• Journal of Food Hygiene and Safety
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• v.13 no.3
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• pp.274-277
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• 1998

The study was focused to investigate the effect of nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA) formation due to nitrosamine (NA) precursor and/or inhibitor addition to Kimchi during the fermentation of Kimchi at room temperature ($16{\pm}2^{\circ}C$). The addition of nitrite and dimethylamine (DMA) to Kimchi showed the average 32-fold ($21.3{\sim}113.9\;\mu\textrm{g}/kg$) and 9-fold ($1.3{\sim}40.3\;\mu\textrm{g}/kg$) higher NDMA formation than control ($O{\sim}5.6\;\mu\textrm{g}/kg$), respectively. Also, the addition of both nitrite and DMA resulted in the increase of NDMA formation to average 42-fold ($39.4{\sim}155.7\;\mu\textrm{g}/kg$) higher than control. On the other hand, the addition of 4 ruM ascorbic acid to Kimchi with nitrite and DMA inhibited the formation of NDMA down to 71.3% of control. However, the addition of cysteine and erythorbic acid affected no inhibition to NDMA formation during the test. The addition of sodium sulfite increased NDMA formation. Accordingly, this showed that the amount of ascorbic acid generated during Kimchi fermentation played an important inhibition role for NA formation.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.12 no.8
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• pp.1205-1214
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• 1999

Whole lupinus albus seeds were pressure toasted at temperatures of 100, 118 and $136^{\circ}C$ for 3, 7, 15 and 30 min to study rumen degradation and post-rumen digestion and to determine optimal heating conditions for the Dutch dairy feed industry. In sacco nylon bag and mobile bag techniques were employed for rumen and intestine incubations to determine ruminal degradation characteristics and intestinal digestion of crude protein (CP) in 4 lactation rumen cannulated and 4 lactating intestinal cannulated Dutch dairy cows fed 47% hay and 53% concentrate according to Dutch dairy requirements. Measured rumen degradation characteristics were soluble fraction (S), undegradable fraction (U), potentially degradable fraction (D), lag time (T0) and rate of degradation (Kd) of insoluble but degradable fraction. Percentage bypass feed protein (BCP), ruminal microbial protein synthesized based on available nitrogen (N_MP) and that based on available energy (E_MP), true protein supplied to the small intestine (TPSI), truly absorbed BCP (ABCP), absorbed microbial protein (AVP) in the small intestine, endogenous protein losses in the digestion (ENDP), true digested protein in the small intestine (TAP or DVE in Dutch) and degraded protein balance (PDB or OEB in Dutch) were totally evaluated using the new Dutch DVE/OEB System. Pressure toasting decreased (p<0.001) rumen degradability of CP. It reduced S (p<0.05) and Kd (p=0.06), increased D (p<0.05) and U (p<0.01) but did not alter T0 (p>0.05), thus resulting in dramatically increased BCP (p<0.001) with increasing time and temperature from 73.7 (raw) up to 182.5 g/kg DM ($136^{\circ}C/15min$). Although rumen microbial protein synthesized based on available energy (E_MP) was reduced, true protein (microbial and bypass feed protein) supplied to the small intestine (TPSI) was increased (p<0.001) from 153.1 (raw) to 247.6 g/kg DM ($136^{\circ}C/15min$). Due to digestibility of BCP in the intestine not changing (p>0.05) average 87.8%, the absorbed BCP increased (p<0.001) from 62.3 (raw) to 153.7 g/kg DM ($136^{\circ}C/15min$). Therefore DVE value of true digested protein in the small intestine was significantly increased (p<0.001) from 118.9 (raw) to 197.0 g/kg DM ($136^{\circ}C/15min$) and OEB value of degraded protein balance was significantly reduced (p<0.001) from 147.2 (raw) to 63.1 g/kg DM ($136^{\circ}C/15min$). It was concluded that pressure toasting was effective in shifting degradation of CP of lupinus albus from the rumen to small intestine without changing intestinal digestion. Further studies are required on the degradation and digestion of individual amino acids and on the damaging effects of processing on amino acids, especially the first limiting amino acids.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.45 no.2
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• pp.146-153
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• 2012

This study examined the effect of formulated diets (composed of condensed freshwater $Chlorella$ or $Schizochytrium$ sp., $Crypthecodinium$ sp., and EPA oil sources derived from baker's yeast) on the population growth and fatty acid composition of the brackish water flea ($Diaphanosoma$ $celebensis$) to determine diet effectiveness for mass production. Results indicated that the highest maximum density, fecundity, and population specific growth rate (SGR) of the flea were observed using a diet of $Tetraselmis$ $suecica$ (control). However, results using condensed freshwater $Chlorella$ and the mixed treatment of $Schizochytrium$ sp.+$Crypthecodinium$ sp.+EPA oil did not significantly differ from the control treatment ($P$>0.05). Thus, $T.$ $suecica$ could be replaced with a combination diet of $Schizochytrium$ sp., $Crypthecodinium$ sp., and EPA oil in condensed freshwater $Chlorella$ without growth interruption of $D.$ $celebensis$. As the percentage of combination diet (mix of $Schizochytrium$ sp., $Crypthecodinium$ sp., and EPA oil) in condensed freshwater $Chlorella$ increased, the level of ARA, EPA, DHA, and n-3 HUFA in $D.$ $celebensis$ also increased. However, the population density of $D.$ $celebensis$ sharply decreased with the use of treated supplements C5M5 (CHL [50%] and $Crypthecodinium$ sp.+ $Schizochytrium$ sp. + EPA oil [MIX 50%]). The optimum proportions of CHL and MIX for $D.$ $celebensis$ within the mixture were 70% and 30%, respectively. Based on the results, the combination of $Schizochytrium$ sp., $Crypthecodinium$ sp., and EPA oil in condensed freshwater $Chlorella$ appears to be a stable and effective food source for mass production of $D.$ $celebensis$.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.42 no.3
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• pp.152-159
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• 2009

This study was carried out to investigate optimum application rate with mixed organic fertilizer for chemical fertilizer alternative where the paddy rice (Chucheong) was cultivated in clay loam of paddy field. The mixed organic fertilizer were applied at 0, 50, 100 and 150% levels of recommended nitrogen by soil testing plot compared with plot of chemical fertilizer (nitrogen, phosphate and potash), respectively. The ammonium nitrogen content in paddy soil and surface water of mixed organic fertilizer 100% plot were higher than chemical fertilizer plot. The absorbed amount of nitrogen and nitrogen use efficiency by rice plant in mixed organic fertilizer 100% plot were higher than chemical fertilizer plot. The number of tillers on rice at 30 days and 60 days after transplanting mixed organic fertilizer 100% plot were many more than chemical fertilizer plot. The milled rice yield of mixed organic fertilizer 100% plot was increased by 4% than chemical fertilizer plot. The optimum application rate of mixed organic fertilizer was as follows ; $OAR_{MOF}(Mg\;ha^{-1})=[(NAR_{ST}{\div}NC_{MOF}/1,000{\times}0.93)/1,000]$ ($OAR_{MOF}$ : Optimum application rate of mixed organic fertilizer, NARST : Nitrogen application rate($kg\;ha^{-1}$) by soil testing, $NC_{MOF}$ : Nitrogen content($g\;kg^{-1}$) of mixed organic fertilizer, and $0.93:124.3kg\;ha^{-1}/133.0kg\;ha^{-1}$, respectively).

• The Journal of Korean Institute of Communications and Information Sciences
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• v.24 no.9B
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• pp.1742-1754
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• 1999

In this paper, we propose a rate control scheme, using histogram based rate-distortion (R-D) estimation, which produces a consistent picture quality between consecutive frames. The histogram based R-D estimation used in our rate control scheme offers a closed-form mathematical model that enable us to predict the bits and the distortion generated from an encoded frame at a given quantization parameter (QP) and vice versa. The most attractive feature of the R-D estimation is low complexity of computing the R-D data because its major operation is just to obtain a histogram or weighted histogram of DCT coefficients from an input picture. Furthermore, it is accurate enough to be applied to the practical video coding. Therefore, the proposed rate control scheme using this R-D estimation model is appropriate for the applications requiring low delay and low complexity, and controls the output bit-rate ad quality accurately. Our rate control scheme ensures that the video buffer do not underflow and overflow by satisfying the buffer constraint and, additionally, prevents quality difference between consecutive frames from exceeding certain level by adopting the distortion constraint. In addition, a consistent considering the maximum tolerance BER of the voice service. Also in Rician fading channel of K=6 and K=10, considering CLP=$10^{-3}$ as a criterion, it is observed that the performance improment of about 3.5 dB and 1.5 dB is obtained, respectively, in terms of $E_b$/$N_o$ by employing the concatenated FEC code with pilot symbols.

• Korean journal of applied entomology
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• v.12 no.4 s.17
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• pp.139-142
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• 1973

Experiment was conducted to study resistance of rice varieties and lines originated from Korea and IRRI-sources to the white-backed planthopper, Sogatella furcifera Horvath. The nature of varietal resistance to the insects was evaluated from the viewpoints of nymphal period and adult emergence. The varieties Colombia, Muthumanikam and Pankhari-203 were resistant, the varieties CO-22, Mudgo and Vellailangalayan moderately susceptible, the other varieties all susceptible. Nymphal period and rate of adult emergence were significantly different according to the degree of resistance of the rice varieties. Nymphal period was short (about 10 days) in the susceptible varieties and long (about 14-16 days) in the resistant varieties. The .ate of adult emergence was significantly lower in the resistant varieties than in the susceptible varieties. The lower rate of adult emergence in the resistant varieties may be due to the fact that the insects were suffered higher nymphal mortality in the resistant than in the susceptible varieties.

• Journal of the Korea Society of Computer and Information
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• v.16 no.9
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• pp.87-95
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• 2011

Recently, as smartphones have rapidly come into wide use and various social networking services have grown, people perform a variety of interactions through the virtual and real world based on them. Usually, such services focus on easy formation of social links among users, supporting the exchange of simple messages among users on the networks. Twitter, one of such services used worldwide, supports short message service named Tweet and has over 200 million members signed up. n this paper, we propose techniques for supporting real-time group messaging based on the social network of Twitter and describe a smartphone group messaging system developed with the techniques. The system automatically forms a group that include a Twitter user and the followers of the user, supporting real-time group messaging among the group members. The developed system is composed of an XMPP protocol-based messaging server and smartphone client applications which perform real-time messaging based on the social network of Twitter. Twitter users can easily use the system utilizing Tweet messages, exchanging real-time messages with their followers within the groups instantly established on the XMPP server.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.16 no.1
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• pp.7-13
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• 1983

Laboratory determinations of saturated hydraulic conductivity were conducted with four soils varying in texture from sand to clay and with five waters with different salinity level. The waters varied in total dissolved solids from 1,250 to $15,000mg/{\ell}$ and in SAR from 16 to 57 and were representative of saline waters in New Mexico. Saturated hydraulic conductivities of the soils were not significantly affected by water salinity if these waters were the sole source of irrigation water. However, small additions of distilled water, assuming simulated to rain, to soils previously equilibrated with the saline waters significantly decreased soil permeability. Dispersion and short or long-distance transport of clay apparently clogged conducting pores when distilled water was introduced. Swelling was an important mechanism in reducing soil permeability only in the clay soil. The data suggest that, when saline water is the dominant irrigation source and is supplemented by rain, (1) all saline waters could be used on very sandy soils, (2) no saline waters should be used on very heavy soils, and (3) slightly saline, but not very saline, waters could be used on medium-textured soils.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.27 no.12
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• pp.1712-1720
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• 2014

Little is known about the gender differences in energetic requirements of goats in early life. In this study, we determined the energy requirements for maintenance and gain in intact male, castrated male and female Saanen goat kids using the comparative slaughter technique and provide new data on their body composition and energy efficiency. To determine the energy requirements for maintenance, we studied 21 intact males, 15 castrated males and 18 females ($5.0{\pm}0.1kg$ initial body weight (BW) and $23{\pm}5d$ of age) using a split-plot design with the following main factors: three genders (intact males, castrated males, and females) and three dry matter intake levels (ad libitum, 75% and 50% of ad libitum intake). A slaughter group included three kids, one for each nutritional plane, of each gender, and all three animals within a group were slaughtered when the ad libitum kid reached 15 kg in BW. Net energy requirements for gain were obtained for 17 intact males, eight castrated males and 15 females ($5.1{\pm}0.4kg$ BW and $23{\pm}13d$ of age). Animals were fed ad libitum and slaughtered when they reached 5, 10, and 15 kg in BW. A digestion trial was performed with nine kids of each gender to determine digestible energy, metabolizable energy and energy metabolizability of the diet. Our results show no effect of gender on the energy requirements for maintenance and gain, and overall net energy for maintenance was $205.6kJ/kg^{0.75}$ empty body weight gain (EBW) ($170.3kJ/kg^{0.75}$ BW) from 5 to 15 kg BW. Metabolizable energy for maintenance was calculated by iteration, assuming heat production equal to metabolizable energy intake at maintenance, and the result was $294.34kJ/kg^{0.75}$ EBW and $k_m$ of 0.70. As BW increased from 5 to 15 kg for all genders, the net energy required for gain increased from 9.5 to 12.0 kJ/g EBW gain (EWG), and assuming $k_g=0.47$, metabolizable energy for gain ranged from 20.2 to 25.5 kJ/g EWG. Our results indicate that it is not necessary to formulate diets with different energetic content for intact male, castrated male and female Saanen goat kids weighing from 5 to 15 kg.

• Atmosphere
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• v.19 no.2
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• pp.183-198
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• 2009

The purpose of this study is to summarize the tropical cyclone (TC) activity of 2008 over the western North Pacific including the verification of the official track and intensity forecast errors of these TCs. The TC activity - frequency, Normalized Typhoon Activity (NTA), and life span - was lower than 58-year (1951-2008) average. 22 tropical cyclones of tropical storm (TS) intensity or higher formed in the western North Pacific and the South China Sea in 2008. The total number is less than 58-year average frequency of 26.4. Out of 22 tropical cyclones, 11 TCs reached typhoon (TY) intensity, while the rest 11 TCs only reached severe tropical storm (STS) and tropical storm (TS) intensity - six STS and five TS storms. One typhoon KALMAEGI (0807) among them affected the Korea peninsula. However, no significant impact - casualty or property damage - was reported. On average of 22 TCs in 2008, the Korea Meteorological Administration (KMA) official track forecast error for 48 hours was 229 km. There was a big challenge for individual cyclones such as 0806 FENGSHEN and 0817 HIGOS presenting significant forecast error, with both intricate tracks and irregular moving speed. The tropical cyclone season in 2008 began in April with the formation of NEOGURI (0801). In May, four TCs formed in the western North Pacific in response to enhanced convective activity. On the other hand, the TC activity was very weak from June to August. It is found that the unusual anti-cyclonic circulation in the lower level and weak convection near the Philippines are dominant during summertime. The convection and atmospheric circulation in the western North Pacific contributed unfavorable condition for TC activity in the 2008 summertime. The 2008 TC activity has continued the below normal state since mid 1990s which is apparent the decadal variability in TC activity.