
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• 1997

There is no special law of Landscape architecture in Korea. So, examining the concept from the legal basis of LA with the viewpoint of a natural scientist not a jurist, this study was conducted to grasp the present condition of the name and the related text of the foreign laws in force which were connected with LA.. And those foreign laws were arranged in the name and the text and classified by nations of regional groups and it was considered to the mutual relation with lots of laws which are scattered with the various laws. Current domestic regulations to the various fields of LA are assembled with the many related rules. The governmental organization conducting those business is nonexistent up to now and it is generally known to except the dept. of LA from the office organization in Korea. Being at a disadvantage as mentioned above, this study was progressed under the necessity of the scientific basis for the expected organic law of LA proposed to establish it by every field of LA. Though feels inconvenience if the study for the items itself of LA had been proceeded prior to the study of laws relating to LA throughout the study, such a extensive study will be a subject to be attempted constantly hereafter by all part of landscape architects. The contents of the study are as follows ; 1. The present condition of the foreign laws connected with LA 1. The proposal & analysis of the problems and the solutions to the domestic laws connected with LA 3. The proposal of the reasonable application pklan in order to establish the organic law for LA. Among the items relating to LA such as engineer, contract, planning, design and supervision, construction, maintenance, plant and planting, open space, facilities, aesthetics and sight, park, land use and development planning, urban and regional planning, leisure space planning, environmental conservation and ecology, structural engineering of construction, administration, right and penal regulations, the laws dealing with the matter relating to LA directly or indirectly are prescribed dispersedly in the many other related laws and it is concluded to be impossible for the independent law of LA is likely to be establish with not only selecting and arranging the matter having closed connections to LA directly but also being recognized as the systematic equipment of the LA business. It was to be analyzed the present condition of the collected foreign laws relating to LA. After pointing out the problems to the domestic related laws being at issue, the remedies for it were presented through the questionnaire of the landscape specialist in which the supporting opinions to the recognition to the problems and the solutions were come to a major portion. Three types of application such as applicable, non-applicable, applicable after examination were presented to decide whether or not the foreign related laws were applied to the domestic one. The result of analysis shows that 42 statutes and 9 ordinances are applicable, 4 statutes and 7 ordinances are non-applicable, 1 constitution, 81 statutes and 48 ordinances are applicable after examination.