• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• v.48 no.6
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• pp.944-955
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• 2000

Background : In patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease(COPD), several factors have been associated with a poor prognosis. These include old age, low $FEV_1$ low diffusing capacity, high alveolar-arterial oxygen pressure difference, and finally cor pulmonale. This study was done to investigate if the ECG signs suggesting cor pulmonale were independent prognostic factors in patients with COPD. Method : We analyzed ECG, pulmonary function data and arterial blood gas values in 61 patients who were admitted through the emergency department with an acute exacerbation of COPD. The ECG signs reflecting cor pulmonale were right strial overloading(RAO), right bundle branch block, right ventricular hypertrophy and low-voltage QRS. The 61 patients were divided into 2 groups ; group I with no ECG signs(n=36) and group II with one or more ECG signs(n=25) suggesting cor, pulmonale. Results : Poor, prognostic factors by univariate analysis were low $FEV_1$, $FEV_1$ % pred., VC % pred., DLco, DLco % pred., $PaO_2$ and $SaO_2$ high $PaCO_2$ presence of ECG signs reflecting cor pulmonale, presence of mental status change, use of mechanical ventilator, and long term use of glucocorticoid. A multivariate analysis indicated that age(risk ratio=1.13, 95% confidence interval 1.05-1.23), DLco % pred. (risk ratio=0,97. 95% confidence interval 0.94-0.99), $PaO_2$ (risk ratio=0.95, 95% confidence interval 0.90-0.99) and RAO(risk ratio=5.27, 95% confidence interval 1.40-19.85) were independent prognostic factors of survival. There was a significant difference in survival between the patients with and without RAO(p=0.038). The survival rates at 1, 2, and 5 years were 94.5%. 81.4%, and 50.0% in patients without RAO and 82.4%, 70.6%, and 27.5% in patients with RAO, respectively. Conclusion : These results suggest that the presence of ECG signs reflecting cor pulmonale is a predictor of survival and that RAO of these ECG signs is a significant independent predictor of survival in patients with COPD.

• Korean journal of applied entomology
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• v.59 no.3
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• pp.265-275
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• 2020

In this study, we analyzed the nutritional ingredients of drone pupae (16^th to 20^th instar old) to evaluate the value of bee products and provide basic data for product diversification, and the extracts prepared using these pupae were tested for physiological activity. According to the analysis of the general ingredients of the freeze-dried powder of these bee pupae, the moisture, crude protein, crude fat, and crude ash was 1.69 ± 0.07%, 48.52 ± 0.20%, 23.41 ± 0.14%, and 4.05 ± 0.02%, respectively. Vitamin C and vitamin E were 14.92 ± 0.52 mg/100 g and 6.06 ± 0.11 mg α-TE/100 g, respectively. Regarding minerals, the highest content of K (1349.13 ± 34.57 mg/100 g) and P (1323.55 ± 43.85 mg/100 g) was observed and Ca and Fe were 55.43 ± 1.51 mg/100 g and 5.49 ± 0.19 mg/100 g, respectively. The fatty acids of the water extracted freeze-dried pupae powder accounted for approximately 59.62 of saturated fatty acids and 40.38 of unsaturated fatty acids, and high-quality fatty acids such as palmitic acid (C16:0) was 35.49 ± 0.08 and oleic acid (C18:1, n-9) was 35.91 ± 0.22 (g/100 g total fatty acids). The total amino acid content was 38.99 ± 2.63 g/100 g and the free amino acid was a total of 5129.04 mg/100 g, of which 1257.68 mg/100 g was proline and 759.12 mg/100 g glutamic acid. The DPPH (1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl) radical scavenging activity of the drone pupae extract showed values of 0.8 for distilled water extract, 3.2 for 50% EtOH extract, 6.4 for 70% EtOH extract, and approximately 90% for 32 ㎍/mL for 100% EtOH extract. These results suggest that the main compound contributing to the antioxidant activity is a polar compound, and it is highly likely to be a low-molecular protein or a free amino acid. In conclusion, the honey bee drone pupa is excellent as a food resource and can be utilized as a new functional material for food and functional food.

• Clean Technology
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• v.24 no.1
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• pp.41-49
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• 2018

Y zeolites with different extra-framework cations, such as $Na^+$, $N^+$, $Ca^{2+}$, and $Cu^{2+}$, with different charge and ionic radius have been investigated to greatly enhance a working capacity (W) of $CO_2$ adsorption at $25^{\circ}C$ and a $CO_2/CO$ selectivity factor (S). A sample of NaY with a very small amount of 0.012% $Ca^{2+}$ was fully reversible for seven times repeated $CO_2$ adsorption/desorption cycles, thereby forming no surface carbonates unlikely earlier reports. Although at pressures above 4 bar, 2.00% CaY, 1.60% CuY and 1.87% LiY all showed a $CO_2$ adsorption very similar to that measured for NaY, they gave a significant decrease in the adsorption at lower pressures, depending on the metal ion. At 0.5 ~ 2.5 bar, the extent of $CO_2$ adsorption was in the order NaY > 1.60% CuY > 2.00% CaY > 1.87% LiY. All the $Na^+-based$ metals-exchanged zeolites have a FAU (faujasite) framework and a Si/Al value near 2.6; thus, there is no discernible difference in the framework topology, framework chemical compositions, effective aperture size, and channel structure between the zeolite samples. Therefore, the distinctive behavior in the adsorption of $CO_2$ with a character as a weak Lewis acid is associated with the site basicity of the zeolites, and the interaction potentials of the cations. Different trend was shown for a CO adsorption due to weaker quadrupole interactions. Adsorption of $CO_2$ and CO on samples of CaY with 0.012 to 5.23% Ca disclosed a significant dependence on the Ca loading. The $CO_2$ adsorption increased when the cation exists up to ca. 0.05%, while it decreased at higher Ca amounts. However, values for both W and S could greatly increase as the bare zeolite is enriched by $Ca^{2+}$ ions. The 5.23% CaY had $W=2.37mmol\;g^{-1}$ and S = 4.37, and the former value was comparable to a benchmark reported in the literature.

• Sleep Medicine and Psychophysiology
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• v.5 no.1
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• pp.103-110
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• 1998

Objectives : High co-morbidity of periodic limb movements during sleep(PLMS) and obstructive sleep apnea syndrome(OSAS) is well known and their incidences tend to increase in the elderly. Previous studies have inconsistently rep0l1ed increase or no change of periodic limb movement index(PLMI) by nasal continuous positive airway pressure(CPAP) in OSAS without analyzing possible variables affecting PLMI. We attempted to examine PLMI change evoked during CPAP titration and also factors affecting it in OSAS. Methods : Twenty-nine OSAS patients(M:F=26:3, mean age: $51.6{\pm}10.6\;yrs$) without other sleep disorders except for PLMS were selected, based on the nocturnal (baseline) polysomnograhy. Another night of noctumal polysomnography was performed for CPAP pressure titration. We compared between those two nights PLMI, mean and lowest $SaO_2$, and sleep variables. We also calculated PLMI differences between baseline and CPAP nights, named as delta PLMI (value of CPAP night PLMI minus value of baseline night PLMI). Correlations were calculated between delta PLMI and factors such as age, body mass index, applied CPAP pressure, baseline night values of respiratory disturbance index, mean and lowest $SaO_2$, and sleep parameter differences between baseline and CPAP nights. Results : Decrease of RDI(p<.01) and increase in mean and lowest $SaO_2$ (p<.05, p<.01) were observed during CPAP night. No sleep parameters showed significant change except for the decrease of total stage 1 sleep%(p<.01) during CPAP night. Ten out of 29 patients showed PLMI increase, while the other 19 patients showed either no change(n=14) or even PLMI decrease(n=5) during CPAP night. The 10 patients showing PLMI increase during CPAP night showed a significant positive correlation between delta PLMI and baseline night RDI(p<.05), which meant that PLMI increase was found to be more prominent in higher RDI patients than in lower RDI ones. There were no significant correlations between delta PLMI and other factors in the other 19 patients. Conclusions : We suggest that during the baseline night PLMS would have been underscored and/or masked due to the overlapping of PLMS and apneas/hypopneas or the arousals induced by apneas/hypopneas. Despite its still unknown mechanism, the CPAP application may unmask PLMS and increase PLMI in a subgroup of OSAS patients. It needs to be evaluated further whether the chronic CPAP use sustains the above finding.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.27 no.9
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• pp.1064-1069
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• 2017

This study compared the cytotoxic effect of extracts from four different sea bream species (Pagrus major, Acanthopagus schlegeli, Oplegnathus fasciatus, and Girella punctata) in human cancer cell lines. Cytotoxic activity against the growth of human gastric adenocarcinoma (AGS) and HT-29 human colon cancer cell lines was determined using a 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay. Treatment with acetone/methylene chloride (A+M) and methanol (MeOH) extracts from the four sea bream species dose-dependently increased cytotoxicity against the growth of AGS and HT-29 cancer cells (p < 0.05). As shown by a cell viability assay, treatment with A+M and MeOH extracts from red sea bream (P. major) had the highest cytotoxic effect (p < 0.05) among the sea bream species. The IC50 values of an 85% aqueous methanol (85% aq. MeOH) fraction from red sea bream (P. major) against AGS and HT-29 cancer cells was 0.33 and 1.58 mg/ml, respectively, suggesting that the 85% aq. MeOH fraction had the highest cytotoxic effect among the fractions (p < 0.05). Our results demonstrate that four different sea bream species exhibited cytotoxic activity, as well as high-quality amino acids and fatty acids. Among the sea bream species, red sea bream (P. major) showed the greatest cytotoxic effect. The results could be used to improve nutrition information available to consumers.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.34 no.6
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• pp.862-868
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• 2005

Korean mountain ginseng roots were freeze-dried at $-70^{\circ}C$ and extracted by different extracting solution conditions to investigate chemical compositions of extracts. The soluble solid content of the extract from $7.04\~13.45\%\;and\;50\%$ EtOH and MeOH extracts were higher than those of other extracts. $100\%\;water\;and\;90\%$ EtOH extracts gave the highest Brix with $19.98\%$\;and\;19.65\%$, respectively. pH of the extracts were ranged from $5.82\~6.60$. Browning color at 470 nm of the extract were high value in 50$\%$ EtOH extract. In case of Hunter's color value, L value of extract was higher in $100\%$ water extract (21.28) than EtOH extract $(17.18\~21.02)$, a and b values of extract were the highest in $100\%$ water (-0.12) and $90\%$ MeOH extract (1.34). The contents of free sugars in the EtOH extract were increased with the ethanol concentration. Sucrose contents of $90\%$ EtOH and MeOH extracts were 6,159 mg/100 g and 5,238 mg/100 g. Major organic acids of the extract were citric and malic acids. Major free amino acids of the extract were L-arginine, L-proline, $\gamma$ -amino-n-butyric acid, alanine and aspartic acid. The highest ginsenoside content was shown to be about $10.50\%\;in\;90\%$ MeOH extract. Major minerals of extract were P, K, Na, Mg and Ca.

• Korean Journal of Community Nutrition
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• v.13 no.4
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• pp.555-564
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• 2008

Essential fatty acids are important essential nutrients during pregnancy. The objective of this study was to compare fatty acid composition of serum phospholipids and essential fatty acid intakes between Korean pregnant women with a single baby and Korean pregnant women with twins. A total of 116 pregnant women who had maintained their health without any symptoms of pregnancy complications participated in the study. The subjects consisted of 57 women of singleton pregnancy and 58 women of twin pregnancy at the 1st, 2nd, or 3rd trimester of pregnancy. A 24-hour dietary recall was administered to each subject to obtain dietary information. The mean ages of the singleton pregnancy group and the twin pregnancy group were 31.44 years and 32.27 years, respectively, and the mean height values were 161.86 cm and 160.64 cm, respectively. The mean daily energy intakes in the singleton pregnancy group were 1639.95 kcal, 1904.71 kcal, and 1882.82 kcal for the 1st, 2nd, and 3rd trimester group, respectively. The mean daily energy intakes in the twin pregnancy group were 1745.99 kcal, 2203.46 kcal, and 2092.26 kcal for the 1st, 2nd, and 3rd trimester group, respectively. There were no significant differences in the mean fatty acid intakes by the type of pregnancy (i.e., singleton vs. twins) and the stage of pregnancy (i.e., 1st vs. 2nd vs. 3rd trimester). However, the mean total fatty acid intake of those at the 1st trimester among the singleton pregnancy group tended to be higher than that of those at the 1st trimester among the twin pregnancy group. Such a trend seemed to be retro-versed. That is, the mean total fatty acid intakes of the twin pregnancy group were higher compared to the singleton pregnancy group for the 2nd and 3rd trimester group. The LA and total n6 concentrations of serum phospholipids of the singleton pregnancy group were significantly higher as the gestational age increased(p<0.05). The $\alpha-LNA$(p<0.05), EPA(p<0.05), and total n3(p<0.001) concentrations of serum phospholipids of the twin pregnancy group were significantly lower as the gestational age increased. The $\alpha-LNA$ concentrations of serum phospholipids in the singleton pregnancy group at the 3rd trimester were significantly higher than that in the twin pregnancy group at the same trimester(p<0.05). The serum phospholipids levels of AA and DHA of the twin pregnancy group were generally higher compared to those of the singleton pregnancy group. Particularly the differences reached at the level of statistical significance for those at the 1st trimester(p<0.01). It is concluded that the study findings imply that fatty acid metabolism may meaningfully differ by the type and stage of pregnancy. Future research needs to be conducted to more elucidate grounding etiology and possible roles of dietary fatty acid intake levels in relation to the study findings.

• The Korean Journal of Pesticide Science
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• v.10 no.4
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• pp.279-288
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• 2006

Three different experiments were undertaken to investigate the runoff and erosion loss of diazinon and metolachlor from sloped-field by rainfall. The mobility of two pesticides and which phase they were transported by were examined in adsorption study, the influence of rainfall pattern and slope degree on the pesticide losses were evaluated in simulated rainfall study, and the pesticide losses from soybean field comparing with bare soil were measured in field lysimeter study. Freundlich adsorption parameter (K) ranged $1.6{\sim}2.0$ for metolachlor and $4.0{\sim}5.5$ for diazinon. The K values of pesticides by the desorption method were higher than those ones by the adsorption method. Another parameter (1/n) in Freundlich equation for the pesticides tested ranged $0.96{\sim}1.02$ by desorption method and $0.87{\sim}1.02$ by adsorption method. By the SSLRC's classification for pesticide mobility of diazinon and metolachlor were classified as moderately mobile ($75{\leq}Koc$ <500). Runoff and erosion losses of pesticides by three rainfall scenarios were $0.5{\sim}1.0%$ and $0.1{\sim}0.7%$ for metolachlor and $0.1{\sim}0.6%$ and $0.1{\sim}0.2%$ for diazinon. Distribution of pesticides in soil polite were investigated after the simulated rainfall events. Metolachlor was leached to $10{\sim}15$ cm soil layer and diazinon was leached to $5{\sim}10$ cm soil layer. Losses of each pesticide in the 30% of sloping degree treatment were $0.2{\sim}1.9$ times higher than those ones in the 10% of sloping degree treatment. Pesticide losses from a series of lysimeter plots in sloped land by rainfall ranged $1.0{\sim}3.1%$ for metolachlor and $0.23{\sim}0.50%$ for diazinon, and were $1/3{\sim}2.5$ times to the ones in the simulated rainfall study. The erosion rates of pesticides from soybean-plots were $21{\sim}75%$ lower than the ones from bare soil plots. The peak runoff concentration in soybean-plots and bare soil plots were $1{\sim}9{\mu}gL^{-1}$ and $3{\sim}16{\mu}gL^{-1}$ for diazinon, $7{\sim}31{\mu}gL^{-1}$ and $5{\sim}40{\mu}gL^{-1}$ for metolachlor, respectively.

• The KIPS Transactions:PartA
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• v.12A no.2 s.92
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• pp.95-102
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• 2005

The Newton-Raphson iterative algorithm for finding a floating point reciprocal which is widely used for a floating point division, calculates the reciprocal by performing a fixed number of multiplications. In this paper, a variable latency Newton-Raphson's reciprocal algorithm is proposed that performs multiplications a variable number of times until the error becomes smaller than a given value. To find the reciprocal of a floating point number F, the algorithm repeats the following operations: '$'X_{i+1}=X=X_i*(2-e_r-F*X_i),\;i\in\{0,\;1,\;2,...n-1\}'$ with the initial value $'X_0=\frac{1}{F}{\pm}e_0'$. The bits to the right of p fractional bits in intermediate multiplication results are truncated, and this truncation error is less than $'e_r=2^{-p}'$. The value of p is 27 for the single precision floating point, and 57 for the double precision floating point. Let $'X_i=\frac{1}{F}+e_i{'}$, these is $'X_{i+1}=\frac{1}{F}-e_{i+1},\;where\;{'}e_{i+1}, is less than the smallest number which is representable by floating point number. So, $X_{i+1}$ is approximate to $'\frac{1}{F}{'}$. Since the number of multiplications performed by the proposed algorithm is dependent on the input values, the average number of multiplications per an operation is derived from many reciprocal tables $(X_0=\frac{1}{F}{\pm}e_0)$ with varying sizes. The superiority of this algorithm is proved by comparing this average number with the fixed number of multiplications of the conventional algorithm. Since the proposed algorithm only performs the multiplications until the error gets smaller than a given value, it can be used to improve the performance of a reciprocal unit. Also, it can be used to construct optimized approximate reciprocal tables. The results of this paper can be applied to many areas that utilize floating point numbers, such as digital signal processing, computer graphics, multimedia scientific computing, etc.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.37 no.4
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• pp.521-527
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• 2008

Acanthopanacis cortex extracts added Yakju was manufactured and then fermentation and quality characteristics of Yakju were examined. Acanthopanacis cortex extracts added Yakju showed totally similar characteristics with the non-extract added Yakju of control groups. The pH showed almost no change to pH 4.0 after 6 days of fermentation and it was decreased only once in only fermentation time of 3 days. The acidity of Acanthopanacis cortex extracts added group showed no difference to the control group. The sugar obrix and reducing sugar content showed decrease in all two groups in the initial fermentation stage; however, it showed slow decrease as the late fermentation stage. The Acanthopanacis cortex extracts added Yakju showed less alcohol content than the control group in the initial fermentation stage. However, after 6 days of fermentation, the Acanthopanacis cortex extracts added Yakju showed more alcohol contents and constant increase till the final fermentation day. The pH, acidity, reducing sugar and alcohol content showed rapid changes between fermentation days 0 through 3. Therefore, it means that the Acanthopanacis cortex extracts added Yakju fermentation actively takes place between the days 0 through 3. Organic acids detected in Yakju were acetic, lactic, oxalic, malic and succinic acids. The acetic acid was the highest among the total acid contents. Eleutheroside E and chlorogenic acid, known as the effective components of Acanthopanacis cortex, showed stable status without changes in component content till stage two fermentation. The contents of eleutheroside E and chlorogenic acid were $7.61\pm0.39{\mu}g/mL$ and $3.63\pm0.18{\mu}g/mL$ on the final fermentation day, respectively. The fusel oil was slightly detected in both groups with values of $0.08\pm0.001{\sim}0.86\pm0.03mg%$ in n-propyl alcohol, isobutyl alcohol and isoamyl alcohol content. The Acanthopanacis cortex extracts added group was similar to the control group in the overall sensory test.