• 생약학회지
• /
• 제34권1호통권132호
• /
• pp.80-85
• /
• 2003

Water extract from Astragali Radix (AR) was tested for the safety using Ames, Bacillus subtilis Rec, and umu gene expression mutagenicity tests. Mutagenic activity in any assays we tested was not found. In Ames test, Salmonella typhimurium TA98 and TA 100 were used to identify mutagenic property, and the number of histidine revertants was measured. In the Recassay, Bacillus subtilis ${H-17(Rec^+)\;and\;M-45(Rec^-)}$ strains were used to test DNA damage activity. In the SOS umu test, Salmonella typhimurium TA1535 containing plasmid pSK1002 was used as a test strain, and we monitored the levels of umu operon expression by measuring the ${\beta}-galactosidase$ activity. From the results, there was no DNA damage and mutagenicity of AR. Hepatotoxicity of AR to female ICR mice was also monitored by the measurements of s-GOT, s-GPT, LDH activities after oral feeding for 15 days. AR was not shown any significant changes of s-GOT, s-GPT and LDH activities in mice sera.

• 한국환경성돌연변이발암원학회지
• /
• 제20권1호
• /
• pp.21-25
• /
• 2000

Recently there is increasing interest in the use of structure activity relationships for predicting the biological activity of chemicals. The reasons for the interest include the decrease cost and time per chemical as compared with animal or cell system for identifying toxicological effects of chemicals and the reduction in the use of animals for toxicological testing. This study is to test the validity of the mutagenicity data generated from QSAR (Quantitative Structure Activity Relationship) program. Thirty chemicals, which had been evaluated by Ames test during 1997-1999, were assessed with TOPKAT QSAR mutagenicity prediction module. Among 30chemicals experimented, 28 were negative and 2 were positive for Ames test. On the contrary, 23 chemicals showed the high confidence level indicating high prediction rate in mutagenicity evaluation, and 7 chemicals showed the lsow to moderate confidence level indicating low prediction in mutagenicity evaluation. Overall mutagenicity prediction rate was 77% (23/30). The prediction rates for non-mutagenic chemicals were 79% (22/28) and mutagenic chemicals were 50% (1/2). QSAR could be a useful tool in providing toxicological data for newly introduced chemicals or in furnishing data for MSDS or in determining the dose in toxicity testing for chemicals with no known toxicological data.

• Toxicological Research
• /
• 제29권4호
• /
• pp.279-283
• /
• 2013

Acanthopanax koreanum Nakai, a well known traditional herb grown in Jeju Island, South of Korea, has been used as a tonic and sedative agent, as well as in the treatment of diabetes and immune diseases. Mutagenicity of two lignans, syringaresinol and tortoside A isolated from A. koreanum, was assessed using Salmonella/microsome (Ames) test. Tester strains used were Salmonella typhimurium TA98, TA100, TA1535, and Escherichia coli WP2uvrA. The mutagenic activity was determined both in the absence or presence of S9 mixture. As a result, tortoside A did not cause any increase in the number of $his^+$ revertants in S. typhimurium and E. coli WP2uvrA strains in the presence or absence of S9 mix, compared to the controls. Similarly, low concentrations of syringaresinol (750 and 1,500 ${\mu}g$/plate) did not show any mutagenic properties in all bacterial strains, in the presence or absence of S9 mixture. However, in the high concentration of syringaresinol (3,000 ${\mu}g$/plate), the number of revertants were increased in TA1535 strains, in the absence of S9 metabolic activation. Therefore, in vivo experiments such as comet assay are needed to further determine the genotoxic/carciogenic potential of syringaresinol isolated from A. koreanum.

• 한국미생물·생명공학회지
• /
• 제28권2호
• /
• pp.111-116
• /
• 2000

Cordyceps scarabaeicola KEFC-C252 균사체의 배양으로 생산되는 천연색소의 생산조건 및 색소의 정제방법을 조사하였으며, 분리된 색소의 항돌연변이 효과를 조사하였다. 색소의 생산에 적합한 배지는 1.5% sucrose, 2.5% yeast extract, 초기 pH5.5였다. Cordyceps scarabaeicola KEFC-C252를 $26^{\circ}C$에서 108시간 배양한 후에 색소생산이 최대에 달하였으며, 최적조건에서 Cordyceps scarabaeicola KEFC-C252는 1.2 g/liter의 색소를 생산하였다. 색소는 ethylacetate 추출, 산침전 및 결정화과정을 거치면서 정제하여 황색의 육각기둥 모양의 결정을 얻었다. 분리된 색소는 용액의 pH 변화에 따라 색상이 변하는 특성을 나타내었는데 알칼리성 용액에서 청색, 산성 용액에서 붉은색을 나타내었다. 분리된 색소는 4-NQO로 유도된 돌연변이를 억제하는 항돌연변이원성 물질이었다. 또 분리된 색소는 Salmonella typhimurium TA98과 TA100에서 자발적 돌연변이를 감소시켰다.

• Journal of Microbiology
• /
• 제37권3호
• /
• pp.136-140
• /
• 1999

The mutagenicities and antimutagenicities of butanol (PL I) and water (PL II) extracts from the filtrate of the cultured broth of Phellinus linteus were examined using the Ames/Salmonella test. No mutagenic activity of PL I and PL II was found in Salmonella typhimurium strains TA98 and TA100, either with or without S9 activation. In contrast, PL I and PL II showed inhibitory effects on the mutagenic activities induced by the directly-acting mutagens, 4-nitro-o-phenylenediamine (NPD) using the tester strain TA98 and sodium azide (NaN3) using the tester strain TA 100 in the absence of S9 mix. PLI and PL II also showed inhibitory effects on the mutagenicities of the indirectly-acting mutagens, 2-aminofluorene (2-AF) using the tester strain TA98 and benzo[a]pyrene (B[a]P) using the tester strain TA 100 in the presence of S9. These results suggest that P. linteus has an antimutagenic activity and may play a role in the prevention of cancer.

• 한국미생물·생명공학회지
• /
• 제5권4호
• /
• pp.159-165
• /
• 1977

Salmonella typhimurium LT-2의 histididine auxotroph 중 base substitute mutant인 TA 1535와 TA100, 그리고 frame-shiftmutant인 TA 1538과 TA 98을 각각 사용하였고 microsomal enayme activation system을 병용하여 국내 사용농약 20종에 대한 돌연변이 유발성을 검하였다. 이중 다음 4종의 농약이 양성 및 의양성의 유발성을 나타냈다. (1) Captan은 강력한 돌연변이 유발성질로서 TA1535, TA100 및 TA98에 대해 직접적으로 10$\mu\textrm{g}$/plate의 농도에서 plate당 각각 205, 1012, 그리고 297의 돌연변이 균종의 출현을 나타냈으며 microsomal enzyme activation에 의해 그 유발능력이 약간 감소되는 경향을 보였다. (2) Micut는 TA100에 대해 직접적으로 10mg/plate의 농도에서 55 revertant 정도의 미비한 돌연변이 유발성을 나타냈다. (3) Dimethoate는 TA100에서 역시 직접성으로 처리가능 최고농도인 0.2λ/plate에서 55 revertant/plate 정도의 징약한 돌연변이 유발성을 바타냈다. (4) Triforing도 역시 TA 100에서 직접적으로 10mg/plate로 처리된 농도에서 78 revertant/plate정도의 약한 돌연변이 유발성을 나타했다.

• 한국식품조리과학회지
• /
• 제14권5호
• /
• pp.468-474
• /
• 1998

This study was performed to determine the effects of antimutagenicity from Barley (Hordeum vulgare). In Salmonella typhimurium reversion assay (In vitro test), the extract of Barley (Hordeum vulgare) inhibited mutagenic activity of 4-NQO and Trp-p-1 with 59 mix. in Salmonella typhimurium TA98 and TA100. In Micronucleus test (In vivo test), the methanol extract of Barley (Hordeum vulgare) inhibited micronucleus formation in bone marrow by cyclophosphamide. The $\beta$-glucan of Barley (Hordeum vulgare) showed inhibitory effects of 59-77% in mutagenic activity of 4-NQO by Salmonella typhimurium TA100. The mutagenicity of Trp-p-1 with S9 mix. by Salmonella typhimurium TA98 showed inhibitory effects of 24-56%. The methanl extract (M) was fractionated with ether (MI), ethylacetate (M2), buthanol (M3) and water (M4). The Antimutagenicity of Trp-p-1 with 59 mix. by Salmonella typhimurium TA98 in Barley fraction showed the following: methanol extract (99.58%)>ether fraction (98.05%)>buthanol fraction (56.90%)>water fraction (56.72%)>ethyl acetate fraction (28.72%). Among them, ether fraction in TA 98 showed strong antimutagenicity effects (85.56%, 98.05%) against mutation induced by 4-NQO and Trp-p-1. As concentration of the methanol extract increased (1.25~5 g/kg/10 cc), micronucleus formation in bone marrow by chemical mutagen (CP) showed inhibitory effects of 50% (p< 0.05).

• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
• /
• 제24권6호
• /
• pp.731-732
• /
• 2003

Mutagen X (MX), 3-chloro-4-(dichloromethyl)-5-hydroxy-2(5H)-furanone is one of the most potent directing acting mutagen ever tested in SAL TA100 assay. Although MX analogues have been synthesized, tested for mutagenicity and modeled by structure-activity relationship (SAR) methods, the mechanism of interaction of these compounds with DNA to produce their remarkable mutagenic potency remains unresolved. MX exists as an equilibrium mixture of both ring and open form in water. This equilibrium is very fast for Ames test. Because the mixture is not separable by experimental methods, it is not clear which one is really responsible for the observed mutagenicity. There have been many debates that which one is really responsible for the observed mutagenicity. We used ab initio methods for the MX analogues. It seems both ring and open form could react with DNA bases as electrophiles. However, every open form has consistently lower LUMO energy than corresponding ring form. It is reasonable to assume that the major reaction will go through via open form for MX analogues. This suggest that the open form is more likely really mutagenic.

• 약학회지
• /
• 제35권4호
• /
• pp.253-257
• /
• 1991

The anti-mutagenic effect of Orostachys japonicus (OJ) toward aflatoxin (AFB$_{1}$) and N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine (MNNG) in the Salmonella assay system was studied. The methanol extract of OJ inhibited the mutagenicity induced by AFB$_{1}$ about 97% when 5% of the extract added to the system. Butanol fraction from the methanol extract was the most effective against AFB$_{1}$. However, other fractions of hexane, chloroform, and ethylacetate also showed considerable antimutagenic activity against AFB$_{1}$. Several identified compounds from the fractions of OJ exhibited anti-mutagenic effect. $\beta$-Sitosterol, astragalin and kaempferol-3-rhamnosyl-7-glucoside were selected from the compounds, and these compounds inhibited the mutagenicity dose-dependently. These 3 compounds also decreased the mutagenicity induced by MNNG. From these results, it is suggested that the major compounds such as triterpene, sterol and flavonoid in the OJ were responsible for the inhibition of the AFB$_{1}$ and MNNG-induced mutagenicities.

• 한국연초학회지
• /
• 제29권1호
• /
• pp.30-40
• /
• 2007

The objective of this study was to investigate the contribution of various smoke constituents to the toxicological activity of total particulate matter(TPM) or the gas/vapor phase(GVP). These components included phenol compounds, aromatic amines, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, heterocyclic amines, and carbonyl compounds. The mutagenic and cytotoxic potencies were assessed using the Salmonella mutagenicity assay with S. typimurium TA98 strain and the neutral red uptake cytotoxicity assay(NRU) with BALB/c 3T3 fibroblast cells, respectively. The Salmonella mutagenicity test showed that heterocyclic amines exhibited significantly higher levels of toxicity compared to other smoke constituents. Among them, 2-amino-3,4-dimethylimidazo[4,5-f]quinoline(MeIQ) was shown the most mutagenic compound with a specific mutagenicity of $7.9{\times}10^5\;revertants/{\mu}g$. An analysis of the possible contribution revealed that MeIQ account for only 0.85% of the 2R4F-TPM mutagenicity in TA98. NRU data demonstrated that high cytotoxic activity was obtained for hydroquinone, formaldehyde, and acrolein. Based on the results of the present study, the contribution of acrolein to the cytotoxicity of the GVP fraction was calculated as 61%. Thus, a large proportion of the cytotoxic activity of this complex mixture, cigarette smoke gas phase, can be attributed to the acrolein.