• Title/Summary/Keyword: Multivariate Statistical Analysis

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Methods for Handling Incomplete Repeated Measures Data (불완전한 반복측정 자료의 보정방법)

  • Woo, Hae-Bong;Yoon, In-Jin
    • Survey Research
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    • v.9 no.2
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    • pp.1-27
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    • 2008
  • Problems of incomplete data are pervasive in statistical analysis. In particular, incomplete data have been an important challenge in repeated measures studies. The objective of this study is to give a brief introduction to missing data mechanisms and conventional/recent missing data methods and to assess the performance of various missing data methods under ignorable and non-ignorable missingness mechanisms. Given the inadequate attention to longitudinal studies with missing data, this study applied recent advances in missing data methods to repeated measures models and investigated the performance of various missing data methods, such as FIML (Full Information Maximum Likelihood Estimation) and MICE(Multivariate Imputation by Chained Equations), under MCAR, MAR, and MNAR mechanisms. Overall, the results showed that listwise deletion and mean imputation performed poorly compared to other recommended missing data procedures. The better performance of EM, FIML, and MICE was more noticeable under MAR compared to MCAR. With the non-ignorable missing data, this study showed that missing data methods did not perform well. In particular, this problem was noticeable in slope-related estimates. Therefore, this study suggests that if missing data are suspected to be non-ignorable, developmental research may underestimate true rates of change over the life course. This study also suggests that bias from non-ignorable missing data can be substantially reduced by considering rich information from variables related to missingness.

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Influences of Chronic Pain on the Use of Medical Services in South Korea (만성 통증이 한국의 의료 이용 행태에 미치는 영향)

  • Jeong, Eui-Kyun;Kwak, Yeun-Hee;Song, Jae-Seok
    • The Journal of the Korea Contents Association
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    • v.15 no.2
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    • pp.363-369
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    • 2015
  • Chronic pain is one of the leading causes of hospital visits. It not only affects the patients themselves but also has a major negative impact on their families and society. In this study, we investigated epidemiology of musculoskeletal disorders induced chronic pain among general population based on Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey database and also analysed how it influenced on the use of medical services. This study was done by using the data of 5th Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES V), taking aged 20 years and over adults as research subjects. The EuroQoL-5 Dimension Index(EQ-5D) was used as a survey instrument. T-test, chi-square test and multivariate logistic regression were used for statistical analysis. Subjects with chronic pain had a higher likelihood than control group to use medical services(odds ratio : 5.858, confidence interval 3.636-9.438). Controlling for existence of chronic pain, more women were likely to use medical services than men(1.156, 0.707-1.889). Age, gender and household income level did not affect the use of medical services. Proper control of chronic pain is very helpful in improving patient's quality of life and it also accounts for a large proportion in suppressing excessive consumption of medical services. Anesthesia and pain medicine specialists have superior knowledge about analgesics and anticonvulsants than other physicians do and also have specialized skills to perform procedures like nerve blocks in treating chronic pain. Therefore Anesthesia and pain medicine specialists need to play a leading role in managing chronic pain.

Prognostic Significance of Lymphatic and Perineural Invasions in Patients with Gastric Cancer Who Have No Lymph Node and Serosal Involvement (장막 침윤과 림프절 전이가 없는 위암에서 림프관 및 신경초 침윤의 의의)

  • Kim Wook;Park Cho Hyun;Park Seung Man;Park Woo Bai;Lim Keun Woo;Kim Seung Nam
    • Journal of Gastric Cancer
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    • v.1 no.2
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    • pp.77-82
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    • 2001
  • Purpose: The most important prognostic factors in gastric cancer are depth of invasion and lymph node metastasis. Therefore, the prognosis for serosa and lymph node negative gastric cancer is favorable. However, there is no general agreement on the prognostic factors in this subset of patients. This study was undertaken to evaluate the prognostic significances of venous invasion (VI), lymphatic invasion (LI), and perineural invasion (NI) in T1 and T2 gastric cancer without lymph node involvement. Materials and Methods: We retrospectively evaluated 206 patients with T1 and T2, lymph node negative gastric cancer who underwent a curative resection from 1989 to 1993 at Kangnam St. Mary's Hospital, Seoul, Korea. The Chi-square test was used to determine the statistical significance of differences, and the Kaplan-Meier method was used to calculate survival rates. Significant differences in the survival rates were assessed using the log-rank test, and the Cox regression method was used to evaluate independent prognostic significance. Results: The rate of VI, LI and NI correlated well with the depth of tumor invasion. The rates of VI (+) for T1 vs T2 was $0\%\;vs\;5.1\%$, of LI (+) was $5.6\%\;vs\;26.8\%$, and of NI (+) was $1.6\%\;vs\;26.8\%$ in NI (+). There were 13 recurrent cases, 10 cases out of the 13 were T2 gastric cancers, and the recurrence rate was higher in LI (+) and NI (+) cases than in LI (-) and NI (-) cases. The 5-year survival rates were $93.4\%$ in LI (-) cases, $77.4\%$ in LI (+) cases, $92.5\%$ in NI (-) cases, $74\%$ in NI(+) cases, $95.9\%$ in LI (-) NI (-) cases, and $73.9\%$ in LI (+) NI (+) cases. Multivariate analysis demonstrated that simultaneous LI and NI was the only significant factor influencing the prognosis. Conclusion: These results suggest that simultaneous lymphatic and perineural invasion may be an independent prognostic factor in patients with T1 and T2 gastric cancer without lymph node metastasis.

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Profiles of Overexcitabilities for Korean High School Gifted Students According to Gender and Domain of Study (한국 고등학교 영재 학생들의 성별과 전공에 따른 과민흥분성에 대한 프로파일)

  • Moon, Jeong-Hwa;Montgomery, Diane
    • Journal of Gifted/Talented Education
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    • v.15 no.1
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    • pp.1-10
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    • 2005
  • Overexcitaility (OE) as a concept that is related to developmental potential, has been shown to differ by intelligence, gender, involvement in school programs and artistic interest in American populations of students. Overexitability, used to describe the five ways that people might experience developmental potential for emotional growth, are emotional, intellectual, imaginational, sensual, and psychomotor. Little is known about the profiles of groups of gifted learners outside of studies conducted in the United States. In order to better understand the emotional needs of Korean students, the purpose of this study was to determine the overexcitability profiles of students enrolled in four high schools, each with a different domain focus: math and sciences, visual and performing arts, and foreign languages. 341 subjects of this study completed the Overexcitability Questionnaire II. Multivariate Analysis of Variance (MANOVA) was conducted to determine statistical differences. The results showed that Mean scores of psychomotor, sensual and imaginational are highest in the Art High School, intellectual is highest in the Science High School and emotional is highest in the Foreign Language High School. There were significant differences among the schools. Each major also showed significant difference. The results showed that mean score of psychomotor is highest in the Dance major, sensual, imaginational and emotional are highest in the Drama majore and intellectual is highest in the Science major. The results showed that the mean scores of psychomotor, imaginational and intellectual are higher in the male students than female students. On the other hand the mean scores of sensual and emotional are higher in the female students than in the male students.

Effect of remifentanil on intraoperative fluid balance: a retrospective statistical examination of factors contributing to fluid balance

  • Ohara, Sayaka;Nishimura, Akiko;Tachikawa, Satoshi;Iijima, Takehiko
    • Journal of Dental Anesthesia and Pain Medicine
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    • v.20 no.3
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    • pp.129-135
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    • 2020
  • Background: Postoperative fluid retention is a factor that causes delay in recovery and unexpected adverse events. It is important to prevent intraoperative fluid retention, which is putatively caused by intraoperative release of stress hormones, such as ADH (anti-diuretic hormone) or others. We hypothesized that intraoperative analgesia may prevent pathological fluid retention. We retrospectively explored the relationship between analgesics and in-out balance in surgical patients from anesthesia records. Methods: Anesthetic records of 80 patients who had undergone orthognathic surgery were checked in this study. Patients were anesthetized with either TIVA (propofol and remifentanil) or inhalational anesthesia (sevoflurane and remifentanil). During surgery, acetated Ringer's solution was infused for maintenance at a rate of 3-5 ml/kg/h at the discretion of the anesthetist. The perioperative parameters, including the amount of crystalloid and colloid infused, and the amount of urine and bleeding were checked. Furthermore, we checked the amount and administration rate of remifentanil during the surgical procedure. The correlation coefficient between the remifentanil dose and the in-out balance or the urinary output was analyzed using the Pearson correlation coefficient. The contributing factor to fluid retention, including urinary output, was statistically examined by means of multivariate logistic regression analysis. Results: A significant positive correlation was found between remifentanil dose and urinary output. Urinary output less than 0.04 ml/kg/min was suggested to cause positive fluid balance. Although in-out balance approaches zero balance with increase in remifentanil administration rate, no contributing factor for near-zero fluid balance was statistically picked up. The remifentanil administration rate was statistically picked up as the significant factor for higher urinary output (> 0.04 ml/kg/min) (OR, 2,644; 95% CI, 3.2-2.2 × 106) among perioperative parameters. Conclusions: In conclusion, remifentanil contributes in maintaining the urinary output during general anesthesia. Although further prospective study is needed to confirm this hypothesis, it was suggested that fluid retention could be avoided through suppressing intraoperative stress response by means of appropriate maintenance of remifentanil infusion rate.

Prevalence of Toxocariasis and Its Risk Factors in Patients with Eosinophilia in Korea

  • Song, Hyun Beom;Lee, Deokho;Jin, Yan;Kang, Jinwoo;Cho, Shin-Hyeong;Park, Min Sun;Park, Jin-Ho;Song, Woo-Jung;Kang, Hye-Ryun;Lee, Sang Hyub;Hong, Sung-Tae;Choi, Min-Ho
    • Parasites, Hosts and Diseases
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    • v.58 no.4
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    • pp.413-419
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    • 2020
  • Eosinophilia occurs commonly in many diseases including allergic diseases and helminthic infections. Toxocariasis has been suggested as one cause of eosinophilia. The present study was undertaken to examine the prevalence of toxocariasis in patients with eosinophilia and to identify the risk factors for toxocariasis. This prospective cohort study recruited a total of 81 patients with eosinophilia (34 males and 47 females) who visited the outpatient clinic at Seoul National University Hospital from January 2017 to February 2018 and agreed to participate in this study. The prevalence of toxocariasis was examined by T. canis-specific ELISA, and the various risk factors for toxocariasis were evaluated by a questionnaire survey. Among 81 patients with eosinophilia, 18 were positive for anti-T. canis antibodies (22.2%); 88.9% were male (16/18) and 11.1% were female (2/18). Multivariate statistical analysis revealed that males (OR 21.876, 95% CI: 1.667-287.144) with a history of consuming the raw meat or livers of animals (OR 5.899, 95% CI: 1.004-34.669) and a heavy alcohol-drinking habit (OR 8.767, 95% CI: 1.018-75.497) were at higher risk of toxocariasis in patients with eosinophilia. Toxocariasis should be considered a potential cause of eosinophilia when the patient has a history of eating the raw meat or livers of animals in Korea. A single course of albendazole is recommended to reduce the migration of Toxocara larvae in serologically positive cases with eosinophilia.

Spatial and Seasonal Water Quality Variations of Han River Tributries (한강 주요지천의 지역적 및 계절적 수질변화)

  • Lee, Young Joon;Park, Minji;Son, Juyeon;Park, Jinrak;Kim, Geeda;Hong, Changsu;Gu, Donghoi;Lee, Joonggeun;Noh, Changwan;Shin, Kyung-Yong;Yu, Soon-Ju
    • Journal of Environmental Impact Assessment
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    • v.26 no.6
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    • pp.418-430
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    • 2017
  • The quality of surface water is a very important issue to use various demands like as drinking water, industrial, agricultural and recreational usages. There has been an increasing demand for monitoring water quality of many rivers by regular measurements of various water quality variables. However precise and effective monitoring is not enough, if the acquired dataset is not analyzed thoroughly. Therefore, the aim of this study was to estimate differences of seasonal and regional water quality using multivariate data analysis for each investing tributaries in Han River. Statistical analysis was applied to the data concerning 11 mainly parameters (flow, water temperature, pH, EC, DO, BOD, COD, SS, TN, TP and TOC) for the time period 2012~2016 from 12 sampling sites. The seasonal water quality variations showed that each of BOD, TN, TP and TOC average concentration in spring and winter was higher than that of summer and fall, respectively. In summer each flow rate and average concentration of SS was higher than any other seasons, respectively. The correlation analysis were explained that EC had a strong relationship with BOD (r=0.857), COD (r=0.854), TN (r=0.899) and TOC (r=0.910). According to principal component analysis, five principal components (Eigenvalue > 1) are controlled 98.0% of variations in water quality. The first component included TP, DO, pH. The second component included EC, TN. The third component included SS. The fourth component included flow. The last component included Temp. Cluster analysis classified that spring is similar to fall and winter with water quality parameters. AnyA, WangsA, JungrA and TancA were identified as affected by organic pollution. Cluster analysis derived seasonal differences with investigating sites and better explained the principal component analysis results.

Use of Discriminant Analysis to Identify Soil Quality Variation by Land Use (판별분석을 이용한 토지이용별 토양 특성 변화 연구)

  • Ko Kyung-Seok;Kim Jae Gon;Lee Jin-Soo;Kim Tack Hyun;Lee Gyoo Ho;Cho Choon Hee;Oh In Suk;Cheong Young Wook
    • Economic and Environmental Geology
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    • v.38 no.3 s.172
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    • pp.207-219
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    • 2005
  • The physical and chemical characteristics of soils in a small watershed were investigated and the effect of geology and land use on soil quality were examined by using multivariate statistical methods, principal components analysis and discriminant analysis. The soil developed from andesite had finer texture and higher contents of water extractable inorganic components, clay, and mafic minerals than the soil developed from granite. It is considered that the accumulation of salts in the farmland soils indicated by electrical conductivity, contents of cations and anions and pH was caused by fertilizer input during cultivation. The low contents of organic matter in the farmland soils was due to the enhanced oxidation of organic matter by tillage and by the harvest of crops. The contents of inorganic components are increased as following order: upland > orchard > paddy field > forest. The high contents of water soluble $SO_4\;^{2-}$ of paddy soils is due to the oxidation of sulfides mineral formed during the flooding period during the air-dry and extraction. The results of principal components analysis show the difference of soil quality was controlled by geology and land use. PCI indicate the input of fertilizer, mineral weathering and ion exchange reaction by application of nitrogenous fertilizers. The results of two discriminant analyses using water extractable inorganic components and their ratios by land use were also clearly classified by discriminant function 1 and 2. In discriminant analysis by components, discriminant function 1 indicated the effect of fertilizer application and increased as following order: upland > orchard > paddy field > forest soil. The investigated and predicted data for land use from discriminant analysis showed similar results. The discriminant analysis can be used as a useful method certifying the change of land use.

Clinicopathologic Features and Prognostic Factors for Patients with Large Gastric Tumors (대형 위암의 임상병리학적 분석 및 예후)

  • Jang, You-Jin;Park, Jung-Min;Kim, Jong-Han;Park, Sung-Soo;Kim, Chong-Suk;Mok, Young-Jae
    • Journal of Gastric Cancer
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    • v.6 no.4
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    • pp.244-249
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    • 2006
  • Purpose: Tumor size has been reported to be one of the prognostic factors in the preoperative setting and 8 cm has been confirmed as a cut-off value for large gastric tumors with respect to postoperative complications. The aim of this study was to investigate the clinicopathologic features and the prognosis in patients with tumors larger than 8 cm in diameter. Materials and Methods: We retrospectively studied 2,260 patients with gastric cancer who underwent a gastrectomy from 1983 to 2001 at the Department of Surgery, Korea University College of Medicine. For a comparative analysis we divided the cases into the large and the small groups according to tumor size. The clinicopathological factors associated with large gastric tumors were analyzed by using univariate and multivariate analyses. To determine which variables were independent prognostic factors for overall survival, we applied the Cox proportional hazards model and we used P<0.05 as the cutoff value for statistical significance. Results: Univariate and multivariate analyses disclosed that tumor location (P<0.001), resection type (P<0.001), curability (P<0.001), depth of invasion (P<0.001), number of metastatic lymph nodes (P<0.001), differentiation (P<0.001) and combined resection (P<0.001) were significantly different between the two groups. The independent factors for survival identified by using the Cox proportional hazards model for large gastric tumors were nodal status (P<0.001), curative resection (P<0.001), depth of invasion (P=0.010), type of resection (P=0.018) and age (P=0.033). Conclusion: Large gastric tumors showed more aggressive local findings than their smaller counterparts. In patients with large gastric tumors, a curative resection was the most important factor for the prognosis. Therefore, we suggest that every effort should be made to do a curative gastrectomy and an accurate preoperative examination. (J Korean Gastric Cancer Assoc 2006;6:244-249)

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A Study on the Prediction Model of Stock Price Index Trend based on GA-MSVM that Simultaneously Optimizes Feature and Instance Selection (입력변수 및 학습사례 선정을 동시에 최적화하는 GA-MSVM 기반 주가지수 추세 예측 모형에 관한 연구)

  • Lee, Jong-sik;Ahn, Hyunchul
    • Journal of Intelligence and Information Systems
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    • v.23 no.4
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    • pp.147-168
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    • 2017
  • There have been many studies on accurate stock market forecasting in academia for a long time, and now there are also various forecasting models using various techniques. Recently, many attempts have been made to predict the stock index using various machine learning methods including Deep Learning. Although the fundamental analysis and the technical analysis method are used for the analysis of the traditional stock investment transaction, the technical analysis method is more useful for the application of the short-term transaction prediction or statistical and mathematical techniques. Most of the studies that have been conducted using these technical indicators have studied the model of predicting stock prices by binary classification - rising or falling - of stock market fluctuations in the future market (usually next trading day). However, it is also true that this binary classification has many unfavorable aspects in predicting trends, identifying trading signals, or signaling portfolio rebalancing. In this study, we try to predict the stock index by expanding the stock index trend (upward trend, boxed, downward trend) to the multiple classification system in the existing binary index method. In order to solve this multi-classification problem, a technique such as Multinomial Logistic Regression Analysis (MLOGIT), Multiple Discriminant Analysis (MDA) or Artificial Neural Networks (ANN) we propose an optimization model using Genetic Algorithm as a wrapper for improving the performance of this model using Multi-classification Support Vector Machines (MSVM), which has proved to be superior in prediction performance. In particular, the proposed model named GA-MSVM is designed to maximize model performance by optimizing not only the kernel function parameters of MSVM, but also the optimal selection of input variables (feature selection) as well as instance selection. In order to verify the performance of the proposed model, we applied the proposed method to the real data. The results show that the proposed method is more effective than the conventional multivariate SVM, which has been known to show the best prediction performance up to now, as well as existing artificial intelligence / data mining techniques such as MDA, MLOGIT, CBR, and it is confirmed that the prediction performance is better than this. Especially, it has been confirmed that the 'instance selection' plays a very important role in predicting the stock index trend, and it is confirmed that the improvement effect of the model is more important than other factors. To verify the usefulness of GA-MSVM, we applied it to Korea's real KOSPI200 stock index trend forecast. Our research is primarily aimed at predicting trend segments to capture signal acquisition or short-term trend transition points. The experimental data set includes technical indicators such as the price and volatility index (2004 ~ 2017) and macroeconomic data (interest rate, exchange rate, S&P 500, etc.) of KOSPI200 stock index in Korea. Using a variety of statistical methods including one-way ANOVA and stepwise MDA, 15 indicators were selected as candidate independent variables. The dependent variable, trend classification, was classified into three states: 1 (upward trend), 0 (boxed), and -1 (downward trend). 70% of the total data for each class was used for training and the remaining 30% was used for verifying. To verify the performance of the proposed model, several comparative model experiments such as MDA, MLOGIT, CBR, ANN and MSVM were conducted. MSVM has adopted the One-Against-One (OAO) approach, which is known as the most accurate approach among the various MSVM approaches. Although there are some limitations, the final experimental results demonstrate that the proposed model, GA-MSVM, performs at a significantly higher level than all comparative models.