• 성인간호학회지
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• 제14권1호
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• pp.144-153
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• 2002

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to describe the premenstrual syndrome and the relationships among premenstrual syndrome, automatic thought, and perfectionism. Methods: The 164 subjects were selected from a nursing college in Tae-Jeon. The data were collected using the PAF, ATQ-N, and MPS from April 10th to May 10th, 2001. Results: The results of this study were as follows : 1. There was no significant difference in premenstrual syndrome due to menarche, duration of menstruation, and menstrual cycle, but significant difference in premenstrual syndrome due to amount of menstruation and regularity of menstrual cycle. 2. The subjects experienced mild premenstrual syndrome. The severe premenstrual syndromes above the mean were who subjects reported general physical discomfort, fatigue, low mood and loss of pleasure, lability and atypical depressive features, et. al., and those below the mean experienced hostility/anger, increased well-being, miscellaneous mood/behavior change, impulsive syndrome and miscellaneous physical changes, et. al. 3. The score of mean premenstrual syndrome was 236.55, that of automatic thought was 31.41 and that of perfectionism was 185.97. The premenstrual syndrome score was similar to those of other studies and subjects had low automatic thought and moderate perfectionism. 4. There were significant correlations among premenstrual syndrome, automatic thought, and perfectionism (P <. 001). 5. Automatic thought and perfectionism accounted for 17 percent of premenstrual syndrome. Conclusions: For future research, it was recommended that the study to identify major factors affecting premenstrual syndrome and the relationships between them with various subjects should be done and effective nursing intervention for premenstrual syndrome should be developed.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• 제40권1호
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• pp.37-44
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• 2007

배경: 원발성 폐암에 대한 기관지 소매 폐엽절제술 후의 장기 생존율은 전폐절제술 후의 장기 생존율과 비교해 최소한 동일하다고 알려져 있고, 충분한 폐기능을 가진 환자에서도 종양의 위치가 적절하면 기관지 소매 폐엽절제술이 시행되고 있다. 소매 전폐절제술은 종양이 기관분기부를 침범하거나 기관분기부에 가깝게 위치한 경우에 시행된다. 저자들은 원발성 폐암에 대해 본원에서 시행한 기관지 소매 절제술의 성적을 알아보고자 하였다. 대상 및 방법: 1990년 5월부터 2003년 7월까지 경희대학교 흉부외과학교실에서 한 명의 흥부외과 의사에 의해 원발성 폐암으로 소매 폐엽절제술 또는 소매 전페절제술을 시행 받은 45명의 환자를 후향적으로 분석하였다. 최종 추적일은 2005년 4월 5일이었으며 모든 환자에서 추적 가능하였다. 생존율은 Kaplan-Meyer방법으로, 통계적 유의성은 log-rank test로 검정하였다. 결과: 평균 나이는 60세였고, 남녀 비는 44:1이었다. 조직학적으로 편평상피세포암이 39명, 선암이 4명, 기타 2명이었고, 수술은 폐엽절제술이 40명, 소매 전폐절제술이 5명이었다. 병기 I이 14명, II가 14명, III가 17명이었으며, N0 23명, N1 13명, N2 9명이었다. 3명의 수술 사망자가 있었으며, 모두 호흡기계 관련 합병증으로 사망하였다. 초기 합병증은 폐렴 4명, 무기폐 8명, 7일 이상의 공기 누출 6명, 심방 세동 4명이었다. 19명에서 종양이 재발하였다. 국소 재발이 10명이었고, 원격 전이는 9명이었다. 전체 환자의 5년, 10년 생존율은 54.2%, 42.5%였다. 병기에 따른 5년, 10년 생존율은 병기 I 83.9%, 67.1%, II 55%, 47.1%, III 33.3%, 25%였으며, 병기 I과 III간에만 통계적 유의성이 있었다. 림프절 침범에 따른 5년, 10년 생존율은 N0 63.9%, 54.6%, N1 53.8%, 46.5%, N2 28.5%, 14.2%였으며, N0와 N2간에만 통계적 유의성이 있었다. 결론: 원발성 폐암에 대한 소매 폐엽절제술은 비교적 안전하게 시행될 수 있고 장기 생존율이 양호하므로 종양의 위치가 수술에 적절하고 완전 절제가 가능한 경우 우선적으로 고려할 수 있는 수술 방법이다. 원발성 폐암에 대한 소매 전폐절제술은 수술 사망률이 다소 높지만 종양의 근치적 측면에서 고려할 수 있는 수술 방법이다.

• 한국자원식물학회지
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• 제33권6호
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• pp.604-614
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• 2020

Chronological aging and photoaging affect appearance, causing wrinkles, pigmentation, texture changes, and loss of elasticity in the skin. Phragmites communis is a tall perennial herb used for its high nutritional value and for medicinal purposes, such as relief from fever and vomiting and facilitation of diuresis. In this study, we investigated the effects of ethanol extract of P. communis rhizome (PCE) on skin aging. The total flavonoid and total phenolic content in PCE were 2.92 ± 0.007 ㎍ of quercetin equivalents (QE) and 231.8 ± 0.001 ㎍ of gallic acid equivalents (GAE) per 100 mg of dried extract (n = 3). The half-maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) values of PCE for 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl radical (DPPH) and hydrogen peroxide scavenging activities were 0.96 and 0.97 mg/mL, respectively. PCE showed inhibitory effects on tyrosinase when L-tyrosine (IC50 = 1.25 mg/mL) and L-3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine (IC50 = 0.92 mg/mL) were used as substrates. PCE treatment up to 200 ㎍/mL for 24 h did not cause any significant cytotoxicity in B16F10 melanocytes, human dermal fibroblasts (HDFs), and HaCaT keratinocytes. In B16F10 melanocytes, PCE (25 and 50 ㎍ /mL) inhibited melanin production and cellular tyrosinase activity after challenge with α-melanocyte-stimulating hormone (α-MSH; p < 0.05). In HDFs, PCE suppressed the mRNA expression of matrix metalloproteinase-1 (MMP-1) and reduced the activity of elastase (p < 0.05). In addition, ultraviolet B (UVB)-mediated downregulation of hyaluronic acid synthase-2 gene expression in HaCaT keratinocytes was also effectively suppressed by PCE treatment. Overall, our results showed that PCE has potential anti-skin aging activity associated with the suppression of hyperpigmentation, wrinkle formation, and reduction in dryness. PCE is a promising candidate for the development of an anti-skin aging cosmetic ingredient.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• 제63권1호
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• pp.91-103
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• 2021

To improve the fermentation quality of silage and reduce the nutrients loss of raw materials during the ensiling process, silage additives are widely used. The effect of additives on silage is also affected by the species of crop. Therefore, this study was designed to explore the effects of formic acid (FA) and lactic acid bacterial inoculant on the quality of main summer crop silage. The experiment was consisted on split-plot design with three replications. The experiment used the main summer forage crops of proso millet ("Geumsilchal"), silage corn ("Gwangpyeongok"), and a sorghum-sudangrass hybrid ("Turbo-gold"). Treatments included silage with Lactic acid bacterial Inoculant (Lactobacillus plantarum [LP], 1.0 × 106 CFU/g fresh matter), with FA (98%, 5 mL/kg), and a control (C, without additive). All silages were stored for 60 days after preparation. All additives significantly increased the crude protein content and in vitro dry matter digestibility (IVDMD) of the silages and also reduced the content of ammonia nitrogen (NH3-N) and pH. Corn had the highest content of IVDMD, total digestible nutrients and relative feed value among silages. Compared with the control, irrespective of whether FA or LP was added, the water soluble carbohydrate (WSC) of three crops was largely preserved and the WSC content in the proso millet treated with FA was the highest. The treatment of LP significantly increased the lactic acid content of the all silage, while the use of FA significantly increased the content of acetic acid (p < 0.05). The highest count of lactic acid bacteria (LAB) was detected in the LP treatment of corn. In all FA treatment groups, the total microorganism and mold numbers were significantly lower than those of the control and LP groups (p < 0.05). In conclusion, both additives improved the fermentation quality and nutritional composition of the main summer forage crops. The application of FA effectively inhibited the fermentation of the three crops, whereas LAB promoted fermentation. So, both FA and LP can improve the quality of various species of silage.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제21권5호
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• pp.738-744
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• 2008

In most developing countries consumers purchase retail cuts from hot carcasses and prepare traditional meat products as per their convenience and requirements. In this study, effects of different post mortem handling practices on quality of meat curry from culled sheep meat have been studied. After slaughter, leg cuts were subjected to nine commonly prevalent handling conditions in India viz. deboning (boning out) and cooking within 2-3 h (1), deboning immediately and cooking after 5-6 h (2), deboning after 5-6 h and cooking (3), deboning immediately, storage at $4^{\circ}C$ for 24 h and cooking (4), chilling for 24 h at $4^{\circ}C$, deboning and cooking (5), deboning after 5-6 h, storage for 24 h at $4^{\circ}C$, and cooking (6), deboning after 5-6 h, storage for 48 h at 4??C and cooking (7), deboning after 5-6 h, freezing and cooking (8), deboning after 5-6 h, storage for 24 h at $4^{\circ}C$, freezing and cooking (9). Significant differences were observed in pH, water-holding capacity, cooking loss and shear force values. Sensory scores were significantly higher in conditions (1), (5) and (9), and significantly lower in conditions (4) and (6). From the results, it was concluded that, to have the best quality product, meat should be cooked either immediately after slaughter or should be deboned just before cooking. Storage of deboned meat at refrigerated temperature must be avoided.

• Environmental Analysis Health and Toxicology
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• 제17권2호
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• pp.147-160
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• 2002

Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) are an important public health issue in Korea and many important questions remain to be addressed with respect to assessing exposure to these compounds. Because they are ubiquitous and highly volatile, special techniques must be applied in their analytic determination Valid Personal exposure assessment methods are needed to evaluate exposure frequency, duration and intensity, as well as their relationship to personal exposure characteristics. Biological monitoring is also important since it may contribute significantly in risk assessment by allowing the estimation of effective absorbed doses. This study was on ducted to establish the environmental measurement, personal dosimetry and biological monitoring methods for VOCs. These methods are needed to compare blood, urinary and exhalation breath VOC levels and to provide tools for risk assessment of VOC exposure. Passive monitors (badge type) and a active samplers (trap) for the VOCs collection were used for air sampling. Methods development included determining the minimum detectable amounts of VOCs in each media, as well as evaluating collection methods and developing analytical procedures. Method reliability was assessed by determining breakthrough volumes and comparing results between laboratories and with other methods. A total capacity of trap used in this study was 60ι. Although variable by compound, the average breakthrough was 20％. Also, there was no loss of compounds in trap even if keep for 45 day in -7$0^{\circ}C$. The recovery of active and passive methods was 69％ ~ 126％ and method detection limit was 0.24 $\mu\textrm{g}$/trap and 0.07 $\mu\textrm{g}$/badge. There was no statistical difference (P > 0.05) between active and passive methods.

• Natural Product Sciences
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• 제26권3호
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• pp.207-213
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• 2020

Characterization and in vitro inhibition studies of protease inhibitor from the mushroom Pleurotus floridanus (PfTI) towards the pest Papilio demoleus is studied. The addition of 1 mM Mn²⁺, Na²⁺, Ba²⁺ and Ni ²⁺ enhanced the PfTI activity. The ICP-atomic emission spectrum showed the presence of Ca²⁺, Mg²⁺ and Zn²⁺ in the PfTI. Surfactants SDS and CTAB at a concentration of 1% reduced the PfTI activity whereas, the nonionic detergents Triton X and Tween 80 increased the activity. The inhibitory activity gradually decreased with increase in concentration of DMSO and H₂O₂. The activity was increased by dithiothreitol up to a concentration of 80 μM and inactivated at 140 μM. The activity of PMSF modified PfTI was drastically reduced to 0.234 U/mL at 4 mM concentration and similar results were obtained for modification of cysteine by N-Ethylmaleimide at slightly higher concentrations. The complex of trypsin and PfTI showed complete loss in fluorescence intensity at 343 nm compared with control. In vitro inhibition studies of PfTI with midgut proteases isolated from citrus pest P. demoleus with protease activity of 1.236 U was decreased to 0.613 U by 50 μL (0.1 mg/mL) of the inhibitor. Inhibitor was stable up to 0.04 M concentration of HCl.

• 한국전기전자재료학회논문지
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• 제29권12호
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• pp.764-768
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• 2016

To investigate excess $Na^+$ effect, $Bi_{0.5}(Na_{0.78+x}K_{0.22})_{0.5}TiO_3$ ($0{\leq}x{\leq}0.05$) (BNKT) ceramics were prepared by using a conventional solid-state reaction method. The structure and ferroelectric properties of BNKT ceramics were characterized by XRD (X-ray diffraction) and polarization dependence by external electric field. Also, the temperature dependence of dielectric constant and loss were studied. From these results, it was found that appropriate excess $Na^+$ into BNKT ceramics compensate the volatility and induce dense ceramics. The enhanced piezoelectric coefficient (158 pC/N) and depolarization temperature ($202^{\circ}C$) were obtained for the x=0.01 composition.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제23권2호
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• pp.240-245
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• 2010

The effects of controlled energy restriction and duration of pre-incubation egg holding on fertility, hatchability and hatch losses were evaluated in aged broiler breeders (64 wk). The energy (ME) required for maintenance, activity, growth and anticipated egg production was calculated and offered to a control group (283-471 kcal/kg) from 21-64 weeks of age. In three other groups, ME was quantitatively reduced either by 20% (SER; severe energy restriction) or 10% (MER; moderate energy restriction) and increased by10% (EEF; excess energy feeding) over the control group (CER; controlled energy restriction). Each diet was offered to 130 pullets in individual cages, and the quantity of ME increased with age. At the end of 64 weeks, fertile eggs were collected from each dietary group for 11 consecutive days and grouped under 4 holding periods based on the length of storage (2, 5, 8 or 11 d). The influence of energy regimes, egg holding intervals and their interaction was evaluated on fertility, hatch losses and hatchability. Broiler breeders maintained on SER regime (231-419 kcal/d) produced maximum number of eggs (993) followed by MER (819), CER (624) and EEF (438) during the 11-day period. The percent fertility and hatchability was significantly (p$\leq$0.05) higher in SER and MER groups compared to CER and EEF. However, energy regimes did not influence the loss in egg weight during pre-incubation storage, shell weight, shell thickness or hatch losses as dead germs and dead in shell. The improvement in hatchability in SER and MER groups appeared to be closely related to higher fertility and lower embryonic mortality. Holding of eggs for 11 days showed a linear loss in egg weight with the length of storage, but did not influence the fertility and hatch losses. The percent hatchability on eggs set was maximum when storage period was restricted to 5 days. The interaction between energy regimes and egg holding periods exhibited better hatchability results with SER regime when eggs were held for 5 days. Response to MER was not different from SER. It was obvious that energy restriction during production period had a positive influence on egg number, fertility and hatchability in aged breeders. At 64 weeks of age, holding of fertile eggs for 5 days prior to incubation was adequate for optimum hatchability in breeders.

• 한국미생물·생명공학회지
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• 제7권1호
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• pp.37-46
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• 1979

나왕과 소나무배지에서 느타리버섯 재배기간 중 배지의 성분변화를 파악하기 위하여 종균접종시부터 수확이 끝나는 폐상시까지의 두 가지 배지와 버섯의 여러가지 성분을 분석하여 다음과 같은 결과를 얻었다. 1) 느타리버섯의 전체수량은 나왕배지에서 6.39kg/$m^2$, 소나무배지에서 6.31kg/$m^2$이었고, 양배지 모두 94% 1, 2주기에서 얻어졌다. 2) 재배기간중 양배지의 회분량은 증가 되었으나 유기물은 감소되었으며 수분은 종균접종시 약 79%이던 것이 균사번식기간 중에 다소 감소되었고 그 이후부터는 큰 변화가 없었다. 3) 두 가지 배지의 전질소는 점차적으로 감소되었고 불용성질소의 절대감소량은 수용성 질소보다 컸으며 아미노태 질소는 계속 증가의 추세를 보이었다. 4) 두 가지 배지에서 pentosan, $\alpha$-cellulose, lig-nin 및 C/N율은 점차적으로 감소되었고 환원당, trehalose, mannitol은 계속 증가의 추세를 보이었다. 5) 두 가지 배지에서 P, K, Mn, Zn은 감소되었고, Mg, Ca, Fe, Cu는 불규칙하게 변화되었다. 6) 재배기간중 CMC 당화활성과 CMC 액화활성은 균사번식후부터 2주기 수확까지는 두 가지 배지에서 점차적으로 증가되었으나 그 이후부터는 감소되었다. Xylanase활성은 1주기보다 2주기에서 급격히 상승되었고 3주기부터는 서서히 감소되었으며, protease 활성은 균사번식 후 최고의 활성도를 보였다가 점차로 감소하였다. 또한 배지의 pH는 재배기간에 걸쳐 다소 감소되었다. 7) 두 가지 배지에서 버섯의 각 주기별 성분변화는 1~3주기까지는 거의 비슷하였으나 4주기에서는 다소 감소의 추세를 보였다.