• Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.38 no.5
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• pp.408-413
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• 1995

Investigations of the effects of pickle product ingredients on lipoxygenase (LOX) and methemoglobin (MHG, a nonenzymatic oxidant) catalyzing oxidation of linolenic acid were conducted. In addition, activities of LOX, peroxidase (POD) and catalase (CAT) in dry spices used in pickle products were determined. Some commercial pickle brines were observed to inhibit oxidation of linolenic acid by LOX and MHG. The ingredients in pickle products, such as dill oil emulsion, onion concentrate, oil cassia, polysorbate 80 and turmeric acid, reduced LOX and MHG catalyzed oxidation. Lipoxygenase activity was present in garlic, mustard seed and red pepper. Only in mustard seed, peroxidase activity was observed. Catalase activity was observed in garlic, black pepper, allspice and red pepper.

• Journal of Plant Biotechnology
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• v.46 no.2
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• pp.114-118
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• 2019

Efficient protocol for plant shoot regeneration of Brassica juncea L. CZERN was established by using organic media components and growth stimulating factors of the vermicompost and coelomic fluids. Formulated organic plant tissue culture media (Vermicompost (30%) extracts supplemented with 20 mL/L coelomic fluid) have shown maximum shoot regeneration when compared with the Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium, which were supplemented with 1 mg/L 6-benzyladenine (BA) and 0.1 mg/L of Naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA). Cotyledon explants produced the highest shoot regeneration frequency from fourday-old germinated seedlings in comparison with non-germinated seedlings. The vermicompost extracts have proved to be the best organic plant growth media to induce shoots from cotyledons compared to the MS media. Statistically significant difference (P = 0.008) for the root length, shoot length (P=0.000350) and the leaves (P=0.375) of the mustard plantlets were analyzed successfully. The survival rate was 98% in the mustard cotyledons on the Vermicompost extract media and 63% on MS media respectively. The coelomic fluid also is much suitable to induce shoots from cotyledons at lower concentrations. It was also shown that the vermicompost extract, which comprised of humic acids along with coelomic fluid, affected shoot regeneration from the cotyledons. An efficient and organic shoot regeneration study was standardized and it can be applicable in the improvement of the economically important crops.

• The Korean Journal of Food And Nutrition
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• v.34 no.1
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• pp.26-35
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• 2021

Myrosinases (thioglucosidases) catalyze the hydrolysis of a class of compounds called glucosinolates, of which the aglycones show various biological functions. It is often necessary to minimize the loss of myrosinase activity during thermal processing of cruciferous vegetables. Myrosinase was isolated from a popular spice, white mustard (Sinapis alba), and its thermal inactivation kinetics was investigated. The enzyme was extracted from white mustard seeds and purified by a sequential processes of ammonium sulfate fractionation, Concanavalin A-Sepharose column chromatography, and gel permeation chromatography. At least three isozymes were revealed by Concanavalin A-Sepharose column chromatography. The purity of the major myrosinase was examined by native polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and on-gel activity staining with methyl red. The molecular weight of the major enzyme was estimated to be 171 kDa. When the consecutive step model was used for the thermal inactivation of the major myrosinase, its inactivation energy was 44.388 kJ/mol for the early stage of destruction and 32.019 kJ/mol for the late stage of destruction. When the distinct two enzymes model was used, the inactivation energy was 77.772 kJ/mol for the labile enzyme and 95.145 kJ/mol for the stable enzyme. The thermal inactivation energies lie within energy range causing nutrient destruction on heating.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.18 no.8
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• pp.1157-1163
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• 2005

An experiment was conducted to study the effect of replacing soyabean meal (SBM) at 50 and 100% with conventional (CMC) and low glucosinalate mustard cakes (LGMC) in iso-caloric and iso-nitrogenous diets in broiler chickens. All these diets contained 0.1% choline chloride with a purity of 50% (w/w). Another diet was prepared by replacing SBM in toto with CMC with no supplemental choline to find out the possible role of supplemental choline in mustard cake (MC) based diets. Two hundred and seventy day-old broiler chicks were distributed randomly in 54 stainless steel battery brooder pens of five chicks in each pen. Each experimental diet was allotted at random to nine battery brooders and offered ad-libitum from day 2 through 42 days of age. Body weight gain was significantly depressed by total replacement of SBM with either LGMC or CMC at 21 days of age. Non-supplementation of choline significantly depressed the growth compared to those fed CMC 100% with supplemental choline. However, at 42 days of age, such an effect was seen only with CMC. Replacement of SBM with CMC 100% with or without choline supplementation depressed the body weight gain. The concentrations of cholestorol and tryglicerides in serum and the relative weights of ready to cook yield, giblet and gizzard decreased by incorporation of mustard cakes in broiler diets. The trend in fat and protein contents in breast and thigh muscles and liver was not clearly attributable to the treatment effect. Based on the results, it is concluded that SBM can be replaced in toto with LGMC (535.0 and 466.5 g/kg starter and finisher diets, respectively) or up to 50% (215.0 and 186.7 g/kg starter and finisher diets, respectively) with CMC in commercial broiler chicken diets. Choline supplementation at 0.1% level in broiler diets containing CMC was found to be beneficial during starter phase.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture
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• v.28 no.2
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• pp.146-157
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• 2009

The influence of Pb-citrate complex formation on Pb uptake and the effect of Pb on organic acid exudation were investigated using four plant species, viz., sunflower (Helianthus annuus L), Indian mustard (Brassica juncea), canola (Brassica napus) and vetiver grass (Vetiveria zizanioides) under hydroponic conditions. Seedlings were exposed to different levels of Pb and Pb-citrate for 24 hrs and subsequently Pb distributions in plant shoot, root and hydroponic solution were measured. The dissolved organic carbon (DOC) concentration generally decreased as the concentration of Pb in the hydroponic solution increased. In contrast to DOC, the total organic acid concentrations exuded from Indian mustard roots significantly increased (424 to 6656 mg $kg^{-1}$) with increased Pb treatment, implying that exuding organic acids were involved in Pb accumulation in Indian mustard. The complexation of Pb with citrate enhanced Pb accumulation in the above ground portions. Lead concentration in Indian mustard increased from 2.05 mg $kg^{-1}$ to 6.42 mg $kg^{-1}$ when the concentration of citrate in solution increased from 0 to 50 mg $L^{-1}$. This result showed enhanced translocation of Pb from root to shoot with observation of transfer coefficient ($K_t$) increase from 2.03E-3 to 5.72E-3.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.35 no.1
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• pp.155-158
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• 2003

Time-dependent flow properties of mustard pastes were measured at various total solid contents $(TS,\;18{\sim}30%)$ and shear rates $(15{\sim}25\;s^{-1})$ using a Haake concentric cylinderical viscometer. Experimental data of the stress decay with time of shearing were fitted to three mathematical models proposed by Weltman, Figoni and Shoemaker, and Hahn. Time-dependent flow behaviour of mustard paste increased with increase in TS, but was found to vary in the range of shear rate investigated. Time-dependent model of Weltman was found to be most applicable $(average\;R^2=0.96)$ for mustard paste. Shear stresses for structure breakdown increased with increase in TS, while the structure breakdown rate decreased.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.24 no.5
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• pp.707-712
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• 1995

Natural antimicrobial activities in leaf mustard Dolsan(Brassica juncea) were evaluated for food preservation. Antimicrobial activities and changes in volatile allylisothiocyanate(AIT) concentration were examined during incubation of leaf mustard homogenate for 72 hours at $30^{\circ}C$. The concentration of volatile AIT was highest at 2 hours of incubation. Antimicrobial activities, which were insignificant in raw homogenate without incubation, were occurred at 21 hours and were showed highest at 48~72 hours of incubation. Water-pretreated extract(WPE) showed the antimicrobial activity by 1.2~1.4 times higher than the water extract. Ethylacetate fraction of leaf mustard showed high antimicrobial activities. The WPE had strong antimicrobial activities against Salmonella typhimurium and Staphylococcus aureus. Heat treatment of the WPE for 30 min at $121^{\circ}C$ did not lose the antimicrobial activities.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.23 no.1
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• pp.164-169
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• 1994

$Ca^{++}$ content and histochemical changes during processing Mooks prepared with sea mustard (Undaria pinnatifida) and sea tangle (Laminaria japonica) were studied. $Ca^{++}$ content of sea mustard Mook during gelation in $CaCl_2$ solution was not only increased fast, but also decreased fast during soaking in distilled water as comparing with that of sea tangle Mook. Both solubilization of the seaweeds by 1 % $K_2HPO_4$ and filtration of solubilized seaweed were decreased the extruding amount of $Ca^{++}$ from Mooks during soaking. The cell walls in sea mustard were likely irregular and ling, but those in sea tangle were regular and round shape. alginic acid was mainly occurred around cell walls. The alginic acid was gradually solubilized depending on heating and alkali treatment. Thus, the fillament cells in sea tangle were cut finely during processing Mook, while those in sea mustard were remained tolerably.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.44 no.6
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• pp.716-721
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• 2012

This study was designed to compare the quality characteristics of spray-dried (SD) and freeze-dried (FD) powders prepared with hot water extracts of sea mustard (Undraia pinnatifada) and sea tangle (Laminaria longissima). The moisture content of FD seawed was lower than that of SD, and sea mustard had a higher overall moisture content than sea tangle. The alginic acid content of SD seaweed was significantly higher than that of FD seaweed for both species. There were relatively higher contents of phenolic compounds in SD powders than in FD powders. DPPH radical scavenging ability was significantly greater in SD seaweed, and also, SOD-like activity in SD powders was higher than those of FD powders. However, the nitrite scavenging activity of FD powders of sea mustard (10 mg/mL) was higher than that of SD. In conclusion, spray-dried sea mustard and sea tangle extracts exhibited higher physiological functionalities than their freeze-dried counterparts.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Gas
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• v.3 no.1
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• pp.33-40
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• 1999

The extraction characteristics of lipids from powdered sea mustard have been investigated by the use of supercritical carbon dioxide($SC-CO_2$) and cosolvents. The extraction rate was increased as the particle size of the sea mustard is smaller, the pressure is higher, the temperature is lower, and the quantities of the fluid is more. However, the extraction yield of lipids from sea mustard was almost constant at a given condition. The optimum extraction condition was determined with the extraction yield of $1.45wt\%$ at 300um of particle size, 313K of $SC-CO_2$ temperature, 13.8MPa of pressure, and 30L/min of flow rate. Ethanol was the most efficient cosolvent among ethanol, methanol, and hexane. The extraction yield was increased at about 2.21times by the addition of ethanol as a cosolvent to $SC-CO_2$. As the residence time and the average concentration of lipids were decreased, the mass transfer parameter($k_fa$) was increased. But the opposite result was obtained when the ethanol was used as cosolvent.