• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• v.36 no.6
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• pp.397-403
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• 2003

Background: The research sought to identify the clinical features of pleomorphic carcinoma of the lung generally known as a rare subtype in accordance with the lung cancer classification done in 1999 by WHO. Material and Method: 250 cases of surgically resected lung cancers were collected in this hospital from January 1992 to December 2001. This study included 42 cases of pleomorphic carcinoma diagnosed through light microscope and immunohistochemistry. Result: Out of 42 cases, males represented 31, and females 11, the age ranged from 26 to 77. Main clinical symptoms included coughing, hemoptysis, sputum. Diagnoses disclosed the stage as stage la in 3 cases (7%), Ib in 16 (38%), IIa in 1 (2%), IIb in 8 (19%), IIIa in 15 (35%), and IIIb in 1 (2%). Out of these, no lymph node metastasis was represented in 23 cases (54%), while N1 and N2 involving lymph node metastasis was shown 19 cases (46%). A total of 19 patients developed metastasis, comprising the brain in 5 cases (26%), bone in 4 (21%), muscle in 4 (21%), Lymph node in 2 (10%), and 1 liver, ovary, contralateral lung, and adrenal gland, respectively. The size of the tumor ranged from 1 cm to 11 cm, averaging 5.85 cm. Out of the 42 patients, the total two-year and five-year survival rates in accordance with the Kaplan-Meier method represented 26% and 13%, respectively, These figures compared to the corresponding 44% and 34% in cases other than pleomorphic carcinoma from the survey target of 256 cases, proved to be significantly low (p<0.002). No significant difference was found in the survival rates compared between age and tumor size, between stage I and above stage II, and between N0 and above N1. Patients who developed postoperative metastasis all died, and showed significantly low survival rates (p<0.002) compared to those patients without metastasis. Conclusion: With the new diagnosis method of f999 WHO's lung cancer classification applied, pleomorphic carcinoma showed a higher prevalence rate than under previous classifications, their postoperative survival rate was significantly low compared to histologic type of non small cell lung carcinomas.

• Journal of Veterinary Clinics
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• v.24 no.4
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• pp.514-521
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• 2007

The sympathetic nerve block improves the blood flow in the innervated regions. For this region, the sympathetic nerve block has been performed in the neural and cerebral disorders. However, the cerebral blood flow regulation of the cranial cervical ganglion block in dogs have not been well defined and the correlation to the changes in the cerebral circulation and the changes in the electroencephalogram is not well defined in dogs yet. Therefore, we investigated the hypothesis that changes in the EEG could be affected by the changes in cerebral blood flow following the cranial cervical ganglion block in dogs. Twenty five beagle dogs were divided into 3 groups; group I(LCCGB, n=10) underwent left sided cranial cervical ganglion block using the 1% lidocaine, group II(L, n=10) injected the 1% lidocaine into the right or left sided digastricus muscle, group III(N/SCCGB, n=5, served as control) underwent the left sided cranial cervical ganglion block using saline. A statistical difference was not found between the control group and the LCCGB group in the 95% spectral edge frequency(SEF) and the median frequency(MF). In the relative band power, the $\delta$ frequency was decreased during 5-25 min, while the $\alpha$ frequency was increased during the same time(p<0.05). But the $\theta$ frequency and the $\beta$ frequency were not shown the significant changes compared with the control group during the same time(p<0.05). These results suggest that the left cranial cervical ganglion block does not induce the change of the cerebral blood flow and its effect is insignificant.

• Food Science and Preservation
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• v.16 no.6
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• pp.824-829
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• 2009

Changes in pH, viable microbial count, chemical freshness, texture, and sensory qualities of Sing Sing Hoe (SSH, fresh-sliced raw fish) were measured over 15 days at $4^{\circ}C$, $-20^{\circ}C$, and $-80^{\circ}C$. The initial pH of SSH was 6.25 at all three storage temperatures, and pH increased slightly after 12 days to pH 6.48 and pH 6.55 at $-20^{\circ}C$ and $-80^{\circ}C$, respectively. The range in viable cell count was 104-106 CFU/g, regardless of storage temperature. The initial content of volatile basic nitrogen (VBN) was 5.8 mg/100 g and became 8.2 mg/100 g or less, and 7.9 mg/100 g or less after 15 days at $-20^{\circ}C$ and $-80^{\circ}C$, respectively. However, pH and VBN values increased significantly after 3 days of storage at $4^{\circ}C$. At this temperature, the K-value was 22.3% after 6 days and 40% or more after 15 days. At $-20^{\circ}C$, the K-value was 9.6% or less after 6 days and 21% or less after 15 days of storage. At $-80^{\circ}C$, the K-value was 8.5% or less after 9 days and 20% or less after 15 days of storage. Compared with the K-value of live fish muscle (10%), freshness similar to that of live fish was maintained for 6 days under both $-20^{\circ}C$ and $-80^{\circ}C$ storage conditions. There was no significant change in texture during storage of SSH at $-20^{\circ}C$ or $-80^{\circ}C$, but SSH stored at $4^{\circ}C$ showed a decrease in texture quality during storage. Sensory scores were high for material stored for up to 3 days at $4^{\circ}C$ and 6 days at $-20^{\circ}C$ or $-80^{\circ}C$. The overall freshness of SSH was maintained for up to 6 days, in comparison with fresh-sliced raw fish, under both frozen storage conditions.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Research
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• v.21 no.2
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• pp.105-112
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• 1981

The morphological and structural studios of Anisakinae larva has been carried out since Sept. of 1980. The larva were collected from naturally infested eleven swine of 1,531 examined at Kwang-Ju abattoir and from marine fishes, Somber japonicus, bought at Kwang-Ju fish market. The results observed were as follow : 1. Anisakis larva found in the stomach wall and on the surface of the mucosa were more or less degenerated. According to the progress of degeneration, the cross sections showed varied structures (Fig. 6, 7). 2. Size of the larva both from swine and fishes were measured respectively in average(mm); 18.0 and 18.7 in body length, 0.30 and 0.41 in body width, 1.64 and 1.68 in esophagus(muscular-part), 0.56 and 0.67 in ventriculus (glandular part), and 0.13 and 0.12 in tail. It was notable that body length of the larva in this present data, 18.0mm and 1.87mm, were shorter than those in previous dada, 24.3mm from human cases and 28.4mm from, however, the present data were almost similar to the data, 1.75mm, from swine case. 3. The Boring tooth, Mucron, long ventriculus and short round tail were observed in the larva of this present study. These structures were differentiated from Anisakis type II larvae which was provided with short ventriculus, and conical and tapering tall without mucron. 4. The ventricular appendix and intestnal caecum were not present in the larva. These might be differentiated from other Anisakidae larva such as Terranova larvae, Contracaecum larvae, Raphidascaris larvae and Thynnascaris larvae. 5. The findings through the histological observation were a pair of Y-shaped or butterfly-shaped lateal chords, ventral and dorsal chords, excretory(Renette) cell, high columnar epithelial cells of digestive tract and muscle cells. These morphological characteristics revealed varied features in the structures in the degenerative degree of the larva in the stomach wall. 6. The above-mentioned characteristics of the larva observed could be indentified as Anisakis type I larvae. 7. The reports on natural infestation of domestic animal with Anisakis type I larvae were two swine cases in Korea and Japan respectively, On the other hand two human cases of the larva were reported in Korea and more than one thousand cases in Japan. In Twiwan no reports of human and domestic animal cases could be found.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.18 no.7
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• pp.1005-1010
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• 2008

In this study, we investigated the inhibitory effect of four solvent fractions of Alnus firma on ${\alpha}-amylase$, ${\alpha}-glucosidase$ and aldose reductase activities. The inhibitory test showed that methanol (MeOH) extract and hexane (HX) fraction strongly inhibited pork pancreatin and salivary ${\alpha}-amylase$ activity. The MeOH extract and HX fraction of Alnus firma at the concentration of 4 mg/ml inhibited more than 70% of pancreatin and salivary ${\alpha}-amylase$ activity. The inhibitory effect of fractions has different specificities against ${\alpha}-amylase$ from pancreatin and salivary. In addition, the MeOH extract and butanol (BuOH) fraction showed the highest inhibitory activity on yeast ${\alpha}-glucosidase$ at values of $IC_{50}$ $137.36\;{\mu}g/ml$ and $115.14\;{\mu}g/ml$ respectively. The MeOH extract and BuOH fraction showed the highest inhibitory activity on yeast ${\alpha}-glucosidase$ than commercial agent such as 1-deoxynorjirimycin and acarbose. Inhibition kinetics of solvent fractions showed that ${\alpha}-glucosidase$ has been inhibited noncompetitively by the MeOH, EA and BuOH fraction. The aldose reductase from human muscle cell had been inhibited strongly by the MeOH extract and EA fraction at 57.996% and 83.293% at the concentration of $50\;{\mu}g/ml$, respectively. These findings may contribute to biological significance in that ${\alpha}-amylase$, ${\alpha}-glucosidase$ and aldose reductase inhibitory compounds could be used as a functional food and a drug for the symptomatic treatment of antidiabetic disease in the future.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.16 no.2 s.75
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• pp.231-239
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• 2006

Human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs) in bone marrow (BM) can be induced to differentiate into a variety of mesenchymal tissues, including adipocytes, osteoblasts and chondroblasts, under the influence of certain growth or environmental factors. In this study, we analyzed the differentiation process and the associated gene expression profiles inherent to the process by which hMSCs differentiate into osteoblasts. We conducted a comparison of gene expression profiles of the normal human BM MSCs, using human 8K cDNA microarray, incubated in media containing either a combination of $\beta$-glycerol phosphate, L-ascorbic acid, and dexamethasone, or in medium lacking these osteogenic supplements. During the osteoblastic differentiation process, 36 genes were determined to be up-regulated, and 59 genes were shown to be down-regulated. Osteoprotegerin, LRP5, and metallothionein 2A, all of which are associated with the osteogenetic process, were up-regulated, and genes associated with the differentiation of MSCs into other lineages, including muscle, adipose tissue and vascular structure were down-regulated. The set of differentially expressed genes reported in this work should contribute to our current understanding of the processes inherent to the differentiation of MSCs into osteoblasts.

• The Journal of the Korean bone and joint tumor society
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• v.6 no.2
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• pp.61-68
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• 2000

Purpose : We examined the patients to evaluate the radiologic findings of solitary plasmacytoma of the bone. Materials and Methods : We retrospectively reviewed radiologic findings of 9 cases with solitary plasmacytoma of the bone (SPB) for recent 5 years, but 2 cases were not included this study due to an abnormal finding of bone marrow and another 2 cases were not included due to an abnormal manifestations of computed tomography (n=1) and MRI (n=1). Results : Among 5 cases, 4 cases had an osteolytic bone destruction and 1 case had an osteosclerotic bone destruction on the plain radiograph. Computed tomography and MRI showed more informations about trabeculated bone destruction and the soft-tissue extension of the lesion comparing to plain radiographs. The MRI finding of SPB in 4 cases showed a relatively high signal intensity on T1-weighted image and intermediate signal intensity on T2-weighted image, on which the signal intensity of the lesion is slightly higher than that of the muscle. One case had an extensive soft-tissue involvement and multiple necrosis, which presented iso to low signal intensity on T1-weighted image and high heterogeneous signal intensity on T2-weighted image. The Gadolinium-enhanced T1-weighted images of 5 cases showed diffusely strong enhancement of the lesion except on the necrosis areas. Conclusion : Computed tomography and MRI may present some characteristics of SPB and demonstrate another foci of plasma cell infiltrates, so these can be helpful for the diagnosis and treatment of SPB.

• The Korean Journal of Physiology
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• v.17 no.2
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• pp.135-142
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• 1983

$PGE_2$ and $PGF_{2{\alpha}}$ are known to act similarly in a number of animal tissues. They both facilitate regression of corpus luteum(Poyser, 1972; Fuch et al, 1974; Coudert et at, 1974) and stimulate contraction of uterine muscle (Laudanski et al, 1977; Porter et al, 1979; Hollingsworth et al, 1980). It is, however, not known whether these two prostaglandins exert similar actions in osmotic fragility of erythrocytes (Rasmussen et al, 1975) and $PGF_{2{\alpha}}$ alters conformation of membrane proteins (Meyers aud Swislocki, 1974). The former effect may not be mediated through changes in c- AMP concentration in the cell, since the adenylate cyclase activity in human erythrocyte is extremely low (Rodan et al, 1976; Sutherland et al, 1962) and the latter effect implies that physical state (or fluidity) of the membrane is altered by $PGF_{2{\alpha}}$. The present study was undertaken to elucidate mechanisms of action of $PGE_2$ and $PGF_{2{\alpha}}$ on the human erythocyte membrane by examining their effects on osmotic fragility and $Ca^{++}$ binding to the membrane fragments. The results are summarized as follows: 1) $PGE_2$ and $PGF_{2{\alpha}}$ increased osmotic fragility at concentrations above $10^{11}\;M$, the effect being similar for both hormones. The concentration of NaCl for 100% hemolysis was $1/16{\sim}1/17\;M$ in the presence of $10^{11}\;M\;PGE_2$ or $PGF_{2{\alpha}}$ and 1/18 M in the absence of the hormone (control). 2) When erythrocytes were suspended in 1/15 M NaCl solution, $44.2{\pm}4.3%$ of cells were hemolyzed. Addition of $10^{12}\;M\;PGE_2$ or $PGF_{2{\alpha}}$ did not increase hemolysis. When the concentration of the hormones was increased to $10^{11}\;M$, however the degree of hemolysis increased markealy to about 80%. No further increase in hemolysis was observed at concentration of the hormones above $10^{11}\;M$. 3) The additional hemolysis due to $10^{11}\;M\;PGE_2$ and $PGF_{2{\alpha}}$ appeared to he identical regardless of absence or presence of $Ca^{++}\;(0.5{\sim}10\;mM)$ in the suspending medium. 4) In the absence of prostaglandin, the binding of $Ca^{++}$ to the erythrocyte membrane increased curvilinearly as the $Ca^{++}$ concentration increased up to 5 mM above which it leveled off. A similar dependence of $Ca^{++}$ binding on the $Ca^{++}$ concentration was observed in the presence of $10^{11}\;M\;PGE_2$ or $PGF_{2{\alpha}}$, however, the amount of $Ca^{++}$ bound at a given $Ca^{++}$ concentration was significantly higher than in the absence of the hormones. 5) As in the hemolysis, $PGE_2$ and $PGF_{2{\alpha}}$ did not affect the $Ca^{++}$ binding at a concentration of $10^{12}\;M$, but increased it by about 100% at concentration above $10^{11}\;M$. These result indicate that both tile osmotic fragility of erythrocyte and the $Ca^{++}$ binding to the erythrocyte membrane are similarly enhanced by $PGE_2$ and $PGF_{2{\alpha}}$, but these two effects are not causally related. It is, therefore, concluded that the prostaglandin-induced hemolysis is not directly associated with alterations of the $Ca^{++}$ content in the membrane.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• v.47 no.2
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• pp.172-183
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• 1999

Background: Nitric oxide is a short-lived effector molecule derived from L-arginine by the nitric oxide synthase(NOS). Nitric oxide plays a role in a number of physiologic and pathophysiologic functions including host defense, edema formation, and regulation of smooth muscle tone. Some kinds of cells including macrophage are known to produce large quantities of nitric oxide in response to inflammatory stimuli such as interleukin-$1\beta$(IL-$1\beta$), tumor necrosis factor-$\alpha$(TNF-$\alpha$), interferon-$\gamma$(IFN-$\gamma$) and lipopolysaccharide(LPS). Reactive oxygen species are also known to be important in the pathogenesis of acute cell and tissue injury such as acute lung injury model Methods: Using the RA W264.7 cells, we have examined the ability of oxidant hydrogen peroxide($H_2O_2$) to stimulate nitric oxide production and inducible NOS mRNA expression. Also, we have examined the effects of NOS inhibitors and antioxidants on $H_2O_2$ induced nitric oxide production. Results: Stimulation of RAW264.7 cells with combinations of 100 ng/ml IL-$1\beta$, 100 ng/ml TNF-$\alpha$, and 100 U/ml IFN-$\gamma$ or 100 U/ml IFN-$\gamma$ and $1{\mu}g/ml$ LPS induced the synthesis of nitric oxide as measured by the oxidation products nitrite($NO_2^-$) and nitrate($NO_3^-$). Addition of $250 {\mu}M-2$ mM $H_2O_2$ to the cytokines significantly augmented the synthesis of $NO_2^-$ and $NO_3^-$(p<0.05). When cells were incubated with increasing concentrations of $H_2O_2$ in the presence of IL-$1\beta$, TNF-$\alpha$ and IFN-$\gamma$ at constant level, the synthesis of $NO_2^-$ and $NO_3^-$ was dose-dependently increased(p<0.05). $N^G$-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester(L-NAME), dose dependently, significantly inhibited the formation of $NO_2^-$ and $NO_3^-$ in cells stimulated with LPS, IFN-$\gamma$ and $H_2O_2$ at constant level(p<0.05). Catalase significantly inhibited the $H_2O_2$-induced augmentation of cytokine-induced $NO_2^-$ and $NO_3^-$ formation(p<0.05). But, boiled catalase did not produce a significant inhibition in comparison with the native enzyme. Another antioxidant 2-mercaptoethanol and orthophenanthroline dose-dependently suppressed $NO_2^-$ and $NO_3^-$ synthesis(p<0.05). Northern blotting demonstrated that H:02 synergistically stimulated the cytokine-induced iNOS mRNA expression in RA W264.7. Conclusion: These results suggest that $H_2O_2$ contributes to inflammatory process by augmenting the iNOS expression and nitric oxide synthesis induced by cytokines.

• Journal of Aquaculture
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• v.8 no.3
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• pp.195-207
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• 1995

In order to study the embryonic development and hatching of wild long shanny, Stichaeus grigorjewi, were caught with the gill nets in the East Sea of Korea, and stocked at indoor tanks to induce natural spawning in February 25, 1994 and February 16 to 24, 1995. They were already matured when stocked, and average body length (50.66 cm) and body weight (1,192.74 g) of 57 females and average body length (48.62 cm) and body weight (612.58g) of 43 males were recorded. Before stocking, they were inserted with identification tags(ID tags) in the dorsal muscle, and spawning was traced by the portable reader (Destron/lDl Ltd.) Forty females among 57 spawned successfully in the average of 4 days after stocking. Females spawned almost all eggs contained in the ovaries at one time in the form of an egg mass and averaging 227,200 eggs Per egg mass. The egg mass was oval in shape, translucent milky in color, 20.32cm long axis and 14.57cm short axis in size, and 803.7g in weight. Male parents guarded their egg masses and circulated water with the tail part of the body. Fertilized egg was spherical in shape, and their average diameter was 1.54 mm. Each egg had a containing single oil globule, and it's average diameter was 0.37 mm. The average water temperature was $13.2^{\circ}C$ and incubation times after fertilization were 5 hours 25 minutes up to 2-cell stage, 13 hours up to morula stage, and 66 hours 35 minutes up to embryo formation stage. Hatching rate was approximately 10 percent in 368 hours 50 minutes after fertilization, and approxionateoly 90 percent of eggs were hatched in 425 hours 30 minutes after fertilization.