• Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.25 no.3
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• pp.189-196
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• 1982

Seventy two samples of feedstuff were collected from commercial channels all over Korea. As a study on the moisture contents, microflora and mycotoxin production of each sample investigated. Moisture content of the samples was $11.2{\sim}15%$. Total counts of the samples were $1.8{\times}10^{2}{\sim}2.4{\times}10^{6}$ per gram. The Coli-form group were counted from 9 to $6.3{\times}10^{5}$ per gram which composed mainly of Enterobacter and Klebsiella, whereas Escherichia coli was minor ones. The contamination of many feeds was not remarkable, and only some broiler feeds was contaminated largely with Escherchia coli. Fungi were below detectable limit in 45% of the samples and the most contaminated sample had $4.5imes}10^{5}/g fungi counts.

• Toxicological Research
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• v.6 no.2
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• pp.159-166
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• 1990

The ability of many toxigenic fungi to invade and develop in a wide variety of raw ingredients of human diet renders human exposure to mycotoxing very difficult to avoid. Most of the energy-rich commodities, such as cereal grains, oil seeds, tree nuts, and dehydrated fruits, are susceptible to mycotoxin contamination. Mycotoxins therefare have been recognized as an important class of hazardous substances in the human food chain. Although human exposure to mycotoxins is largely through ingestion, inhalation and skin contact may also be significant under conditions other than consumption of foods. Human ingestion of mycotoxins is due to consumption of contaminated dietary ingredients and the edible tissues and products of domestic animals that have been exposed to mycotoxins in moldy feed. Large scale acute human mycotoxicoses, such as ergotism in France, alimentary toxic aleukia in Russia, yellow rice syndrome in Japan, endemic nephropathy in Balkan countries, and acute aflatoxin poisonings in India and Taiwan, have been well documented, indicating that mycotoxicosis is a global problem. In some incidents, hundreds of victims were killed and many more became seriously ill. The mycotoxins that have been implicated in the etiology of these human diseases include aflatoxins, citreoviridin, cyclopiazonic acid, ergot alkaloids, moniliformin, ochratoxin A, trichothecenes, tenuazonic acid, and zearalenone. Among these, aflatoxins have been also implicated in the etiology of human primary liver cancer in those high-incidence countries in Africa and southeast Asia. It is well recognized that cause-effect relationship between mycotoxins and human diseases is very difficult to establish, especially for the cancer connection. Careful risk assessment must be performed to determine whether a mycotoxin indeed warrants costly regulatory actions.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Service
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• v.42 no.3
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• pp.127-133
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• 2019

The purpose of this study was to investigate the contamination level of representative mycotoxins that have adverse effects on livestock by using LC-MS/MS method and to utilize the results as basic data for the establishment of quality control system for feed, and to provide information on production and storage. A total of nine mycotoxins, including aflatoxin $B_1$, aflatoxin $B_2$, aflatoxin $G_1$, aflatoxin $G_2$, ochratoxin A, fumonisin $B_1$, fumonisin $B_2$, deoxynivalenol (DON), zearalenone (ZEN) were simultaneously analyzed in LC-MS/MS under ESI positive mode. Fumonisin $B_1$ and fumonisin $B_2$ were detected from 3 cases of 75 forage produced in Incheon area, the detection rate was 4.0%. The detection concentration was 0.01~0.02 mg/kg, which was lower than the domestic recommended limit. Fumonisins were detected in a slightly different manner from the results of mycotoxin studies reported in Korea, which is attributed to the high temperature and dry summer weather of the year. The result of LC-MS/MS method performance of 9 mycotoxins, the recovery of DON was quite low as $41.53{\pm}3.91%$ that is not suitable for simultaneous analysis. This is probably due to that the extract solution used in this study was not suitable for the extraction of DON, along with the characteristics of a very dry forage. For the study of mycotoxins in Incheon area forage for the first time, further investigation is needed for the safe supply of livestock products.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Toxicology Conference
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• 2001.05a
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• pp.168-168
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• 2001

The mycotoxin, ochratoxin A (OTA) has been known to induce microcephaly in animals and in vitro whole embryo. Cytotoxic effect and inhibition of cell differentiation were proposed as underlying mechanisms responsible for OTA-induced microcephaly.(omitted)

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Toxicology Conference
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• 2002.05a
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• pp.96-96
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• 2002

Zearalenone (ZEA), a nonsteroidal estrogenic mycotoxin, is known to cause toxicity of testis in male rats. To investigate whether apoptosis is involved in ZEA-induced testicular toxicity and to identify the stage and target germ cell type, 10-weeks-old Sprague-Dawley male rats were treated with a single intraperitoneal (i.p.) dose of ZEA (5mg/kg) and euthanized at 3, 6, 12, 24, and 48 h subsequently.(omitted)

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.27 no.2
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• pp.221-224
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• 1995

One hundred and six corn-based feed products collected between 1992 and 1993 were analysed to investigate fumonisin $B_{1}$ contamination. Eighty-two samples 77.4% turned out to contain fumonisin $B_{1}$ ranging from 50 to 1,281 ng/g with average of 497 ng/g.

• Journal of Food Hygiene and Safety
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• v.25 no.4
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• pp.281-288
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• 2010

Total aflatoxin ($B_1+B_2+G_1+G_2$) maximum levels of 15 ${\mu}g/kg$ ($B_1=10\;{\mu}g/kg$) were set for grain, beans, peanut, nuts & their processed food (grinding, cutting etc.), processed cereal product & processed bean product, confectionaries (peanut or nut-containing food), soybean paste, red pepper paste, dried red pepper, processed com products for popcorn and steamed rice. The maximum levels for aflatoxin $M_1$ are 0.5 ${\mu}g/kg$ for raw milk and milks before manufacturing processing. The patulin maximum level is 50 ${\mu}g/kg$ in apple juice and apple juice concentrate (including concentrate to use as raw material and converted by concentration multiple). The ochratoxin A is managed at the maximum levels of 5 ${\mu}g/kg$ in wheat, barley, rye, coffee beans and roasted coffee, 10 ${\mu}g/kg$ in instant coffee and raisin, 2 ${\mu}g/kg$ in Grape juice, concentrated grape juice as reconstituted and wine. The fumonisins ($B_1+B_2$) maximum levels are 4000 ${\mu}g/kg$ in com, 2000 ${\mu}g/kg$ in com processed food (grinding, cutting etc.) and com powder, 1000 ${\mu}g/kg$ in processed com products. Standards for mycotoxins in food have been established and the mycotoxin risk in food is managed reasonably and scientifically, based on risk assessment and exposure analysis.

• Toxicological Research
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• v.17 no.4
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• pp.249-253
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• 2001

Fumonisin B1, a mycotoxin, is thought to induce esophageal cancer in humans and apoptosis in animal cells by inhibiting ceramide synthase. Dumonisin Bl may also generate reactive oxygen species directly or indirectly, leading to DNA damage and lipid peroxidation. In this study, a DNA fragmentation assay, dichlorofluorescein (DCF) analysis, and single cell gel electrophoresis (SCGE) were used to investigate the involvement of cellular free radicals, specifically hydrogen peroxide, in the DNA damaging activity of fumonisin B1. From an in vitro DNA fragmentation assay, E. coli DNA, damage by fumonisin Bl was increased by the addition of superxide dismutase (SOD) and decreased by catalase. SCGE and DCF analysis in vivo showed that the nuclear DNA damage and intracellular free radicals in cultured rat hepatocytes treated with fumonisin B1 were increased with the concentration of fumonisin Bl . DNA damage and free radical generation were inhibited by the addition of catalase. Fumonisin Bl , in the presence of SOD, produces hydrogen peroxide causing oxidative DNA damage and protein malfunction, leading to genotoxicity and cytotoxicity of the toxin.

• Food Science and Biotechnology
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• v.14 no.6
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• pp.823-827
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• 2005

Fusarium mycotoxin deoxynivalenol (DON) contents and its critical quality parameters were analyzed using two-rowed, six-rowed, and hulless barleys. DON content in the two-rowed Korean barleys was lower than that in the six-rowed barleys. The average DON contents of six-rowed, two-rowed, and hulless barleys were 1.35 ppm, 0.36 ppm, and 0.49 ppm, respectively. The DON content was reduced by 6.2% by sieving, by 6.0% by washing with water and by 18.1-69.8% by treatment with aqueous chemical solutions. Of the reagents investigated, aqueous sodium bicarbonate gave the greatest reduction in the barley DON level. The DON content was reduced to 62.5% of initial level after 3 days of steeping and to 23.1% after 3 days of germination. DON was not detected after steeping barley for 24 hr in 0.1M $Na_2CO_3$ solution with 0.1 % activated carbon.

• Korean Journal of Microbiology
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• v.10 no.3
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• pp.128-151
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• 1972

Fourteen species of the hyphomyceteous fungi isolated from Korean soils are described and illustrated. Among these, one species has teleomorphic state and is identified as Emericella nidulans var. nidulans, similar to Emericella spectabilis with the exception of size of the conidiophores as well as color and the arrangement of the hulle cells. Four species of hyphomyceteous fungi. Chrysosporium pannorum, Doratomyces microsporus, Trichoderma Roningii, T. viride, are reported here for the first time in Korea.