• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.27 no.1
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• pp.54-63
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• 1994

Runner-derived(Expt.1) and tissue culture-derived strawbeery plantlets(Expt. 2) were grown in pots under greenhouse condition and inoculated with inocula of the vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal(VAM) fungi isolated from a field strawberry plants. Total biomass of mycorrhizal strawberry plants was significantly increased. There was a similar tendency in the number of cluster and flower at 20 weeks after inoculation, and VAM fungi inoculation positively influenced the leaf number, leaf length, leaf width and petiole length of strawberry plants in all investigated times. However, no difference was in the flowering time of strawberry plants. Leaf margin of non-inoculated strawberry plantlets turned into raddish brown(7.5R 4/8) from around 4 weeks after habituation. Inoculation of VAM fungi at the time of habituation was much more effective in stimulating plant growth. VA mycorrhizal dependency were 162.7 % in the runner-derived strawberry plants, Dependency with pre-and post-habituated incoulation in tissue culture-derived plants was respective 116.4% and 106.0%. The levels of mycorrhizal colonization were increased with plant growth and infection rates by endophytes at harvest time were 47.5% in Expt. 1, 56.4% in Expt. 2, respectively. Contents of phosphorus, potassium and calcium in mycorrhizal strawberry plants at harvest time were higher than non-mycorrhizal ones however, magnesium concentration was decreased. These experiments demonstrated that VAM fungi could be introduced into nursery stages of strawberry plantlets including the temporary planting period to improve growth and plant nutrients uptake by mycorrhizal plants.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.64 no.1
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• pp.11-19
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• 1984

Potted, germinating Pinus rigida ${\times}$ P. taeda seedlings were inoculated with Pisolithus tinctorius (Pt) ectomycorrhizal fungus to test the effectiveness of Pt in relation to organic amendment and changes in soil fertility and soil texture. Pt was cultured as mycelia in vermiculite-peat moss mixture with nutrients and added to sterilized pot soils with or without organic amendment (fully fermented compost) at three soil texture levels (sand, loamy sand, and sandy loam) in a factorial design. Plants were grown in a greenhouse for 4 months and harvested to compare their growth with non-mycorrhizal plants and plants infected by natural fungi. Regardless of sod texture, soil fertility, or organic amendment, seedlings inoculated with Pt were better in dry weight and height than non-mycorrhizal plants or those infected by natural fungi. An exception was observed in the most fertile soil (0.075% N and 1.32% organic matter content in sandy loam with organic amendment), where non-mycorrhizal plants were slightly bigger (8%) and heavier (18%) than Pt-inoculated plants. In over-all average, Pt-inoculated seedlings were 30% taller and 107% heavier than those infected by natural fungi and 31 % taller and 60% heavier than non-mycorrhizal plants. Growth stimulation of seedlings by Pt was more pronounced in less fertile sand soil when organic was not amended. Mycorrhizal frequency of Pt (% of mycorrhizal root tips) was reduced to about half (from 84 to 33% in sandy loam and from 77 to 40% in loamy sand) by organic amendment, while that of natural fungi was not significantly affected. Severe nitrogen deficiency was observed in the needles of non-mycorrhizal plants (1.38% N), while both Pt-inoculated plants (1.68% N) and those infected by natural fungi (1.89% N) did not develop symptom, suggesting an active role of mycorrhizae in absorption of soil nitrogen. Top to root ratio increased with organic amendment to non-mycorrhizal plants, but was not significantly affected by fungal treatment. It was concluded from this study that relative effectiveness of Pt was determined by soil fertility. Organic amendment to less fertile sand soil increased effectiveness of Pt, while the same amendment to more fertile loamy sand and sandy loam decreased effectiveness of Pt. Benefits of Pt mycorrhizae would be expected most either when organic was not added to the soil, or when soil nutrients were not abundant.

• The Plant Pathology Journal
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• v.18 no.4
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• pp.169-178
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• 2002

Orchids are evolutionally known to be the most advanced plants in the order Liliales, and comprise approximately 1,000 genera and 35,000 species world-wide. In Korea, more than 110 species of Orchidaceae have been reported to be cultivated or to be collected in the wild. Orchids aye mostly dependant on orchid mycorrhizae(OM) throughout or in part of their life cycle. The OM endomycorrhizae belonging to basidiomycetes or rarley ascomycetes are needed for orchid seed germination. Various fungi, including plant pathogenic, antagonistic and symbiotic fungi, were isolated from the roots of orchid native to Korea. The OM fungi collected from the roots of Cymbidium goeringii were three species of Rhizoctonia namely, R. repens (anamorph state of Tulsanella repens), R. endophytica (Ceratobasidium cornigerum), and an unidentified species (possibly an anamorph of T. calospora). These symbiotic fungi induced peloton in the cortical cells of orchid roots, and differed biologically and in 18s rDNA sequences from plant pathogenic Rhizoctonia species. Also, the mycorrhyzal fungi enhanced the orchid root absorption of nitrogen sources and minerals from the soil. The activity of mycorrhizal fungal hyphae in the roots caused prevention from pathogenic fungi. In nature, the peloton is observed in the cortical cells of Cymbidium goeriingii roots, indicating mycorrhizal colonization in the native orchid roots. On the other hand, pathogenic fungi such as Fusarium and/or Rhizoctonia species are mostly isolated from commercial orchid plants. These suggest that application of symbiotic mycorrhizal fungi should be needed for orchid cultivation in nurseries and at the time of transplanting.

• Mycobiology
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• v.33 no.1
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• pp.41-50
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• 2005

Results from an innovative approach to improve remediation in the rhizosphere by encouraging healthy plant growth and thus enhancing microbial activity are reported. The effect of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (Am) on remediation efficacy of wheat, mungbean and eggplant grown in soil spiked with polyaromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) was assessed in a pot experiment. The results of this study showed that Am inoculation enhanced dissipation amount of PAHs in planted soil, plant uptake PAHs, dissipation amount of PAHs in planted versus unplanted spiked soil and loss of PAHs by the plant-promoted biodegradation. A number of parameters were monitored including plant shoot and root dry weight, plant tissue water content, plant chlorophyll, root lipid content, oxido-reductase enzyme activities in plant and soil rhizosphere and total microbial count in the rhizospheric soil. The observed physiological data indicate that plant growth and tolerance increased with Am, but reduced by PAH. This was reflected by levels of mycorrhizal root colonization which were higher for mungbean, moderate for wheat and low for eggplant. Levels of Am colonization increased on mungbean > wheat > eggplant. This is consistent with the efficacy of plant in dissipation of PAHs in spiked soil. Highly significant positive correlations were shown between of arbuscular formation in root segments (A)) and plant water content, root lipids, peroxidase, catalase polyphenol oxidase and total microbial count in soil rhizosphere as well as PAH dissipation in spiked soil. As consequence of the treatment with Am, the plants provide a greater sink for the contaminants since they are better able to survive and grow.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Environmental Restoration Technology
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• v.3 no.1
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• pp.70-79
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• 2000

Arbuscular mycorrhizal(AM) fungi have significant role for ecosystem structure and function. They are the major component of forest soil ecosystems and critically important for water and nutrient cycling in the system. To understand the ecology of AM fungi the fungal spores were collected, identified and counted in forest soils under various climatic and edaphic conditions. In relation to soil depth 90% of AM fungi spores and mycorrhizas distributed within 15cm soil depth. Number of spores per $100m{\ell}$ forest soil volume was 5 to 36 spores from 1 to 3 fungal species. AM fungal species diversity was higher in warmer climates, and more moist and fertile soils. The most frequently found species were Gigaspora decipiens irrespective of soil moisture and Gi. gigantea irrespective of soil fertility. In the Jeju island the soils of Cryptomeria japonica plantations and Miscanthus sinensis var. purpurascens meadow had more AM spores than the other soils. We suggest AM fungi be considered as keystones species when restoring a disturbed forest ecosystem.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.2 no.1
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• pp.66-71
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• 1992

The ecological distribution of endomycorrhizas in evergreen woody species native to the evergreen forest ecosystem of Tadohae-haesang National Park in southern Korea in February, 1989 was studied. The abundance and diversity of vesicular-arbuscular (VA) mycorrhizal fungi were also determined. The spore densities ranged from 14 to 326 per 100 g of soil. Most of the spores of mycorrhizal fungi collected from 25 soil samples belonged to the genera Glomus and Gigaspora. The frequency and number of spores in Camellia japonica varied with location. Spores belonging to the genus Gigaspora were not found in Camellia japonica in Yesongri evergreen forests adjacent to the sea. Glomus sp. was the major constituent of the spore assemblage at this site. The most abundant species in Camellia japonica in the Yesongri evergreen forests in Pogildo was Glomus borealis. In the soil of a mountain at Buwhangri, in the central location of the island at an elevation of 250 m, Gigaspora sp. was present and Glomus sp. was a major constituent of the spore assemblage. In the urban area of Haenam spore densities were much higher than in the Pogildo area. The most abundant species in Camellia japonica in the urban area of Haenam was Gigaspora sp..

• The Korean Journal of Mycology
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• v.39 no.1
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• pp.7-10
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• 2011

Orchid mycorrhizal fungi (OMF) were examined in roots of the six terrestrial species of orchids collected in Ulleung Islands. Seven OMF isolates from the roots of orchids were identified based on morphological and molecular characters. Internal transcribed spacer region of OMF DNA was amplified using basidiomycete-specific ITS primers, ITS1-OF and ITS4-OF. OMF beloning to Tulasnellaceae and Ceratobasidaceae was identified through molecular analysis.

• The Korean Journal of Mycology
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• v.41 no.1
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• pp.9-13
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• 2013

In this study, roots of Epipactis thunbergii were collected from Chujado on the north of Jeju-do. Six fungal isolates were isolated from surface-sterilized roots of the orchid and classified with groups based on morphological characteristics. Fungal DNA was extracted from each isolate and amplified ITS region using ITS1-OF/ITS4-OF primer pair. Three species of orchid mycorrhizal fungi were identified as Tulasnella calospora, Tulasnella sp. and Sebacina sp. based on molecular and morphological characteristics.

• Journal of Forest and Environmental Science
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• v.30 no.3
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• pp.277-284
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• 2014

Status of Arbuscular Mycorrhizal (AM) colonization in seven tree species (Albizia saman, Acacia auriculiformis A. Cunn. ex Benth., Albizia lebbeck, Chickrassia tabularis A. Juss., Eucalyptus camaldulensis Dehnn., Gmelina arborea (Roxb) DC, Swietenia macrophylla King.) collected from the hilly areas of Chittagong University (CU) was investigated. Roots and rhizosphere soil samples were collected in different seasons (pre-monsoon, monsoon and post monsoon). Percentage of AM colonization in root and number of spores/100 gm dry soil were assessed. The result of the investigation reveals that the intensity and percentage of AM colonization varied in different forest tree species in different seasons. In this study, maximum AM colonization and spore population were found in pre-monsoon and minimum were in monsoon season. The intensity of colonization was maximum in C. tabularis (74.43%) in pre-monsoon, A. lebbeck (69.45%) in monsoon and S. macrophylla (67.8%) in post monsoon seasons and minimum in A. auriculiformis (53.75%) during pre-monsoon, A. saman (24.4%) in monsoon and A. saman (19.36%) in post monsoon. The number of spores found per 100 g dry soil ranged between 164-376 during pre-monsoon, 27-310 during monsoon and 194-299 in post monsoon season. Out of six recognized genera of AM fungi, Glomus, Sclerocystis, Entrophospora, Scutellospora, Acaulospora and other unidentified spores were observed.

• Mycobiology
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• v.41 no.3
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• pp.121-125
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• 2013

Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) have mutualistic relationships with more than 80% of terrestrial plant species. This symbiotic relationship is ancient and would have had important roles in establishment of plants on land. Despite their abundance and wide range of relationship with plant species, AMF have shown low species diversity. However, molecular studies have suggested that diversity of these fungi may be much higher, and genetic variation of AMF is very high within a species and even within a single spore. Despite low diversity and lack of host specificity, various functions have been associated with plant growth responses to arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal colonization. In addition, different community composition of AMF affects plants differently, and plays a potential role in ecosystem variability and productivity. AMF have high functional diversity because different combinations of host plants and AMF have different effects on the various aspects of symbiosis. Consequently, recent studies have focused on the different functions of AMF according to their genetic resource and their roles in ecosystem functioning. This review summarizes taxonomic, genetic, and functional diversities of AMF and their roles in natural ecosystems.