• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
• /
• v.79 no.1
• /
• pp.22-30
• /
• 2016

Background: The purpose of this study was to document outcomes following withdrawal of a single inhaler (step-down) in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) patients on triple therapy (long-acting muscarinic antagonist and a combination of long-acting ${\beta}2$-agonists and inhaled corticosteroid), which a common treatment strategy in clinical practice. Methods: Through a retrospective observational study, COPD patients receiving triple therapy over 2 years (triple group; n=109) were compared with those who had undergone triple therapy for at least 1 year and subsequently, over 9 months, initiated inhaler withdrawal (step-down group, n=39). The index time was defined as the time of withdrawal in the step-down group and as 1 year after the start of triple therapy in the triple group. Results: Lung function at the index time was superior and the previous exacerbation frequency was lower in the step-down group than in the triple group. Step-down resulted in aggravating disease symptoms, a reduced overall quality of life, decreasing exercise performance, and accelerated forced expiratory volume in 1 second ($FEV_1$) decline ($54.7{\pm}15.7mL/yr$ vs. $10.7{\pm}7.1mL/yr$, p=0.007), but there was no observed increase in the frequency of exacerbations. Conclusion: Withdrawal of a single inhaler during triple therapy in COPD patients should be conducted with caution as it may impair the exercise capacity and quality of life while accelerating $FEV_1$ decline.

• Journal of the Korean Magnetic Resonance Society
• /
• v.14 no.2
• /
• pp.117-126
• /
• 2010

Hsp33 is a molecular chaperone achieving a holdase activity upon response to a dual stress by heat and oxidation. Despite several crystal structures available, the activation process is not clearly understood, because the structure inactive Hsp33 as its reduced, zinc-bound, monomeric form has not been solved yet. Thus, we initiated structural investigation of the reduced Hsp33 monomer by NMR. In this study, to overcome the high molecular weight (33 kDa), the protein was triply isotope-[$^{13}C$, $^{15}N$, $^2H$]-labeled and its inactive, monomeric state was ensured. 2D-[$^1H$, $^{15}N$]-TROSY and a series of triple resonance spectra could be successfully obtained on a high-field (900 MHz) NMR machine with a cryoprobe. However, under all of the different conditions tested, the number of resonances observed was significantly less than that expected from the amino acid sequence. Thus, a possible contribution of dynamic conformational exchange leading to a line broadening is suggested that might be important for activation process of Hsp33.

• Korean Journal of Materials Research
• /
• v.6 no.6
• /
• pp.561-567
• /
• 1996

The grain size effect on grain boyndary cracking in Pb-Sn eutectic during isothermal fatigue was investigated. Fatigue experiments were confined to two conditions : (1) 0.4% total strain range(approximetely 0.2% plastic strain range), 1.67$\times$10$^{-3}$/s frequency; and (2) 1.5% total strain rante(approximately 1.2% plastic strain range), 8.33$\times$10$^{-4}$/s frequency. Fatigue specimens were cross-sectioned to monitor the depth of crack growth continuosly and then, the maximum crack depths in units of the number of boundaries were plotted as functions of number of cycles for these two different strain ranges. The results revealed that the rate of crack growth(per cycle at fixed rate of crosshead motion) can be expressed as dc/dN=($\Delta$$\varepsilon$$_p$)$^n$c where n is typically 2, c is the crack length, $\Delta$$\varepsilon$$_p$ is the plastic strain range, and A is a "constant" that depends on whether the crack is deeper or shallower than its first triple point of the grain boundary, A decrdases by about a factor of three after the crack hits the first triple point, indecating that the fatigue crack is trapped at the triple point of the grain boundaries.

• Journal of Korea Society of Digital Industry and Information Management
• /
• v.8 no.3
• /
• pp.133-145
• /
• 2012

This paper describes the high density discrete wavelet transformation which is one that expands an N point signal to M transform coefficients with M > N. The double-density discrete wavelet transform is one of the high density discrete wavelet transformation. This transformation employs one scaling function and two distinct wavelets, which are designed to be offset from one another by one half. And it is nearly shift-invariant. Similarly, triple-density discrete wavelet transformation is a new set of dyadic wavelet transformation with two generators. The construction provides a higher sampling in both time and frequency. Specifically, the spectrum of the first wavelet is concentrated halfway between the spectrum of the second wavelet and the spectrum of its dilated version. In addition, the second wavelet is translated by half-integers rather than whole-integers in the frame construction. This arrangement leads to high density wavelet transformation. But this new transform is approximately shift-invariant and has intermediate scales. In two dimensions, this transform outperforms the standard and double-density discrete wavelet transformation in terms of multiple directions. Resultingly, the proposed wavelet transformation services good performance in image and video processing fields.

• 한국연소학회:학술대회논문집
• /
• 2007.05a
• /
• pp.13-18
• /
• 2007

When triple flames propagated in a diverging channel, the effects of fuel dilution on the lift-off characteristics of triple flames were investigated. A multi-slot burner was used to stabilize the lift-off flame especially at weak fuel concentration gradients. It was reported that there is a maximum propagation velocity at a critical concentration gradient in an open jet regardless of fuel dilution. The enhancement of a diffusion flame affected to increase the propagation velocity around critical concentration gradients. However, the influence of a confined channel on the structure of triple flames according to fuel dilution needs to be investigated compared with an open jet case. This study aimed to examine the effect of a confined channel on the structure and the propagation velocity of the triple flames according to fuel dilution. Lift-off height and propagation velocity of triple flames were investigated by employing three kinds of fuel compositions diluted by nitrogen (0%, 25%, 50% $N_2$), Fuel dilution reduced the propagation velocity of triple flame in a confined channel mainly due to the decrease of flame temperature in premixed branch. Despite the difference in fuel dilution, the propagation velocity has a maximum value at a specific fuel concentration gradient even though the critical concentration gradient increases with fuel dilution. And the critical concentration gradient in a confined channel is larger than that in an open jet due to enhancement of convective diffusion.

• BMB Reports
• /
• v.30 no.6
• /
• pp.426-430
• /
• 1997

The helical periodicity of the triple-stranded $(dT)_n{\cdot}(dA)_n{\cdot}(dT)_n$ sequence was determined by measuring gel-mobilities of bent DNA fragments containing the sequence. In the bent DNA fragments, a $GA_{22}G$ $CT_{22}C$ sequence was located between two bent DNA loci composed of six $A_{6}{\cdot}T_{6}$ repeats. and the DNA length between the bent DNA loci was varied by 1 base pair over a full helical turn. The gel mobility of each bent DNA fragment reflected the overall extent of DNA bending and varied with the DNA length between the two bent loci. Mobilities of the bent DNA fragments in 5% polyacrylamide gel were measured after preincubating the DNA fragments both in the presence and absence of $CT_{22}C$ oligonucleotide. By comparing the bent DNA fragments containing an intermolecular triplex structure with those of a genuine duplex structure in the gel mobilities, the helical periodicity of the $T_n{\cdot}A_n{\cdot}T_n$ triplex DNA was determined to be $11.5({\pm}0.3)bp/turn$.

• Earthquakes and Structures
• /
• v.7 no.4
• /
• pp.511-525
• /
• 2014

The main object of this study is to determine and compare the structural behavior of base isolated long span highway bridge, $G\ddot{u}lburnu$ Highway Bridge, using single concave friction pendulum (SCFP) and triple concave friction pendulum (TCFP). The bridge is seismically isolated in the design phase to increase the main period and reduce the horizontal forces with moments using SCFP bearings. In the content of the paper, firstly three dimensional finite element model (FEM) of the bridge is constituted using project drawings by SAP2000 software. The dynamic characteristics such as natural frequencies and periods, and the structural response such as displacements, axial forces, shear forces and torsional moments are attained from the modal and dynamic analyses. After, FEM of the bridge is updated using TCFP and the analyses are performed. At the end of the study, the dynamic characteristics and internal forces are compared with each other to extract the TCFP effect. To emphasize the base isolation effect, the non-isolated structural analysis results are added to graphics. The predominant frequencies of bridge non-isolated, isolated with SCFP and isolated with TCFP conditions decreased from 0.849Hz to 0.497Hz and 0.338Hz, respectively. The maximum vertical displacements are obtained as 57cm, 54cm and 44cm for non-isolated, isolated with SCFP and isolated with TCFP conditions, respectively. The maximum vertical displacement reduction between isolated with TCFP bearing and isolated with SCFP bearing bridge is %23. Maximum axial forces are obtained as 60619kN, 18728kN and 7382kN, maximum shear forces are obtained as 23408kN, 17913kN and 16249kN and maximum torsional moments are obtained as 24020kNm, 7619kNm and 3840kNm for non-isolated, isolated with SCFP and isolated with TCFP conditions, respectively.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Electrical and Electronic Material Engineers
• /
• v.23 no.2
• /
• pp.143-147
• /
• 2010

We have fabricated simple triple-layer blue-emitting phosphorescent organic light emitting diodes (OLEDs) using different thicknesses of N,N'-dicarbazolyl-3,5-benzene (mCP) host layers doped with bis[(4,6-di-fluorophenyl)-pyridinate-N,$C^{2'}$]picolmate (FIrpic) guest materials. The thicknesses of mCP:FIrpic layers were 5, 10, and 30 nm. Driving voltage, current and power efficiencies were investigated. The current efficiency was higher in the 10 nm thick mCP:FIrpic device, resulting from the better electron-hole balance. The device with 10 nm mCP:FIrpic layer exhibited the maximum current efficiency of 22.5 cd/A and power efficiency of 7.4 lm/W at a luminance of 1000 cd/$m^2$.

• Communications of the Korean Institute of Information Scientists and Engineers
• /
• v.31 no.2
• /
• pp.70-76
• /
• 2013

• Journal of Contemporary Eastern Asia
• /
• v.17 no.2
• /
• pp.234-236
• /
• 2018