• Physical Therapy Rehabilitation Science
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• v.10 no.4
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• pp.398-405
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• 2021

Objective: The interest of clinicians is increasing due to the newly established medical insurance for pulmonary rehabilitation. Improvement of respiratory muscle strength and pulmonary function is an important factor in pulmonary rehabilitation, and this study aims to investigate the correlation between changes in respiratory muscle contraction thickness that can affect respiratory muscle strength and pulmonary function. Design: Cross-sectional observational study. Methods: Thirty-one subjects (male=13, female=18) participated in this study. The respiratory muscle strength was measured by dividing it into inspiratory/forced expiratory muscles, and the pulmonary function was measured by forced vital capacity (FVC), forced expiratory volume in 1 second (FEV1), and FEV1/FVC. To evaluate the respiratory muscle length increase, in resting and concentric contraction thickness of diaphragm, external/internal oblique, transverse abdominis, and rectus abdominis were measured by using ultrasonography. Results: Inspiratory muscle strength showed a significant correlation with the length increase of the inspiratory muscle (r=0.368~0.521, p<0.05), and forced expiratory muscle strength showed a significant correlation with length increase of forced expiratory muscle (r=0.356~0.455, p<0.05). However, pulmonary function was not correlated with the length increase of the respiratory muscle. Conclusions: In this study, a correlation between respiratory muscle strength and respiratory muscle length increase was confirmed, but no correlation with the pulmonary function was found. It is considered that the respiratory muscle strength can be improved by increasing the respiratory muscle thickness through appropriate respiratory muscle training.

• Imaging Science in Dentistry
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• v.48 no.3
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• pp.213-221
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• 2018

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the relationship between masseter muscle thickness, facial morphology, and mandibular morphology in Korean adults using ultrasonography. Materials and Methods: Ultrasonography was used to measure the masseter muscle thickness bilaterally of 40 adults(20 males, 20 females) and was performed in the relaxed and contracted states. Facial photos and panoramic radiography were used for morphological analyses and evaluated for correlations with masseter muscle thickness. We also evaluated the correlations of age, body weight, stature, and body constitution with masseter muscle thickness. Results: In the relaxing, the masseter was $9.8{\pm}1.3mm$ in females and $11.3{\pm}1.2mm$ in males. In the contracted state, it was $12.4{\pm}1.4mm$ in females and $14.7{\pm}1.4mm$ in males. Facial photography showed that bizygomatic facial width over facial height was correlated with masseter muscle thickness in both sexes in the relaxed state, and was statistically significantly correlated with masseter muscle thickness in males in the contracted state. In panoramic radiography, correlations were found between anterior angle length and posterior angle length and masseter muscle thickness in females, and between body length and posterior angle length, between anterior angle length and body length, between ramal length and body length, and between body length and condyle length in males. Conclusion: Masseter muscle thickness was associated with facial and mandibular morphology in both sexes, and with age in males. Ultrasonography can be used effectively to measure masseter muscle thickness.

• Journal of Industrial Technology
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• v.28 no.A
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• pp.167-176
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• 2008

Recently, lots of studies are performed in developing of active orthosis. Exact and simple muscle force estimation is important in developing orthosis which assists muscle force for disabled people or physical laborers. Hill-type muscle model dynamics is common method for estimation of muscle forces. In Hill-type muscle model, we must know muscle length and moment arm which largely affect muscle force. And several methods are proposed to estimate muscle length and moment arm using joint angle. In this study, we compared estimation results of those method with data from body model of opensim to find which method is exact for estimation of muscle length and moment arm.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing
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• v.22 no.3
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• pp.325-336
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• 1992

The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of exercise training on the length and circumference of atrophied muscles to see whether improvement in restoring the atrophied muscle mass, of either length or circumference growth could be induced through exercise training. Adult female Wistar rats were maintained for 14 days with hindlimb suspension. Rats were then assigned randomly to a sedentary group or training group. The length and circumference of both atrophied soleus and plantaris muscle for the training and sedentary groups following hindlimb suspension were compared with those of a control group. Length and circumference of both atrophied soleus and plantaris muscle in trained group was compared with those in the sedentary group. The results can be summarized as follows ; 1) Atrophy of soleus and plantaris muscle was induced with hindlimb suspension. 2) The circumference of both the soleus and plantaris muscle following hindlimb suspension was reduced to 51. 72%, 66.67% respectively compared to the control group. The length of both the soleus and plantaris muscle following hindlimb suspension did not show any difference compared to the control group. 3) There was no difference in length for either the atrophied soleus or plantaris muscle between the trained and the sedentary group during recovery from hindlimb suspension. 4) The circumference of both the atrophied soleus and plantaris muscle did not return to normal in the sedentary group, however, the circumference of both the atrophied soleus and plantaris muscle were significantly greater than of the control in the trained group, 14.22% and 9.38% respectively. 5) The circumference of both the atrophied soleus and plantaris muscle in the trained group was significantly larger than that of both muscles in the sedentary group at day 28 of recovery. From these results, it can be suggested that improvement in restoring the atrophied muscle mass through exercise training might be induced by growth of the muscle circumference.

• Journal of the Korean Society for Precision Engineering
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• v.26 no.6
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• pp.122-130
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• 2009

The analysis of human movement requires the knowledge of the Hill type muscle parameters, the muscle-tendon and moment arm length change as a function of joint angles. However, values of a subject's muscle parameters are very difficult to identify. It turns out from a sensitivity analysis that the tendon slack length and maximum muscle force are the two critical parameters among the Hill-type muscle model. Therefore, it could be claimed that the variation of the tendon slack length and maximum muscle force from the Delp's reference data will change the muscle characteristics of a subject remarkably. A numeric optimization method to search these tendon parameters specific to a subject is proposed, and the accuracy of the developed algorithm is evaluated through a numerical simulation.

• Archives of Plastic Surgery
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• v.50 no.1
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• pp.42-48
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• 2023

Background The temporalis muscle flap transfer with fascia lata augmentation (FLA) is a promising method for smile reconstruction after facial palsy. International literature lacks a detailed anatomical analysis of the temporalis muscle (TPM) combined with fascia lata (FL) augmentation. This study aims to describe the muscle's properties and calculate the length of FL needed to perform the temporalis muscle flap transfer with FLA. Methods Twenty nonembalmed male (m) and female (f) hemifacial cadavers were dissected to investigate the temporalis muscle's anatomy. Results The calculated minimum length of FL needed is 7.03cm (f) and 5.99cm (m). The length of the harvested tendon is 3.16cm/± 1.32cm (f) and 3.18/± 0.73cm (m). The length of the anterior part of the temporalis muscle (aTPM) is 4.16/± 0.80cm (f) and 5.30/± 0.85cm (m). The length of the posterior part (pTPM) is 5.24/± 1.51cm (f) and 6.62/± 1.03cm (m). The length from the most anterior to the most posterior point (aTPMpTPM) is 8.60/± 0.98cm (f) and 10.18/± 0.79cm (m). The length from the most cranial point to the distal tendon (cTPMdT) is 7.90/± 0.43cm (f) and 9.79/± 1.11cm (m). Conclusions This study gives basic information about the temporalis muscle and its anatomy to support existing and future surgical procedures in their performance. The recommended minimum length of FL to perform a temporalis muscle transfer with FLA is 7.03cm for female and 5.99cm for male, and minimum width of 3 cm. We recommend harvesting some extra centimeters to allow adjusting afterward.

• The Journal of Korean Physical Therapy
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• v.34 no.4
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• pp.175-180
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• 2022

Purpose: Leg length discrepancy causes the posture deformation, gait asymmetry, and lower back pain. The purpose of this study is to investigate the correlation among functional leg length discrepancy (FLLD), muscle activity, muscle contraction onset time and vertical ground reaction force (vGRF) during simple lifting task. Methods: Thirty-nine subjects participated in this study. FLLD was measured from the umbilicus to medial malleolus of left and right leg using a tape. The subjects performed to lift a 10 kg box from the floor to chest. The muscle activity and muscle contraction onset time of rectus abdominis, erector spinae and rectus femoris was measured using EMG system and vGRF was measured by two force plate. Pearson correlation was used to fine out the correlation among FDDL, muscle activity, muscle contraction onset time and vGRF during simple lifting task. Results: Correlation between FLLD and difference of muscle activity of short-long side was very high (r>0.9) during simple lifting task. Correlation between FLLD and difference of muscle contraction onset time of short-long side was very high (r>0.9) during simple lifting task. And correlation between FLLD and difference of vGRF of short-long side was high (r>0.7) during simple lifting task. Conclusion: This study suggests that there is high correlation between FLLD and muscle activity, muscle contraction onset time, and ground reaction force during simple lifting task. Therefore, FLLD could negatively affect the postural balance.

• The Journal of Korean Academy of Orthopedic Manual Physical Therapy
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• v.24 no.2
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• pp.75-81
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• 2018

Background: The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of various relaxation techniques on various dysfunction problems caused by shortening of the sagittal muscles. Method: The subjects were 44(18 males, 26 females). The subjects were composed of 3 groups. The experimental group consisted of 14 patients with proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation stretching (PNF) technique, control group A 15 patients with self myofacial release (SMR) ball exercise, and control group B with 15 patients with Sling exercise. After 3 weeks of relaxation on the hamstring muscle, the length of the hamstring muscle before and after the intervention was compared. Results: The results of relaxation exercise of the snake muscles applied to passive PNF group, SMR ball group, and Sling relaxation group are as follows. 1. In the passive PNF group, the muscle length of the hamstring muscle was significantly increased after the intervention. 2. The muscle length of the hamstring muscle was significantly increased after the intervention in the SMR ball group. 3. Sling relaxation group significantly increased the muscle length of the hamstring muscle after sling exercise intervention. 4. Passive PNF group showed the greatest change in muscle length before and after intervention than SMR ball group and Sling relaxation group. Conclusion: Passive PNF relaxation therapy, SMR ball relaxation therapy, and Sling relaxation therapy applied to the hamstring muscle were effective in increasing muscle length of the hamstring muscle. PNF relaxation therapy showed the most significant effect after 3 weeks intervention.

• Journal of Biomedical Engineering Research
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• v.29 no.3
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• pp.222-230
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• 2008

This paper introduces a method of estimating the knee joint moment developed during MVC. By combining the Hill-type muscle model and analytic results on moment arm and musculotendon length change as a function of hip and knee joint angle, the knee joint moment at a specific knee joint angle during MVC is determined. Many differences between the estimated results and the experimental data are noted. It is believed that these differences originate from inaccurate information on the muscle-tendon parameters. The establishment of exact values for the subject's muscle parameters is almost impossible task. However, sensitivity analysis shows that the tendon slack length is the most critical parameter when applying the Hill-type muscle model. The effect of a change of this parameter on the muscle length force relationship is analyzed in detail.

• The Journal of Korean Academy of Orthopedic Manual Physical Therapy
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• v.20 no.2
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• pp.9-14
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• 2014

Background: This study aims to examine correlations between quadriceps angle, lower extremity muscle strength and leg length discrepancy. Methods: This study selected 96 healthy women university students as the subjects of research. Quadriceps angle, lower extremity muscle strength and leg length discrepancy were measured. The statistical analysis of the data SPSS/window (version 12.0) were analyzed using the pearson correlation analysis. Results: There were negative correlations between the muscle strength of the right hamstring muscles and the right quadriceps angle in supine and standing positions. Functional leg length discrepancy of left and right quadriceps angle in supine and standing position showed positive correlations. Conclusions: The quadriceps angle affect the knee. An abnormal angle caused weakening of balance. Muscle strength, leg length discrepancy, and affected lower extremity alignment and knee function. These conclusions may prevent exercise limitation or disorders in the subjects and treating the patients with knee injury or patellofemoral pain syndrome with basic therapy intervention.