• Korean Journal of Plant Resources
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• v.27 no.2
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• pp.194-201
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• 2014

This study was carried out to investigate the characteristics and infection effects of AMF with soil samples collected at some sites in Gyeonggi province, Korea. AMF spore and characteristics of infection structure in upland plant root were observed as wet sieving and staining method, growth of Capsicicum annum was compared between treatment and non treatment. AMF spores isolated from each soil sample were ellipse or circle type and the colors were soft yellow and white. The colonization rate of AMF with soil infection of Zea mays roots was 13.3~83.3%, the rate of infected soil collected from Z. mays was higher on average. When compared to the growth of C. Annum with control after infection on C. annum, it wasn't showing many differences in fresh weight, dry weight and height, but the yield of fruit of C. annuum showed double than the control group.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.24 no.3
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• pp.225-233
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• 1991

This study was conducted to evaluate the potential of indigenous vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi(VAMF) in the rhizosphere soil of horticultural crops grown under greenhouse and open-field condition, in the southern area of Kores. Soil samples collected from the rhizosphere of some sellected horticultural crops, such as cucumber, hot pepper, lettuca, tomato and eggplant grown under greenhouse or open-field condition. All tested crops are considered as mycorrhizal plants. The infection rate of horticultural crops investigated ranged from 38% to 70%, hot pepper and eggplant grown under greenhouse condition showed the highest infection being 66.0% and 70.0%, respectively. Spore densities were from 4.8 to 20.0g-1 on dried soil basis. Spore densities of VAMF in the rhizosphere soils under greenhouse condition were higher than that of open-field conditions. The highest distribution of spores in diameter ranged from $75{\mu}m$ to $106{\mu}m$ in the rhizosphere soil of lettuce, cucumber and tomato while those in hot pepper and eggplant ranged from $75{\mu}m$ to $250{\mu}m$. Glomus sp.-type spores predominated in the slightly acid soil(pH 6.3), while Acaulospora sp.-type spores greatly predominated in the very strongly acid field(pH 4.9).

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.14 no.4
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• pp.885-890
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• 2004

A survey for vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizae (VAM) occurrence was undertaken in three endangered vegetation sites in the area of Kudankulam atomic power station. Fifteen VAM fungal species were isolated from the root-zone soils of fourteen different plant species. There was a significant correlation observed between the number of spores and of percentage root colonization as exemplified by Phyllanthus niruri and Paspalum vaginatum (450, 95%; 60, 25%). Although VAM species are not known to be strictly site specific, the fact that Acaulospora elegans was observed only in site 1, Glomus pulvinatum in site 2 only, and Gl. intraradices in site 3 only, showed site-specificity in this study. To confirm the infection efficiency, two host plant species in the sites, P. niruri and Eclipta alba, were selected and inoculated in field with three selected VAM fungal spores. Gl. fasciculatum was found to be the most efficient VAM species in percentage root colonization, number of VAM spores, and dry matter content. When the nutrients in roots of P. niruri and E. alba were analyzed, there was higher uptake of K (4.2 and 3.4 times, respectively) and Ca (5.3 and 4.9 times, respectively), the analogues for $^{137}Cs$ and $^{90}Sr$, respectively. From the results, it might be concluded that VAM association helps the plants survive in a disturbed ecosystem and enhances uptake and cycling of radionuclides from the ecosystem.

• Journal of Mushroom
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.1-9
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• 2020

Mycorrhiza refers to the association between a plant and a fungus colonizing the cortical tissue of the plant's roots during periods of active plant growth. The benefits afforded by plants from mycorrhizal symbioses can be characterized either agronomically, based on increased growth and yield, or ecologically, based on improved fitness (i.e., reproductive ability). In either case, the benefit accrues primarily because mycorrhizal fungi form a critical linkage between plant roots and the soil. The soilborne or extramatrical hyphae take up nutrients from the soil solution and transport them to the root. This mycorrhizae-mediated mechanism increases the effective absorptive surface area of the plant. There are seven major types of mycorrhizae along with mycoheterotrophy: endomycorrhizae (arbuscular mycorrhizae, AM), ectomycorrhizae (EM), ectendomycorrhizae, monotropoid, arbutoid, orchid, and ericoid. Endomycorrhizal fungi form arbuscules or highly branched structures within root cortical cells, giving rise to arbuscular mycorrhiza, which may produce extensive extramatrical hyphae and significantly increase phosphorus inflow rates in the plants they colonize. Ectomycorrhizal fungi may produce large quantities of hyphae on the root and in the soil; these hyphae play a role in absorption and translocation of inorganic nutrients and water, and also release nutrients from litter layers by producing enzymes involved in mineralization of organic matters. Over 4,000 fungal species, primarily belonging to Basidiomycotina and to a lesser extent Ascomycotina, are able to form ectomycorrhizae. Many of these fungi produce various mushrooms on the forest floor that are traded at a high price. In this paper, we discuss the benefits, nutrient cycles, and artificial cultivation of mycorrhizae in Korea.

• The Korean Journal of Mycology
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• v.24 no.1 s.76
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• pp.38-48
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• 1996

The survival or colonization of beneficial organsisms and suppression of root rot of ginseng (Panax ginseng) by two distinct bacteria, Pseudomonas cepacia, Bacillus cereus and three mycorrhiza in pot soil were investigated and compared with uninoculated root. In separate inoculation, colonization of roots by P. cepacia was maintained at 6.25 (log cfu/g root) during growth for 10 days under pot culture conditions comparing to $5.62{\sim}6.19$ by mixed treatment with other organisms. Colonizations of P. cepacia were gradually decreased from 6.25 (log cfu/g root) in 10 days growth to 3.01 (log cfu/g root) in 270 days incubation period. This reduction was also investgated in combination treatments by B. cereus or F. solani. The numbers of Fusarium spp. were colonized high number in rhizosphere soil from 3.33 to 3.67 (log cfu/g root) in control within $10{\sim}60$days after treatment of pathogen F. solani, but it's numbers were markedly decreased in 270 days cultivation of plant from 3.33 to 1.02 (log cfu/g root) after treatment. In treatment of beneficial strains of P. cepacia and B. cereus, P. cepacia significantly suppressed the development of root rot from 4.3 in control to 1.2 in treatment, whereas B. cereus alone had no effect on the rate of disease suppression. The disease index $(1.8{\sim}2.3)$ in combination of two bacteria was reduced in plants inoculated with both P. cepacia and B. cereus comparing to the index (4.3) of control. As an effect of inoculation with mycorrhiza on disease suppression, suppression of root rot by F. solani was reduced to $1.2{\sim}1.6$ in disease index in treatment of Glomus albidum and Acaulospora longular comparing to 4.3 of control. In the treatment of bacterial strain P. cepacia and mycorrhizal fungus Glomus albidum, the disease suppression was apparent to 1.2 and 1.2 comparing to 4.3 of control in disease index respectively.

• Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.27 no.1
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• pp.40-44
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• 1984

Experiments on the GA production ability by ectomycorrhizal fungus, Pisolithus tinctorius was carried out to investigate specific physiological phenomena of growth increase in host plants by formation of mycorrhizae, The culture extract of P. tinctorius was purified by solvent fractionation, sephadex LH-20 chromatography, silica gel partition chromatography and TLC, successively. GA activities in the purified GA fractions were monitored by micro-drop bioassay using dwarf rice seedlings, 'Tan-ginbozu'. $30{\sim}60%$ EtOAc election fractions of silica gel pardon chromatography and the zone of Rf $0.1{\sim}0.4,\;0.6{\sim}0.8$ of TLC exhibited the GA-like activities. The GA activities were increased with the more treated amount of culture extracts. This activity in 100ml of culture solution was equivalent to 0.1ng of $GA_3$.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.101 no.4
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• pp.640-647
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• 2012

A metabolomic study was conducted to identify key metabolic components, which are correlated with the growth of 4-year-old Pinus koraiensis seedlings harvested at actively height growing season (May 18th). Among 105 individual metabolites identified by GC/MS analysis, alanine, threonine, oleic acid, and butanoic acids were negatively correlated with both height and weight of 4-year-old seedlings, while malic acid, xylose, glucose, d-turanose and inositol had positive correlation with various growth parameters. During the actively growing season, the concentrations of both amino acids and organic acids in the main stem of Superior seedling group were lower but the photosynthates such as mono-saccharide and sucrose were higher than in other seedling groups such as Intermediate and Inferior. Interestingly, d-turanose, an analogue of sucrose that is not metabolized in higher plants but used as carbon source by many organisms including numerous species of bacteria and fungi, showed the highest correlation (r=0.896, p<0.001) with height of 4-year-old seedlings, indicating that possible interaction with mycorrhizal organisms. Therefore we suggest that several metabolites selected in this study may be used as metabolic markers for complex traits in P. koraiensis.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.87 no.3
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• pp.429-444
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• 1998

Objective of this study was to select ectomycorrhizal fungi for black spruce(Picea mariana) inoculation to overcome the growth inhibitory effects of Kalmia angustifolia. Nineteen isolates representing 11 species of ectomycorrhizal fungi were tested for their abilities to grow and form mycorrhizae with black spruce seedlings in the presence of water leachate of leaves of Kalmia. Mycelium growth of 9 isolates were inhibited by the leaf leachate. Colony diameter and biomass of the other 10 isolates were either increased or unaffected under the same conditions. Acidic pH of the culture medium(pH 3 and 4) inhibited some of the fungi, but a combination of acidic pH and the leaf leachate was more inhibitory. Thirteen isolates were able to form ectomycorrhizae with black spruce in presence of 25% leaf leachate in pure culture. Four isolates, Paxillus involutus(NF4), Cenococcum geophilum(GB12), Laccaria laccata(GB23), and E-strain(GB45) formed mycorrhizae more successfully than the others in presence of up to 50% Kalmia leaf leachate. Black spruce seedlings pre-inoculated with these fungi were grown with Kalmia leaf leachate and live Kalmia plants during a four month greenhouse experiment. Abundant mycorrhizae(77-91% of root tips) were developed on seedlings pre-inoculated with P. involutus, L. laccata and E-strain but relatively poor mycorrhization(32% of root tips) resulted with C. geophidum. Over 90% of the short root mycorrhizae were attributed to the inoculated fungi although indigenous mycorrhizae also occurred on most seedlings. Persistence of the mycorrhizae was not affected by living Kalmia plants. Over 80% of the mycorrhizae on seedlings inoculated with P. involutus, L. laccata and E-strain and 53% of the mycorrhizae on seedlings inoculated with C. geophilum were attributable to the inoculant fungi. Control seedlings formed about 45% ectomycorrhizal short roots with indigenous fungi. The L. laccata and C. geophilum inoculated seedlings exhibited enhanced mycorrhizae formation in presence of Kalmia leaf leachate. Mycorrhizae formation with inoculant fungi was 4-15% lower at pH 4 than at pH 5, with the greatest inhibition occurring for L. laccata. Seedlings inoculated with P. involutus had the greatest shoot and root growth followed by L. laccata and E-strain inoculated seedlings. The P. involutus and L. laccata inoculated seedlings were significantly taller with more shoot dry biomass than the uninoculated(control) seedlings. E-strain inoculated seedlings had significantly higher shoot dry biomass and significantly lower number of first order lateral roots compared to the control but other growth parameters such as height, root dry weight and number of short root tips were not significantly different from the control. Seedlings inoculated with C. geophilum were not significantly different from the uninoculated seedlings in any of the growth parameters except for the number of first artier lateral roots which was significantly less than the control seedlings.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture
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• v.17 no.2
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• pp.174-181
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• 1998

In four citrus grow of Satsuma mandarin (rootstock of trifoliate orange) including two grove of organical management and two groves of conventional management, spores of arbuscular mycorrhizal(AM) fungi were identified and seasonal changes in spore density in soils and AM colonization of citrus roots were investigated. AM colonization in weeds found in the groves were also examined. Three species of Glomus (G.deserticola, G. vesiculiferum, G. rubiforme ) and one unknown species of Acaulospora were observed in all of the groves. Annual mean density of AM fungal spores were in the range of 10,000${\sim}$40,000 per 100g soil with more spores in the organically-managed groves. The least spores were observed in December in all groves, and the most spores in April in the organically-managed groves while in February or April in the conventionally- managed. Annual mean AM colonization more 27% of citrus root were observed in the organically-managed with the high peaks in April and October and the minimum in August, while mean colonization less than 15% in the conventionally-managed with the peak in February and the minimum in different times depending on groves and years. AM colonization corresponded to a sigmoidal curve consisting of a laf phase during winter and a subsequent increase in spring, then succeeded by a maximum, and then a decrease at the end of vegetation. Fungal spore density and AM colonization showed a parallel pattern during the sample period. The seasonality appeared to be related more to the phenology of the plant than to the soil factors. Generally more spore density and AM colonization were found in organically managed groves. AM colonization was not correlated with available P and organic matter content in soil in this field investigation. Among sixteen weed species found in the groves, Astrogalus sinicus of Leguminosae, Portulaca oleracea of Portulacaceae showed high colonization in all groves and they can be considered as a source of inoculumn and host plants for propagation of AM fungi.