To determine the optimum application of fertilizers for the cultivation of tomato in plastic film house, eighteen soils which contained different salt contents were taken from four different areas under plastic film house cultivation, Youngdong, Boeun, Cheongweon county, and Cheongju city. The dry weight and the amount of N, P, and K uptakes of tomato in the plot with no fertilization were considered as the factors representing the fertility of the soil. The differences in the dry weight and in the amounts of N, P, and K uptakes of plants between the plots with fertilization and with no fertilization were considered as the factors representing the total effect of fertilizer and the effects of fertilizer N, P, and K, respectively. These factors of soil fertility and fertilizer effects were estimated by correlation and regression with the chemical properties of the soil in order to find the critical levels and recommended method for optimum fertilization of tomato. The standardized partial regression coefficients of inorganic nitrogen ($NO_3-N+NH_4-N$) contents in soil for the factors of fertility ranged from 247 to 1,159, showing the best, while those of the others ranged from 0.02 to 4.02. Those of inorganic nitrogen ($NO_3-N+NH_4-N$) contents in soil for the electrical conductivity were also the best and were ranged from 35.2 to 36.0 compared with the values of less than 1.0 of the others. These results demonstrate that the content of inorganic nitrogen in the soil is the best index for both soil fertility and electrical conductivity of the soil. The critical level of inorganic nitrogen ($NO_3-N+NH_4-N$) in the soil for maximum productivity with zero value of fertilizer effects for tomato, estimated through Cate-Nelson split method was $220mg\;kg^{-1}$. This was the same value as evaluation for the cultivation of chinese cabbage. In conclusion, for optimal application of fertilizer in plastic film house, 1) no fertilization is recommended when the contents of inorganic nitrogen in the soil is more than $220mg\;kg^{-1}$; however, 2) in the case of less than $220mg\;kg^{-1}$ of inorganic nitrogen content in the soil, the optimal level of fertilization could be estimated through the regression equation between fertilizer effects and content of inorganic nitrogen in the soil.
Kim, Yu-Kyoung;Cho, Young-Yuen;Oh, Han-Jun;Kang, Ho-Jun;Yang, Sang-Ho;Moon, Bong-Chun;Jwa, Chang-Sook
Korean Journal of Organic Agriculture
/
v.23
no.4
/
pp.829-846
/
2015
This study was conducted to determine the effects of organic fertilization rates on the nutrient accumulation and recovery in radish (Raphanus sativus L.) as well as growth and yield of radish in Jeju island. An understanding the relationships between organic fertilization rate, crop nutrient recovery and crop yield can assist in making organic fertilizer recommendation which balances crop value and environmental risk in organic cultivation. Nitrogen (T-N), phosphate ($P_2O_5$) and potassium ($K_2O$) were applied at 0, 115-35-40, 230-70-80 (standard application rate), 460-140-160, 230-200-100 (recommended application rate) and 158-53-35 kg/ha (customary application rate), respectively as the broadcast application of mixed organic fertilizer (N 4.5% - $P_2O_5$ 1.5% - $K_2O$ 1%) in combination with langbeinite ($K_2O$ 22%), 100% at sowing period. The organic fertilizer was made of organic materials like oil cakes. Total yield of radish, as fresh weight of roots, increased with increasing organic fertilizer doses to a maximum at rate of standard or soil-testing application. Nitrogen, phosphate and potassium accumulations of radish increased curvilinearly with increasing organic fertilization rate to a maximum at rate of N 460 - $P_2O_5$ 140 - $K_2O$ 160 kg/ha. However, nitrogen, phosphate and potassium use efficiency of applied organic fertilizer decreased curvilinearly or linearly with increasing organic fertilization rate. Application of organic fertilizer in combination with langbeinite (as a potassium source) had significant effect on the yield of radish. Organic fertilization on a basis of standard or soil-testing application rate is recommended for maximun radish yield in organic cultivation.
To establish law-put fertilization technique and increase of fertilization efficiency during cultivation of plastic film mulching for plastic the improvement of soil properties, nutrition efficiency and yield by banded subsoil fertilization (BSF) using band spoty applicator was conducted at radish (Raphanus sativus L.) field in Honan Agricultural Research Institute from 1997 to 1998 for 2 years. These results were as follows. T-N, available $P_2O_5$ exchangeable Ca and K contents of soil were increased those of before experiment especially in BSF treatment. Also, the content of soil $NO_3-N$ was higher in BSF as fertilization amount is increasing than in CF (conventional fertilization). Uptake amounts of nitrogen fertilized were high in BSF during overall the growth period of plant and N utilization was high by $21.9{\sim}30.4%$ in BSF compared to in CF. The rate of fertilizer loss by rainfall was largely reduced, because all fertilizer applied was putted around the root zone. The total yields of fresh radish BSF treatments were more increased $13{\sim}37%$ than that of CF treatment.
Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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v.12
no.1
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pp.33-40
/
1992
This experiment was carried out to determine the effects of seeding rates and nitrogen fertilization levels on the yield. carbohydrate reserves in stubble and stand reduction of sorghum-sudangrass hybrid (Sorghum bie%r (L.) Moench) in 1983 on the Experimental Livestock Farm, College of Agriculture, Seoul National University in Suwon. The results of this experiment are summarized as follows: I. There was no significant difference in forage yield among three seeding rates(20, 40. and 80kgjha), but there was a significant difference(P <.0 I) in forage yield among three N fertilization levels(O, I 50. and 300kgjha). High nitrogen plot showed the highest dry matter yield. 2. Carbohydrate reserves were influenced not only by seeding rates, but also by nitrogen fertilization levels at first cut(P < .05). At second harvest, no treatments affect the carbohydrate reserves. 3. Only the seeding rates affect the stand reduction at first harvest. But the mortality was influenced by seeding rates and N fertilization levels(P < .05). The high seeding rates caused the high mortality. 4. According to the results obtained from this study, it is suggested that the seeding rate of 40 kgjha and nitrogen fertilization of 300kgjha would be recommendable for maximum forage yield and good performance where sorghum-sudangrass hybrids are broadcasted for summer forage production.
Kim, Chi Moon;Kwon, Ki Won;Moon, Heung Kyu;Park, Hong Joon
Korean Journal of Agricultural Science
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v.11
no.2
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pp.207-217
/
1984
Seasonal growth performances or root collar diameter and seedling height of Quercus acutissima. Q. mongolica and Q. variabilis were measured at regular intervals of 10 or 15 days after the treatments of some combinations of soil water regime ${\times}$ fertilization. The treatments of soil water regime and fertilization Influenced on the growth performances of seedlings differently with one another in course of time lapse. The growth performances revealed highly significant differences between soil water regimes, between fertilizations and between their interactions after unlike time lapses by species. The effects of soil water regime were exhibited in retard compared with those of fertilization, and to be different outstandingly in the treatments of N or N+P+K fertilization. The limit of soil water potential influencing critically on the growth performances might be estimated to be in -3~-6 bar in all the species. The growth responses were significantly different between N or N+P+K treatment and P or K treatment or control in all the species, and the treatment effects represented more great differences in moist soil water regime than in dry soil water regime. The interactions of soil water regime ${\times}$ fertilization were revealed s lowly with time lapse in all the treatments. The statistical differences of growth responses of root collar diameter according to the treatments were observed in earlier stage compared with those of seedling height. By comparison of the growth responses of the species studied, Q. variabilis and Q. mongolica seemed to be more resistant to moisture stress than Q. acutissima.
Decomposition of green manure is necessary for the nutrient supply in farm soil. Hairy vetch as a green manure is superior to other winter legumes in terms of wintering ability and N accumulation. This experiment was carried out to investigate the decomposition and N release of hairy vetch and its effect on rice production as the following crop in paddy field. Decomposition of hairy vetch placed by soil depth of 0, 10 and 20cm at transplanting time was investigated by mesh bag method, which was enclosed chopped residue in mesh bags. The fate of $^{15}$ N derived from $^{15}$ N-labeled hairy vetch was investigated at harvest in three levels of N fertilization. Grain yield of the transplanted paddy rice cultured with hairy vetch as starter N were compared with that of applying urea as starter N in the field. Hairy vetch residue decomposed very rapidly both in transplanted and dry-seeded paddy field. In transplanted paddy field, hairy vetch residue lost 72-81 % and 86-90% of its weight after one and five month, respectively, as affected by incorporation depth. The C/N ratio of the decomposing vetch residue increased sharply during the early stages and after then, decreased slowly. The amounts of N and P released from the vetch were about 90% and 97% of initial content after one month, respectively. Recoveries of hairy vetch-$^{15}$ N by rice plant were 30.6, 34.6 and 35.7% in 0, 6 and 12 kg urea-N 10 $a^{-l}$ application, respectively, indicating that N fertilization increased the recovery of hairy vetch. $^{15}$ N. Hairy vetch residue incorporated as starter maintained significant N $H_4$$^{+}$-N concentration in soil water of plow layer until effective tillering stage. Grain yield in the plot applied with hairy vetch was not significantly different from that in the plot with urea. We concluded that hairy vetch incorporation could substitute starter N fertilization and showed possibility to reduce N amount of top-dressing.g.g.
This study was conducted to investigate the effects of nitrogen fertilization on physiological characteristics and growth of Populus sibirica seedlings in a semi-arid area, Mongolia. 2-year-old P. sibirica seedlings were planted in May, 2015 with applications of urea 5 g (N1), 15 g (N2), 30 g (N3) and ammonium sulfate 33 g (NS; same nitrogen amount with N2) to each seedling. Chlorophyll contents were significantly different among treatments in August, but not in June and July. The lower chlorophyll contents in August than those in June and July might be related to leaf senescence. In June and July, net photosynthetic rate was higher in NS and N2 than in the control. Unlike the tendency of photosynthesis, transpiration rate was highest in N2, but lower in NS than in any other nitrogen treatments. Relative growth rate of root collar diameter was significantly higher only in NS than in the control and it of height did not differ among treatments. Leaf area in nitrogen treatments was not significantly different from that in the control. Ammonium sulfate seemed to be more suitable fertilizer than urea for the early growth of P. sibirica seedlings in the study site. However, as the effects of urea and ammonium sulfate on soils and seedlings were different, further studies would be necessary to determine the optimal amount of ammonium sulfate.
Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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v.9
no.1
/
pp.26-33
/
1989
This pot experiments were conducted to find out the optimal fertilization ratios of the N:S:P anions and K:Ca:Mg cations of major nutrients in an orchardgrass/ladino clover mixed sward. The optimum ratios in equivalent basis were computed by the Homes systematic variations technique. The soil samples were collected from the newly reclaimed soils, which are located on colluvial hilly area with a good consideration for the hilly pasture development. The results were summarized as follows; 1, the optimum fertilization ratios of major nutrients for the high yields by the forage species in a mixed sward were obtained (Table 4 in detail); N:S:P = 3:l: 1 and K:Ca:Mg = 1:l: 1 for grass and grass plus legume, and N:S:P = 1:6:43 and K:Ca:Mg = 1: 3: 1 for legume in general. 2. The yield increases from the systematic variations in this mixed sward were laid in following order; N > P >S-group and K >Mg >Ca-group for grass and grass plus legume, and P >S >N-group and Ca >Mg > K-group for legume. Especially, the yields were greatly increased at the N-group for grass, and at the Pand Ca-groups for legume. 3. Soil pH-value was descreased at the Sgroup, and somewhat increased at the Ca- and Mg-groups. The content of available $P_2O_5$, CEC and base saturation were greatest with the Ca-group. 4. At the N-group, the N-contents were highest and the P-contents were lowest in grass and grass plus legume, which resulted in the highest Ca/P ratio of 2.15 among the anion groups. Whereas the highest Ca/P ratio of 9.20 in legume was obtained at the Ca-group. Legume showed in general higher Ca/P ratio and lower K/(Ca+Mg) ratio than these in grass. 5 . There were differences in the effects of systematic variations of major nutrients on the dry matter yields and the mineral yields. The optimum fertilization ratios of anions and cations for the high mineral yields were obtained (Table E), which showed differences comparing with the ratios for the high dry matter yields. The antagonis between the cations K and Mg was known from the point of mineral yields of mixed forages.
This research was performed to test the hypothesis that the optimal fertilization rate for lettuce is various with soil moisture conditions. The experiment was conducted under a rainfall-intercepted facility in Suwon, South Korea from 2002 to 2003. Soil was irrigated at 30, 50, or 80 kPa of soil moisture tension at 15 cm soil depth in 2002 spring and fall and 20, 30, 50, or 80 kPa in 2003 spring. Fertilization was performed with four levels in spring for both years: none, 0.5, 1.0, and 1.5 times of the recommended N, P, and K fertilization rate. The irrigation amount increased with decreased irrigation starting point as soil moisture tension. The maximum yield was found at the lowest soil moisture tension in spring while irrigation at 50 kPa resulted in the greatest yield in fall. The yield responses of lettuce to fertilization rates were various with soil moisture condition. In spring, maximum yield was found at 1.0 or 1.5 times of the recommended fertilization rate at 20, 30, and 50 kPa irrigation while 0.5 or 1.0 times of fertilization rate resulted in the maximum yield in fall. Especially for 80 kPa irrigation in 2003 spring, yield was decreased by fertilization. It suggested that the optimum fertilization rate for lettuce is affected by soil moisture condition and that lower fertilization rate should be suggested when soil is managed in drier condition.
Previous studies have indicated that immunological factor is responsible for the infertility. We have detected sperm antibodies in ZIFT patients which grouped as fertilization failure (A; n=18) and low fertilization rate (${\leq}50%$)(B; n=20). Patients, however, had normal oocytes and sperms. We collected serum from wives and semen from husbands and donors (fertile sperm), if it was needed. We examined class, binding patterns and amounts of antisperm antibodies(ASA) by direct and indirect immunobead binding assay. In group A, 11 husbands were ASA positive showing 62.2% and 61.1% binding with IgA and IgG, respectively, and two wives were ASA positive showing 70.0% and 71.0% binding with IgA and IgG, respectively. Binding sites were mainly at the head of sperms (84%). In group B, 8 husbands were ASA positive showing 37.5% and 40.0% binding with IgA and IgG, respectively, and two wives were ASA positive showing 41.3% and 42.0% binding with IgA and IgG, respectively. Binding sites were also mainly at the head of sperms (78%). For the treatment of ZIFT patients who had fertilization failure at the first trial, we used albumin fractionation method and dilution method with 30% fetal cord serum (FCS) to reduce the titer of ASA. We used partial zona dissection (P.Z.D.) method for wives who have antisperm antibodies in their serum. According to represented method, we could inhance the fertilization rate to 60.0% by albumin fractionation and 20.0% by P.Z.D., respectively. We concluded that the use of micromanipulation like P.Z.D. or the other sperm processing methods is required to increase a chance of fertilization. This result suggested that it should be a prerequisite to test antisperm antibodies prior to entering assisted reproductive technologies (ART) programs.
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