• Wind and Structures
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• 제37권2호
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• pp.163-178
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• 2023

The paper reviews and discusses the substantive changes to the ASCE 49-21 Standard, Wind Tunnel Testing for Buildings and Other Structures. The most significant changes are the requirements for wind field simulations that utilize (i) partial turbulence simulations, (ii) partial model simulations for the flow around building Appurtenances, along with requirements for determining wind loads on products that are used at multiple sites in various configurations. These modifications tend to have the effect of easing the precise scaling requirements for flow simulations because it is not generally possible to construct accurate models for small elements placed, for example, on large buildings at the scales typically available in boundary layer wind tunnels. Additional discussion is provided on changes to the Standard with respect to measurement accuracy and data acquisition parameters, such as duration of tests, which are also related to scaling requirements. Finally, research needs with respect to aerodynamic mechanisms are proposed, with the goal of improving the understanding of the role of turbulence on separated-reattaching flows on building surfaces in order to continue to improve the wind tunnel method for determining design wind loads.

• 한국수자원학회논문집
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• 제51권2호
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• pp.151-163
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• 2018

본 연구에서는 미계측 유역에서 오염부하량 모의를 위해 LOADEST (LOAD Estimator) 기반 회귀모형의 최적 매개변수를 추정하고, 다중회귀분석 기법을 이용하여 유역특성에 따른 회귀 모의 모형의 매개변수 추정 방법을 개발하였으며, 개발된 모형의 적용성을 평가하였다. 오염부하량 모의모형으로, T-N (Total-Nitrogen)은 LOADEST의 5번 회귀모형을, T-P (Total-Phosphorous)는 3번 회귀모형을 선택하였다. 모의결과, T-N, T-P 모두 선택된 회귀모형이 실측치를 잘 반영하였으나, 두 물질 모두 오염부하량이 과소 모의되어 실측치와 편의가 발생하는 것으로 나타나, 분위사상법을 이용하여 모의치의 편의보정을 실시하였다. 보정결과, 모형의 정확도는 크게 변하지 않았으나, 오염부하량이 과소 모의 되는 경향이 감소하는 것으로 나타났다. 다중회귀분석을 이용하여 회귀모형 매개변수와 유역특성간의 회귀식을 개발하였으며, 개발된 식을 평가한 결과, 실측치를 잘 반영하여 모의할 수 있는 것으로 나타났으며, 기존 매개변수에 의한 모의치와 유사한 모의능력을 갖는 것으로 나타났다. 본 연구에서 개발된 매개변수 추정방법은 실측자료가 확보되지 않은 소유역에 대한 오염부하량 모의와 정책결정을 위한 스크린 모델로서 활용할 수 있을 것으로 사료된다.

• 한국물환경학회지
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• 제20권2호
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• pp.151-156
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• 2004

A decision support system, Watershed Analysis Risk Management Framework(WARMF), was applied to the Kyungan Stream watershed, a tributary of Lake Paldang, for calculation of total maximum daily loads(TMDL). The WARMF system was developed by Systech Engineering, USA, and has been successfully used in several watersheds, for TMDL studies. The study area was divided into 14 sub-basins, based on digital elevation model(DEM). The integrated watershed and stream model of WARMF was validated by flow and BOD data measured during the year of 1999. There were reasonable agreements between model results and field data, both in water flow and BOD. The validated Kyungan WARMF was extensively utilized to study the quantitative relationship between waste loads and receiving water quality. Based on TMDL guideline at Paldang Lake and Kyungan Stream, the water quality criterion were set to be 3.0mg/L, 3.5mg/L, and 4.0mg/L at the watershed outlet. The allowable waste loads of BOD, both from point and non-point sources, were determined at each water quality criterion. From this study, it was concluded that the WARMF provided several advantages over the conventional application of watershed and stream models for TMDL study, such as time variable simulations, multiple possible soutions, and reduction loads for goal water quality, etc.

• International Journal of Aeronautical and Space Sciences
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• 제18권1호
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• pp.165-173
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• 2017

The aeromechanics predictions of HART I rotor obtained using a computational structural dynamics (CSD) code are evaluated against the wind tunnel test data. The flight regimes include low speed descending flight at an advance ratio of ${\mu}=0.151$ and cruise condition at ${\mu}=0.229$. A lifting-line based unsteady airfoil theory with C81 table look-up is used to calculate the aerodynamic loads acting on the blade. Either rolled-up free wake or multiple-trailer wake with consolidation (MTC) model is employed for the free vortex wake representation. The measured blade properties accomplished recently are used to analyze the rotor for the up-to-date computations. The comparison results on airloads and structural loads of the rotor show good agreements for descent flight and fair for cruise flight condition. It is observed that MTC model generally improves the correlation against the measured data. The structural loads predictions for all measurement locations of HART I rotor are investigated. The dominant harmonic response of the structural loads is clearly captured with MTC model.

• Structural Engineering and Mechanics
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• 제13권2호
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• pp.211-230
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• 2002

The objective of this study is to investigate the dynamic behavior of elastic beams subjected to moving loads. Although analytical methods are available, they have limitations with respect to complicated structures. The use of computer technology in recent years is an effective way to solve the problem; thus using the latest technology this study establishes a finite-element solution procedure to investigate dynamic behaviors of a typical elastic beam having a set of constant geometric properties and various span lengths. Both the dead load of the beam and traffic load are applied in which the traffic load is considered a concentrated moving force with various traveling passage speeds on the beam. Dynamic behaviors including deflection, shear, and bending moment due to moving loads are obtained by both analytical and finite element methods; for simple structures, they have an excellent agreement. The numerical results show that based on analytical methods the fundamental mode is good enough to estimate the dynamic deflection along the beam, but is not sufficient to simulate the total response of the shear force or the bending moment. The linear dynamic behavior of the elastic beams subjected to multiple exciting loads can easily be found by linear superposition, and the geometric nonlinear results caused by large deformation and axial force of the beam are always underestimated with only a few exceptions which are indicated. In order to make the results useful, they have been nondimensionalized and presented in graphical form.

• Wind and Structures
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• 제20권3호
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• pp.363-388
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• 2015

For controlling the vibration of specific building structure with large span, a practical method for the design of MTMD was developed according to the characteristics of structures subjected to wind loads. Based on the model of analyzing wind-induced response of large-span structure with MTMD, the optimization method of multiple tuned mass dampers for large-span roof structures subjected to wind loads was established, in which the applicable requirements for strength and fatigue life of TMD spring were considered. According to the method, the controlled modes and placements of TMDs in MTMD were determined through the quantitative analysis on modal contribution to the wind-induced dynamic response of structure. To explore the characteristics of MTMD, the parametric analysis on the effects of mass ratio, damping ratio, central tuning frequency ratio and frequency range of MTMD, was performed in the study. Then the parameters of MTMD were optimized through genetic algorithm and the optimized MTMD showed good dynamic characteristics. The robustness of the optimized MTMD was also investigated.

• Earthquakes and Structures
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• 제18권2호
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• pp.185-199
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• 2020

A computationally-efficient method for multi-criteria optimisation is developed for performance-based seismic design of friction energy dissipation dampers in RC structures. The proposed method is based on the concept of Uniform Distribution of Deformation (UDD), where the slip-load distribution along the height of the structure is gradually modified to satisfy multiple performance targets while minimising the additional loads imposed on existing structural elements and foundation. The efficiency of the method is demonstrated through optimisation of 3, 5, 10, 15 and 20-storey RC frames with friction wall dampers subjected to design representative earthquakes using single and multi-criteria optimisation scenarios. The optimum design solutions are obtained in only a few steps, while they are shown to be independent of the selected initial slip loads and convergence factor. Optimum frames satisfy all predefined design targets and exhibit up to 48% lower imposed loads compared to designs using a previously proposed slip-load distribution. It is also shown that dampers designed with optimum slip load patterns based on a set of spectrum-compatible synthetic earthquakes, on average, provide acceptable design solutions under multiple natural seismic excitations representing the design spectrum.

• Advances in Energy Research
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• 제7권2호
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• pp.85-100
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• 2020

Distributed energy resources (DERs) are essential for coping with growing multiple energy demands. A microgrid (MG) is a small-scale version of the power system which makes possible the integration of DERs as well as achieving maximum demand-side management utilization. Hence, this study focuses on the analysis of optimal power dispatch considering economic aspects in a multi-carrier microgrid (MCMG) with price-responsive loads. This paper proposes a novel time-based demand-side management in order to reshape the load curve, as well as preventing the excessive use of energy in peak hours. In conventional studies, energy consumption is optimized from the perspective of each infrastructure user without considering the interactions. Here, the interaction of energy system infrastructures is considered in the presence of energy storage systems (ESSs), small-scale energy resources (SSERs), and responsive loads. Simulations are performed using GAMS (General Algebraic modeling system) to model MCMG, which are connected to the electricity, natural gas, and district heat networks for supplying multiple energy demands. Results show that the simultaneous operation of various energy carriers, as well as utilization of price-responsive loads, lead to better MCMG performance and decrease operating costs for smart distribution grids. This model is examined on a typical MCMG, and the effectiveness of the proposed model is proven.

• 한국전자파학회논문지
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• 제30권4호
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• pp.286-289
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• 2019

본 논문에서는 다중 입 출력 무선전력전송 시스템의 최대 전송 효율 구현을 위한 송신기 입력 및 수신기 부하 제어방법을 제안하였다. 최대 전송 효율 구현에 필요한 각 송신기의 입력전압과 수신기의 부하를 송수신기 간의 성능지수를 이용하여 유도하였다. 유도한 최적 입력전압과 최적 부하는 적절한 예시를 통해 Genetic algorithm을 이용해 최적화한 결과나 회로 시뮬레이션 결과와 유사함을 확인하였다. 본 논문에서 제시된 이론적 방법을 적절히 활용한다면, 근거리 다중 입 출력 무선전력전송 시스템의 효과적인 설계가 가능할 것이다.

• 대한전기학회:학술대회논문집
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• 대한전기학회 2011년도 제42회 하계학술대회
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• pp.1141-1142
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• 2011

An electrical vehicle (EV) is a huge issue in the automotive industry. The EV have many electrical units: electric motors, batteries, converters, ets. The DC power distribution system (PDS) is essential for the EV. The DC PDS offers many advantages. However, multiple loads in the DC PDS may affect the severe instability on the DC bus voltage. Therefore, a voltage bus conditioner (VBC) may use the DC PDS. The VBC is used to mitigate the voltage transient on the bus. In this paper, sliding mode controller (SMC) is designed for the VBC of DC PDS in the EV. The simulation results by PISM simulation package are presented for validating the proposed control technique.