• Proceedings of the IEEK Conference
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• 2006.06a
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• pp.77-78
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• 2006

This paper presents a signal quality estimation technique for QAM modulation systems. By making a LUT(Look-up table) putting the number of N enough, we can derive estimated SNR from LUT even though N is small. That is so called MOTM algorithm. In 16-QAM, the distance $d_a$, between adjacent symbols is always invariable, so absolute value of R(the amplitude of signal) minus $d_a$ has a always same signal distribution value. This value does not form a Gaussian shape but, by making a little bit correction, we can make this symmetrical. So, from the received symbol value, by using LUT we can easily derive the estimated SNR. By considering this, we introduce a signal quality estimation technique for QAM schemes. This proposed method can be applicable to high order modulation schemes and wide range of signal to noise ratio.

• Journal of muscle and joint health
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.39-49
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• 2011

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to identify the effects of CD-ROM education on anxiety and self-care compliance in patients undergoing spinal surgery. Method: This study used a nonequivalent control time difference design. A sample of 51 participants received both CD-ROM education (n=25) or booklet education (n=26) regarding spinal surgery procedure and postoperative self-care. The data were collected using a self-administered questionnaire containing State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI Form Y-2), Visual analog scale, and self-care compliance. Result: The level of trait anxiety in the experimental group was not significantly different from that in the control group (t=-6.44, p=.523). The level of state anxiety in the experimental group was significantly lower than in that the control group according to time changes (F=4.17, p=.018). State anxiety showed significantly negative correlation to self-care compliance (r=-.30, p=.034). Conclusion: The education program using CD-ROM for spinal surgery patients can be applied to nursing practice for relieving state anxiety and promoting self-care compliance.

• Archives of Plastic Surgery
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• v.38 no.4
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• pp.543-546
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• 2011

Purpose: LASIK, one of the currently popular ophthalmic procedures, can sometimes result in dry eye symptoms. In the patient who had underwent LASIK operation, the periorbital surgery may be more likely to lead to such a complication as dry eye symptom. We would like to report a case of corneal abrasion occurred after transconjunctival blepharoplasty in post-LASIK state and suggest the method about preventing the complication. Methods: A 30-year-old female patient underwent transconjunctival blepharoplasty and microfat graft into the face. She had history of LASIK operation 2 years ago. Corneal protector was applied to both eye during transconjunctival operation. After the surgery, she complained of visual blurring at left side. Ophthalmic examination revealed corneal abrasion of left eye. Results: Cornea protecting lens was applied to left eye for 2 weeks. Steroid and antibiotic eye drops were applied for relieving the symptoms and the prevention from progressing of complication. After 1 week, visual power and acuity was recovered to preoperative state. No other specific complications happened. Conclusion: Post-LASIK patient may have possibility of decreased corneal sensation and tear production. Preoperative ophthalmic examination is recommended for the prevention of complication. When corneal protector is applied, we suggest Optagel$^{(R)}$ as a useful lubricant.

• Archives of Pharmacal Research
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• v.29 no.7
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• pp.598-604
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• 2006

In many conventional drug delivery systems in vogue, failure to deliver efficient drug delivery at the target site/organs; is evident as a result, less efficacious pharmacological response is elicited. Microspheres can be derived a remedial measure which can improve site-specific drug delivery to a considerable extent. As an application, Lung-targeting Ofloxacin-loaded gelatin microspheres (GLOME) were prepared by water in oil emulsion method. The Central Composite Design (CCD) was used to optimize the process of preparation, the appearance and size distribution were examined by scanning electron microscopy, the aspects such as in vitro release characteristics, stability, drug loading, loading efficiency, pharmacokinetics and tissue distribution in albino mice were studied. The experimental results showed that the microspheres in the range of $0.32-22\;{\mu}m$. The drug loading and loading efficiency were 61.05 and 91.55% respectively. The in vitro release profile of the microspheres matched the korsmeyer’s peppas release pattern, and release at 1h was 42%, while for the original drug, ofloxacin under the same conditions 90.02% released in the first half an hour. After i.v. administration (15 min), the drug concentration of microspheres group in lung in albino mice was $1048\;{\mu}g/g$, while that of controlled group was $6.77\;{\mu}g/g$. GLOME found to release the drug to a maximum extent in the target tissue, lungs.

• Journal of Korean Public Health Nursing
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• v.33 no.2
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• pp.200-213
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• 2019

Purpose: This study was conducted to examine the effect of a fall prevention education on the fall related knowledge and fall prevention behavior of the elderly patients in comprehensive nursing care service wards. Method: A quasi experimental study with control group and experimental group was used. A total 62 elderly patients in comprehensive nursing care service wards were randomly divided into the experimental group(n=30) and the control group(n=32). The data collection period was from August to December, 2017. Data were analyzed with $X^2-test$, paired t-test, independent t-test and Pearson's correlation coefficient by using SPSS 25.0. Results: Experimental group reported higher score in fall related knowledge than the control group(t=-10.28, p<.001). Participants who viewed DVD and received the leaflet education reported higher score than those with routine admission education(t=-6.51, p<.001). The experimental group showed significant improvement in fall related knowledge and fall prevention behavior(r=.21, p=.015). Conclusion: The fall prevention program was effective in improving fall-related knowledge and fall prevention behavior among elderly patients. Since the DVD plus leaflet education was effective in improving prevention behaviors, it might be included in routine orientation on admission for the elderly patient in comprehensive nursing care service wards.

• Journal of Korean Ophthalmic Optics Society
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• v.7 no.2
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• pp.175-180
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• 2002

Use spctrophotometer to estimate thin film uniformity of lens, Compare, and analyze thin film uniformity availability selecting two peaks of Reflectance(R%) measuring on spectrum. Wavelength dependence's Reflectance in position of center, middle and edge of lens etc... obtain thin film's thickness (t) from Wavelength region (${\lambda}_1,{\lambda}_2$) of two peaks of Reflectance. $$t=\frac{1}{2(n^2-\sin^2{\theta})^{1/2}}{\times}\frac{{\lambda}_1{\lambda}_2}{{\lambda}_2-{\lambda}_1}$$ If Reflectance pattern is uniformity value in position of center middle of lens, edge etc... thin film has uniformity. Applied thin film uniformity estimation method to 1st layer $MgF_2$(n=1.38) coating lens. It was about thin film's thickness difference 360nm. Can analyze coating lens' thin film uniformity easily from Reflectance relationship measurement about Wavelength dependence.

• Korean Journal of Social Welfare
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• v.61 no.3
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• pp.55-76
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• 2009

This study tested the psychometric properties of the Korean version of the Capacity-to-Consent Screen: K-CCS) scale. A total of 404 South Korean older adults were e Cruited using the purposive sampling method. The participants were asked to res-Cod to a structured questiConaire which included older adults' characteristics, ADLs, IADLs, cognitive impairments and creen: K-CCS) scale. A total of. Item analysis, explonalory factor analysis(EFA), and ) sfirmalory factor analysis(CFA) were cCoducted to verifK-Che psychometric properties of the Korean Version of CCS. The sample was divided into two groups: one group for EFA(n=202) alysis(Eois(r group for CFA(n=202). The totults revealeysisae. he final version of the 8-item K-CCS with two dimensions had a excellent internof. Itemstencyonofpha value=.f) alysa CFA) sfirmed the acceptaas diviof the modef.fdi(RMSEA=.057, NNFI=.f4, IFI=.f6, CFI=.f6) to twaddition, claims for the convergent and criterion-related validdiviwere demItetnaled. Ity-tnclusion, the K-CCS can be rmed for professi sams to asersioolder participants' capacity to consent to clinical or survey research.

• Environmental Mutagens and Carcinogens
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• v.21 no.2
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• pp.149-155
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• 2001

Eighty-one workers including 38 employees directly incinerating industry wastes were recruited from a company located in South Korea. To evaluate the association between urinary 1-hydroxypyrene glucuronide (1-OHPG) levels, as internal dose of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) exposure, and glycophorin A (GPA) mutation frequency, as an early biologic effect indicator. Urinary 1-OHPG levels were measured by synchronous fluorescence spectroscopy after immunoaffinity purification using monoclonal antibody 8E11. Erythrocyte GPA variant frequency (NN or NO) was assessed in MN heterozygotes with a flow cytometic assay. The GSTM1 and GSTT1 genotypes were assessed by a multiplex PCR method. The GPA NN phenotype frequency was higher in occupationally exposed group (n=14, mean$\pm$S.D. 6.6$\pm$12.0 in 10/SUP 6/ erythrocyte cells) than in non-exposed group (n=22, 2.1$\pm$3.5). Similarly, the GPA(NO or NN) phenotype frequency was higher in exposed group (n=14, 9.7$\pm$17.3) than non-exposed group (n=22, 4.2$\pm$6.3). The above differences failed to reach statistical significance, but a significant increase was seen in GPA variant frequency levels with increase in urinary 1-OHPG levels (Spearman's correlation: p=0.06 (NO), p=0.07 (NO or NN)). When this association was evaluated by GSTM1 genotype status, the association between GPA mutation and urinary 1-OHPG levels was stronger in individuals with GSTM1 present genotype (Spearmans correlation; r=0.50, p=0.02). These results suggest that the association between urinary 1-OHPG and GPA mutation is be modulated by the GSTM1 genotype.

• Membrane Journal
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• v.17 no.3
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• pp.233-243
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• 2007

In this study, a separate. which is a microporous membrane based on poly(vinylidene fluoride)(PVdF) was prepared by phase inversion method. Being prepared by dissolving the PVdF in the N,N'-dimethylformamide(DMF) with mechanical stirring, the homogenous casting solution was cast onto a clean glass plate. Pore size and porosity of the membranes were controlled by changing preparation condition. The highest porosity of the membrane was 78.6%. The mechanical property of the membrane was determined by using an universal testing machine(UTM). The morphology of the membrane was investigated by scanning electron microscopy(SEM). The cross-section of the membrane shows sponge-like small micro-pores.

• KSTLE International Journal
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• v.6 no.1
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• pp.13-16
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• 2005

Friction characteristics at nano-scale of self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) having different chain lengths and end groups were experimentally studied.51 order to understand the effect of the chain length and end group on the nano-scalefriction: (1) two different SAMs of shorter chain lengths with different end groups such as methyl and phenyl groups, and (2)four different kinds of SAMs having long chain lengths (C10) with end groups of fluorine and hydrogen were coated on siliconwafer (100) by dipping method and Chemical Vapour Deposition (CVD) technique. Their nano-scale friction was measuredusing an Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM) in the range of 0-40 nN normal loads. Measurements were conducted at the scanning speed of 2 $mu$m/s for the scan size of 1$mu$m x 1 $mu$m using a contact mode type $Si_3N_4$ tip (NPS 20) that had a nominal spring constant0.58 N/m. All experiments were conducted at anlbient temperature (24 $pm$1$circ$C) and relative humidity (45 $pm$ 5%). Results showedthat the friction force increased with applied normal load for all samples, and that the silicon wafer exhibited highest frictionwhen compared to SAMs. While friction was affected by the inherent adhesion in silicon wafer, it was influenced by the chainlength and end group in the SAMs. It was observed that the nano-friction decreased with the chain length in SAMs. In the caseof monolayers with shorter length, the one with the phenyl group exhibited higher friction owing to the presence of benBenerings that are stiffer in nature. In the case of SAMs with longer chain length, those with fluorine showed friction values relativelyhigher than those of hydrogen. The increase in friction due to the presence of fluorine group has been discussed with respect tothe siBe of the fluorine atom.