• 동아시아식생활학회지
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• 제6권1호
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• pp.105-114
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• 1996

Aspergillus flavus를 포함한 수종의 곰팡이들은 사람과 가축에 독성이 있는 저분자의 2차대사산물을 생산하며 이를 mycotoxin이라고 부른다. 우리나라 여름과 같은 적당한 온도와 습도는 유해곰팡이의 성장이 가능하여 쌀, 보리, 옥수수, 메주, 된장, 간장 및 고추장과 같은 전통식품 및 그 재료와 같은 대부분의 유기물질에서 mycotoxin이 생산될 수 있다. 지금까지 여러 사람들은 Aspergillus속, Penicillium속, Fusarium속 곰팡이를 전통식품과 그 재료로부터 분리하였으며, 그 중에서 여러 mycotoxin을 생산하는 곰팡이를 검색하였다. 또한 상기와 비슷한 시료에서 aflatoxin, ochratoxin, deoxynivalenol(DON) 및 zearalenone 등의 mycotoxin오염을 확인하기도 했다. 그러나 이러한 자료들은 실험조건과 방법에서 서로 상이하며 일관성이 결여되어있고, 특히 대부분의 실험들이 일과성으로 끝났기 때문에 곰팡이독소를 중심으로 하여 전통식품을 객관적으로 평가하기 위해서는 보다 지속적이고 합리적인 실험방법과 재료가 요구된다. 이러한 목적을 위해서는 새로운 첨단기술을 응용하여 mycotoxin을 보다 간편하고 신속히 분석할 수 있는 방법을 개발해야하며, 또한 보다 지속적인 연구비 투자와 연구시설의 확충으로 연구의 활성화와 기술축적을 위한 노력을 해야할 것이다. 이 같은 합리적인 노력으로 전통식품의 mycotoxin 오염여부를 지속적으로 조사하고, 아울러 우리 전통식품의 안전성을 확보하는 것이 가능하며 그 결과 국제화 시대에 부응하는 보다나은 전통식품의 보존과 개발이 이루어지게 될 것이다.

• 미생물학회지
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• 제31권3호
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• pp.224-229
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• 1993

GABA transminase (4-aminobutyrate aminotransferase), which catalyzes the breakdown of the major inhibitory neurotransmitter, GABA, in mammalian brain, was inactivated by preincubation with the mycotoxin patulin. The time course of the reaction was significantly affected by the substrate .alpha.-ketoglutarate, which aforded complete protection against the loss of catalytic activity. The recovery from the inhibition of patulin by the addition of dithiothreitol (DTT) supports that patulin reacts with the sulfhydryl residue in the catalytic domain of the enzyme. The reconstitution of the reduced enzyme and apoenzyme with pyridoxal-5-P(PLP) was inhibited by another mycotoxin, penicilic acid. This mycotoxin may interact with lysyl residue of the enzyme. Therefore, it is postulated that the critical sulfhydryl and lysyl residues in the catalytic domain of the enzyme react with mycotoxin patulin and penicillic acid, respectively.

• 현장농수산연구지
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• 제14권1호
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• pp.85-92
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• 2012

곤포 사일리지에서 분리한 Penicillium, Aspergillus, Fusarium속 균의 곰팡이독소 생산 여부를 조사한 결과, Penicillium paneum 균주의 배양여액에서 citrin과 patulin이 검출되었고, Aspergillus flavus 균주의 배양여액에서는 아프라톡신이 검출되었으나 A. fumigatus가 생산하는 것으로 알려진 글리오톡신은 검출되지 않았다. Fusarium proliferatum 균주는 Fusarium속 균이 일반적으로 많이 생산하는 fumonisin, zearalenone, deoxynivalenol 등 곰팡이 독소가 검출되지 않았다.

• Mycobiology
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• 제44권2호
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• pp.67-78
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• 2016

Rice contaminated with fungal species during storage is not only of poor quality and low economic value, but may also have harmful effects on human and animal health. The predominant fungal species isolated from rice grains during storage belong to the genera Aspergillus and Penicillium. Some of these fungal species produce mycotoxins; they are responsible for adverse health effects in humans and animals, particularly Aspergillus flavus, which produces the extremely carcinogenic aflatoxins. Not surprisingly, there have been numerous attempts to devise safety procedure for the control of such harmful fungi and production of mycotoxins, including aflatoxins. This review provides information about fungal and mycotoxin contamination of stored rice grains, and microbe-based (biological) strategies to control grain fungi and mycotoxins. The latter will include information regarding attempts undertaken for mycotoxin (especially aflatoxin) bio-detoxification and microbial interference with the aflatoxin-biosynthetic pathway in the toxin-producing fungi.

• Toxicological Research
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• 제35권1호
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• pp.1-7
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• 2019

Mycotoxin contamination is a global phenomenon and causes a wide array of negative effects and other complications. This study focused on commonly found mycotoxins in Africa and the possible means of prevention or reduction of their contaminating effects. Mycotoxins are secondary metabolites of mold and fungi; they are generally toxic to living organisms. Hundreds of mycotoxins have been identified thus far, with some, such as aflatoxins, ochratoxins, trichothecenes, zearalenone, fumonisins, and patulin, considered agro-economically important. Several factors contribute to the presence of mycotoxins in food, such as climatic conditions, pest infestation, and poor harvest and storage practices. Exposure to mycotoxins, which occurs mostly by ingestion, leads to various diseases, such as mycotoxicoses and mycoses that may eventually result in death. In light of this, this review of relevant literature focuses on mycotoxin contamination, as well as various methods for the prevention and control of their prevalence, to avert its debilitating consequences on human health. Clear evidence of mycotoxin contamination is present in Africa, and it was therefore recommended that adequate prevention and control of these toxic substances in our food system should be encouraged and that appropriate measures must be taken to ensure food safety as well as the enhanced or long-lifespan of the African populace. Governments, research institutions, and non-governmental organizations should tailor the limited resources available to tackle mycotoxin prevalence, as these will offer the best prospects for successful development of a sustainable food system in Africa.

• 대한미생물학회지
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• 제8권1호
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• pp.43-52
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• 1973

Twenty culture filtrates among the various isolated strains from foodstuffs were submitted for toxicity screening using HeLa cells and mice. Fourteen strains(70%) were toxic to both HeLa cells and mice, 17 strains(85%) to HeLa cell alone and 14 strains(70%) to mice alone. As a mass screening this method employed is feasible to detect mycotoxin-producing fungi. In most instances, the results obtained by HeLa cells were in good parellelism with those obtained by mice.

• Toxicological Research
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• 제25권3호
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• pp.125-131
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• 2009

Korea is representative of a country that consumes herbal medicines; most of the herbal medicines circulating in South Korea have been imported from developing countries in Southeast Asia, such as China and Indonesia. Recently, domestic hygiene and safety are issues that have come to the forefront, because herbal medicines currently in circulation could possibly contain contaminants or residues. Furthermore, the appearance or discovery of harmful new species due to environmental and industrial developments is becoming a social problem. Therefore, it may be necessary to consider and investigate these matters on a continual basis. Recently, mycotoxin contaminations in such foods as cereals, nuts, and powdered red pepper have been reported. They have become a problematic issue; the possibility of contamination in herbal medicines has also been considered. Nevertheless, recognition of and research into mycotoxin contamination in herbal medicines has been scarce because herbal medicine is used in only a few nations. In this research, we identified contamination by aflatoxin which is known to be the most potent mutagenic, carcinogenic, and teratogenic mycotoxin in Thujae Semen, a herbal medicine. We also found co-contaminations involving other mycotoxins, including ochratoxin A and zeraleanone.

• 월간피드저널
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• 제3권3호통권19호
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• pp.130-134
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• 2005

• 한국균학회지
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• 제26권4호통권87호
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• pp.487-495
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• 1998

우리 나라에 중요한 식품의 원료인 메주에 대한 균독소($Aflatoxin\;B_1$와 Ochratoxin A) 생성 여부를 인위적인 혹은 자연적인 환경에서 조사하였다. 채집된 메주에서 균을 분리하여 접종함으로, 인위적인 환경인 독소생성 배지와 콩을 이용한 배지를 이용하여 균독소 생성을 관찰하였다. 조선 전통메주에서 채집된 메주 균인 불완전 진균들은 몇 몇 균이 독소를 생성하였으나, 멸균된 날 콩에는 다만 $2{\sim}3$개의 분리균들이 $Aflatoxin\;B_1$와 Ochratoxin A를 분비하였다. 그러나, 언급된 두 개의 균독소가 함께 생성하는 분리균은 관찰되지 않았다. 그러나, 조선 전통메주에서는 어떤 채집된 메주에서도 위의 균독소가 $0.01{\sim}100\;ng$ 범위에서 관찰되지 않았다. 이러한 결과로 메주 제조에 관련된 메주 균에서 털곰팡이(Mucor species)가 메주 제조에 초기에 작용한 균으로 전통 메주의 발효와 균독소 생성과 관계에서 중요한 것으로 사료된다.

• Mycobiology
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• 제45권4호
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• pp.240-254
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• 2017

Cereal grains are the most important food source for humans. As the global population continues to grow exponentially, the need for the enhanced yield and minimal loss of agricultural crops, mainly cereal grains, is increasing. In general, harvested grains are stored for specific time periods to guarantee their continuous supply throughout the year. During storage, economic losses due to reduction in quality and quantity of grains can become very significant. Grain loss is usually the result of its deterioration due to fungal contamination that can occur from preharvest to postharvest stages. The deleterious fungi can be classified based on predominance at different stages of crop growth and harvest that are affected by environmental factors such as water activity ($a_w$) and eco-physiological requirements. These fungi include species such as those belonging to the genera Aspergillus and Penicillium that can produce mycotoxins harmful to animals and humans. The grain type and condition, environment, and biological factors can also influence the occurrence and predominance of mycotoxigenic fungi in stored grains. The main environmental factors influencing grain fungi and mycotoxins are temperature and $a_w$. This review discusses the effects of temperature and $a_w$ on fungal growth and mycotoxin production in stored grains. The focus is on the occurrence and optimum and minimum growth requirements for grain fungi and mycotoxin production. The environmental influence on aflatoxin production and hypothesized mechanisms of its molecular suppression in response to environmental changes are also discussed. In addition, the use of controlled or modified atmosphere as an environmentally safe alternative to harmful agricultural chemicals is discussed and recommended future research issues are highlighted.