• Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• v.34 no.4
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• pp.393-400
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• 2011

The effects of the ectomycorrhizal fungus Pisolithus tinctorius and cadmium (Cd) on physiological properties and Cd uptake by Populus alba ${\times}$ glandulosa was investigated under greenhouse conditions. Cd treatment decreased the photosynthetic rate ($P_N$) of both non-mycorrhizal (NM) plants (16.3%) and ectomycorrhizal (ECM) plants (11.5%). In addition, the reduction in total dry weight by Cd treatment was greater in ECM plants (24.3%) than that in NM plants (17.6%). Mycorrhizal infection increased the $P_N$ and transpiration rate in both control and Cd-treated plants. Cd treatment increased superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity and decreased glutathione reductase activity, and the increase of SOD activity by Cd treatment was greater in NM plants (40.3%) than that in ECM plants (3.7%). Thiol content increased in both NM and ECM plants treated with Cd solution, and the increase in thiol content in NM plants (43.9%) was greater than that of ECM plants (15.6%). Cd uptake in the leaves, stems, and roots of ECM plants was 69.9%, 167.2% and 72.8%, respectively, higher than in the NM plants. However, the increase in Cd uptake ability of ECM plants resulted in a reduction in dry weight.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.27 no.1
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• pp.54-63
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• 1994

Runner-derived(Expt.1) and tissue culture-derived strawbeery plantlets(Expt. 2) were grown in pots under greenhouse condition and inoculated with inocula of the vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal(VAM) fungi isolated from a field strawberry plants. Total biomass of mycorrhizal strawberry plants was significantly increased. There was a similar tendency in the number of cluster and flower at 20 weeks after inoculation, and VAM fungi inoculation positively influenced the leaf number, leaf length, leaf width and petiole length of strawberry plants in all investigated times. However, no difference was in the flowering time of strawberry plants. Leaf margin of non-inoculated strawberry plantlets turned into raddish brown(7.5R 4/8) from around 4 weeks after habituation. Inoculation of VAM fungi at the time of habituation was much more effective in stimulating plant growth. VA mycorrhizal dependency were 162.7 % in the runner-derived strawberry plants, Dependency with pre-and post-habituated incoulation in tissue culture-derived plants was respective 116.4% and 106.0%. The levels of mycorrhizal colonization were increased with plant growth and infection rates by endophytes at harvest time were 47.5% in Expt. 1, 56.4% in Expt. 2, respectively. Contents of phosphorus, potassium and calcium in mycorrhizal strawberry plants at harvest time were higher than non-mycorrhizal ones however, magnesium concentration was decreased. These experiments demonstrated that VAM fungi could be introduced into nursery stages of strawberry plantlets including the temporary planting period to improve growth and plant nutrients uptake by mycorrhizal plants.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.64 no.1
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• pp.11-19
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• 1984

Potted, germinating Pinus rigida ${\times}$ P. taeda seedlings were inoculated with Pisolithus tinctorius (Pt) ectomycorrhizal fungus to test the effectiveness of Pt in relation to organic amendment and changes in soil fertility and soil texture. Pt was cultured as mycelia in vermiculite-peat moss mixture with nutrients and added to sterilized pot soils with or without organic amendment (fully fermented compost) at three soil texture levels (sand, loamy sand, and sandy loam) in a factorial design. Plants were grown in a greenhouse for 4 months and harvested to compare their growth with non-mycorrhizal plants and plants infected by natural fungi. Regardless of sod texture, soil fertility, or organic amendment, seedlings inoculated with Pt were better in dry weight and height than non-mycorrhizal plants or those infected by natural fungi. An exception was observed in the most fertile soil (0.075% N and 1.32% organic matter content in sandy loam with organic amendment), where non-mycorrhizal plants were slightly bigger (8%) and heavier (18%) than Pt-inoculated plants. In over-all average, Pt-inoculated seedlings were 30% taller and 107% heavier than those infected by natural fungi and 31 % taller and 60% heavier than non-mycorrhizal plants. Growth stimulation of seedlings by Pt was more pronounced in less fertile sand soil when organic was not amended. Mycorrhizal frequency of Pt (% of mycorrhizal root tips) was reduced to about half (from 84 to 33% in sandy loam and from 77 to 40% in loamy sand) by organic amendment, while that of natural fungi was not significantly affected. Severe nitrogen deficiency was observed in the needles of non-mycorrhizal plants (1.38% N), while both Pt-inoculated plants (1.68% N) and those infected by natural fungi (1.89% N) did not develop symptom, suggesting an active role of mycorrhizae in absorption of soil nitrogen. Top to root ratio increased with organic amendment to non-mycorrhizal plants, but was not significantly affected by fungal treatment. It was concluded from this study that relative effectiveness of Pt was determined by soil fertility. Organic amendment to less fertile sand soil increased effectiveness of Pt, while the same amendment to more fertile loamy sand and sandy loam decreased effectiveness of Pt. Benefits of Pt mycorrhizae would be expected most either when organic was not added to the soil, or when soil nutrients were not abundant.

• Mycobiology
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• v.41 no.3
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• pp.121-125
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• 2013

Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) have mutualistic relationships with more than 80% of terrestrial plant species. This symbiotic relationship is ancient and would have had important roles in establishment of plants on land. Despite their abundance and wide range of relationship with plant species, AMF have shown low species diversity. However, molecular studies have suggested that diversity of these fungi may be much higher, and genetic variation of AMF is very high within a species and even within a single spore. Despite low diversity and lack of host specificity, various functions have been associated with plant growth responses to arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal colonization. In addition, different community composition of AMF affects plants differently, and plays a potential role in ecosystem variability and productivity. AMF have high functional diversity because different combinations of host plants and AMF have different effects on the various aspects of symbiosis. Consequently, recent studies have focused on the different functions of AMF according to their genetic resource and their roles in ecosystem functioning. This review summarizes taxonomic, genetic, and functional diversities of AMF and their roles in natural ecosystems.

• The Korean Journal of Mycology
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• v.47 no.1
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• pp.19-27
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• 2019

We extracted arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal (AMF) spores from rhizospheres of three plants from Upo Wetland, Korea. We identified the isolated AMF spores based on morphological characteristics and phylogenetic analysis of partial 18S rDNA nucleotide sequences. The species diversity of AMF spores was calculated among the study sites and host plants. Consequently, nine species from six genera of AMF spores were identified. We confirmed the species diversity of the AMF spores in rhizospheres affected by host plants in the wetland. In the course of this study, we confirmed a previously unreported AMF species in Korea: Diversispora epigaea. We described the morphological features and molecular characteristics of this previously unreported AMF species.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.43 no.4
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• pp.498-505
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• 2010

To evaluate the effectiveness of AMF on the growth of horticultural crops, we compared mycorrhizal and non-mycorrhizal plants, lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.), that were inoculated with AMF propagules. As compared to the AMF- seedlings, in AMF+ seedlings at 3 weeks after sowing, the number of leaves increased 9%, leaf fresh weight increased 59%, leaf area increased 58%, and leaf length and width increased 21-22%, and chlorophyll content increased 2%. Furthermore, at 9 weeks after sowing, compared to the AMF- plants, in lettuce plants inoculated with AMF at the sowing and transplanting stages, the number of leaves increased 21% and 18%, leaf fresh weight increased 51% and 41%, root fresh weight increased 56% and 47%, and chlorophyll content increased 18% and 19%, respectively. Further this experiment indicated that the growth responses of lettuce plants inoculated with AMF during transplanting were similar to those inoculated with AMF during sowing. The results imply that the AMF infection timepoint is not important. The P content in the leaves of lettuce plants inoculated with AMF during transplanting was significantly higher (217%) than that of leaves from lettuce plants not inoculated with AMF. In contrast, the P content of the leaves of lettuce plants inoculated with AMF during the sowing stage was similar to that of leaves of control lettuce plants. In this experiment, P and chlorophyll content in AMF+ lettuce plants were higher than in AMF- plants, indicating that the photosynthetic rate was improved with AMF inoculation.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.35 no.5
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• pp.314-325
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• 2002

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus intraradices) on plant growth and N metabolic responses were examined in perennial ryegrass plants exposed to drought-stressed or well-watered condition. Mycorrhizal inoculation improved significantly leaf water potential, dry mass and P content. Drought stress increased significantly nitrate concentration in roots where the increase was much less in AM than non-AM. Drought stress decreased the concentration of soluble proteins in non-AM shoots, whereas non-significant decline occurred in AM shoots even under drought condition. The concentrations of ammonia and proline in drought stressed non-AM plants significantly increased, while mycorrhizal inoculation lowered significantly ammonia and proline accumulation. The decrease in leaf dry weight in drought stressed-plants was significantly correlated to the increase in ammonia (p<0.01) and proline concentration (p<0.01). These results suggested that the increased P content and N assimilation by mycorrhizal inoculation may be associated with drought stress tolerance, showing the moderating effects on shoot growth inhibition and ammonia accumulation in drought stressed-plants.

• Horticultural Science & Technology
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• v.18 no.6
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• pp.802-807
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• 2000

This study was conducted to propagate the arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi in vitro using the hairy root of carrot transformed by Agrobacterium rhizogenes with Ri t-DNA. Mycorrhizal spores and roots in sudangrass plants were wet-sieved, surface-sterilized and inoculated onto the hairy root of carrot on the Modified Strullu & Romand (MSR) medium. The mycorrhizal spores of Glomus sp. propagated in vitro for 12 weeks was about $50{\mu}m$, and the shapes of spores were round or elliptic. Spores were formed mainly at the middle of the hyphae. Number of mycorrhizal spores propagated using dual culture of the transformed carrot roots and the mycorrhizal inoculum for 12 weeks were about 1,200 per plates.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.37 no.5
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• pp.350-355
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• 2004

This experiment was carried out to screen the aeroponically grown host plants suitable for the mass propagation of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) inoculum and clarify the effect of P levels in nutrient solution on the growth of aeroponically grown sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas L.), AMF infection, and mass propagation of mycorrhizal spores, etc. Amount of biomass of host plant became higher, as the P levels in nutrient solutions increased from 5 to 20 M. AMF infection rates in mycorrhizal roots increased in higher P levels in nutrient solution, and decreased in lower parts of mycorrhizal roots by about 18.6-26.0%. About 586 mycorrhizal spores per 1 g fresh root were formed at 16 weeks after inoculation of mycorrhizal inoculum. Total of 830,479 mycorrhizal spores were propagated in each plot.

• Mycobiology
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• v.30 no.1
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• pp.18-21
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• 2002

Four arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal(AMF) inocula collected from three arable sites in Korea were used to determine plant growth, mycorrhizal root colonization rate and spore production in three different host plant species; Sorghum bicolor, Allium fistulosum, Tagetes patula. Growth of plant treated with AMF differed from those without AMF. Different AMF inocula showed significantly different root colonization rates and spore production of AMF on the wild plants, A. fistulosum and T. patula, but did not on the cultivated plant, S. bicolor. Results suggested that indigenous mycorrhizal fungal community would be important factors in mycorrhizal symbiosis, and play important roles in the plant succession.