• Management & Information Systems Review
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• v.34 no.5
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• pp.71-92
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• 2015

This study analyzes the impact of Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) activities on financial performances using Bayesian Network. The research tries to overcome the issues of the uniform assumption of a linear function between financial performance and CSR activities in multiple regression analysis widely used in previous studies. It is required to infer a causal relationship between activities of CSR which have an impact on the financial performances. Identifying the relationship would empower the firms to improve their financial performance by informing the decision makers about the different CSR activities that influence the financial performance of the firms. This research proposes General Bayesian Network (GBN) and presents Markov Blanket induced from GBN. It is empirically demonstrated that all the proposals presented in this study are statistically significant by the results of the research conducted by Korean Economic Justice Institute (KEJI) under Citizen's Coalition for Economic Justice (CCEJ) which investigated approximately 200 companies in Korea based on Korean Economic Justice Institute Index (KEJI index) from 2005 to 2011. The Bayesian Network to effectively infer the properties affecting financial performances through the probabilistic causal relationship. Moreover, I found that there is a causal relationship among CSR activities variable; that is Environment protection is related to Customer protection, Employee satisfaction, and firm size; Soundness is related to Total CSR Evaluation Score, Debt-Assets Ratio. Though the what-if analysis, I suggest to the sensitive factor among the explanatory variables.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.36 no.4
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• pp.365-369
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• 2016

Red sorrel (Rumex acetosella L.), as one of exotic weeds in Korea, was dominated in grassland and reduced the quality of forage. Improving current pasture productivity by precision management requires practical tools to collect site-specific pasture weed data. Recent development in unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) technology has offered cost effective and real time applications for site-specific data collection. To map red sorrel on a hill pasture, we tested the potential use of an UAV system with digital cameras (visible and near-infrared (NIR) camera). Field measurements were conducted on grazing hill pasture at Hanwoo Improvement Office, Seosan City, Chungcheongnam-do Province, Korea on May 17, 2014. Plant samples were obtained at 20 sites. An UAV system was used to obtain aerial photos from a height of approximately 50 m (approximately 30 cm spatial resolution). Normalized digital number values of Red, Green, Blue, and NIR channels were extracted from aerial photos. Multiple linear regression analysis results showed that the correlation coefficient between Rumex content and 4 bands of UAV image was 0.96 with root mean square error of 9.3. Therefore, UAV monitoring system can be a quick and cost effective tool to obtain spatial distribution of red sorrel data for precision management of hilly grazing pasture.

• Korean Journal of Psychosomatic Medicine
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• v.28 no.1
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• pp.29-35
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• 2020

Objectives : Evidence regarding the association between untreated depression in adolescence and suicidal risk in male young adults is scarce. We aimed to assess the effect of untreated illness during adolescence on the suicidal risk and attempt after that first episode. Methods : As part of a cross-sectional study, between May 2017 and April 2018, a total of 260 patients with currently unipolar or bipolar depression were included in the final analysis. Multiple linear and logistic regression analysis were performed to evaluate the association between untreated mood disorder in adolescence and its effect on the suicidal risk and attempt. Results : In total 260 patients, 189 were classified as untreated group. The proportion of suicide attempts, total depression score, suicidal risk and number of suicide attempts were significantly higher in the untreated group. The most predictive factors of suicide attempts were history of untreated depression [Adjusted Odds Ratio (AOR)=4.19, 95% Confidence Interval (CI)=2.25-7.81, p<0.001] and diagnosis of bipolar depression (AOR=2.60, 95% CI=1.52-4.46, p<0.001). Conclusions : Although the untreated depression suggests higher rates of suicidality, a significant proportion (86.7%) of adolescent depression in this study did not receive psychiatric treatment. Future research should be needed to find better ways to decrease barriers in using mental health treatment and its contribution to reduction and prevention of adverse outcome.

• Korean Journal of Clinical Pharmacy
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• v.30 no.1
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• pp.36-43
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• 2020

Background: Tacrolimus, a calcineurin inhibitor, is an immunosuppressant used in post-transplantation maintenance therapy. The drug has a narrow therapeutic range and requires periodic therapeutic drug monitoring. Although many studies have reported the effects of intrapatient variability of tacrolimus on survival, rejection, and complications in renal transplant recipients, very few studies have reported these effects in liver transplant recipients. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of intrapatient variability of tacrolimus on clinical outcomes after liver transplantation. Methods: Intrapatient variability was calculated using individual, averaged tacrolimus concentrations. Patients were divided into two groups according to their median variability value: high-variability and low-variability groups. The rate of deviation from the therapeutic range, incidence of acute rejection, post-transplant diabetes, incidence of infection, and estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) after transplantation were compared between the groups. Results: Of the total patients (n=82), the high-variability group (n=41) exhibited significantly greater deviation from the therapeutic range (65.92% vs. 56.84%; p<0.001). There was no significant difference in acute rejection or post-transplantation diabetes incidence or eGFR; however, the number of infection in the first 6 months was significantly lower in the low-variability group (0.4 vs. 0.9 times; p=0.039). Multiple linear regression analysis showed that the number of infection significantly increased as intrapatient variability increased (p=0.015). Conclusion: High intrapatient variability in tacrolimus concentrations was strongly associated with an increased frequency of deviation from the suggested therapeutic range and an increased number of infection.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.17 no.1
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• pp.24-29
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• 1984

Seedling yield of panax ginseng depended on soil water in a modified Yang-jig seedbed with rice hull mulch and peat application which increased soil water content. Water dependency tended to increase with the increase of potassium in soil. Effect of potassium on water dependency seemed to be constant in certain range of soil water which might be the optimum water for seedling growth. Partial correlation coefficient between seedling yield and water was significant in relation to organic matter (OM), Mg and Ca. The best multiple regression of seedling yield was with $H_2O$, K and Ca. Available phosphorus (P) in soil increased with low level of peat but decreased with high level or with mulching. There was interaction between mulching and peat for P. There was significant linear relation between two of pH, $H_2O$, Ca, Mg, K, OM except between K and $H_2O$ or pH. Ammonium nitrogen negatively correlated with Mg Quadratic relation held between $NO_3-N$ and K or $NH_4-N$ and between P and K+Ca+Mg. Quadratic relation was more significant than linearity between soil factors. Mulching increased stem length. Leaf area index ranged from 1.06 to 1.67. Leaf area per plant ranged $16.0-18.8cm^2$.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.17 no.1
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• pp.77-81
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• 1984

Paddy soil samples were collected from the plow layers of 19 soil series distributed in Yeongnam district to determine the relationship between soil urease activity and other soil characteristics. The results obtained were summarized as follows: 1. Simple correlation analyses showed that the urease activity was positively related with available $P_2O_5(r=.844^{**})$, potassium activity ratio($r=0.762^{**}$), available $SiO_2(r=.580^{**})$ and $SiO_2$/O.M ratio($r=0.591^{**}$). 2. Among soil chemical properties which had positive linear correlations with soil urease activity, the content of available $P_2O_5$ in soil had the highest contribution to the multiple regression equation of soil urease activity. 3. The activity of soil urease was especially lower in sandy texture than in clayey paddy soils, and a tendency was observed that the heavier soil textures the higher activity of soil urease. 4. Relatively well drained soils had the higher activity of soil urease while the soils in "poorly drained" had remarkably lower activity of soil urease. 5. The soils in higher classes of paddy soil equitability group had higher activities of soil urease.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.17 no.10
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• pp.4623-4629
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• 2016

Introduction: Breast cancer is multifactorial therefore more recognition of risk factors is important in its prevention. Objective: This study was conducted in order to determine the factors influencing breast cancer in women referred to health centers in Guilan province in 2015-2016. Method: In a case- control study, 225 women with breast cancer were investigated. The control group consisted of 225 healthy women of the relatives (third-rank) whose phone numbers were obtained from the patients. Data were collected through telephone interviews. Results: The risk of breast cancer raised in women who have a family history of other cancers (OR= 3.5; 95% CI= 1.96-6.6), exposure to X-Ray (OR= 2.5; 95% CI=1.1-5.5), having more than 4 children (OR= 2.695% CI=1.2-4.8), age more than 36 years at first pregnancy(OR=2.3; 95% CI=0.7-5.1),primary levelof education (OR= 5.4;95% CI=2.8-11.2) and inadequate intake of fruit (OR=1.5; 95% CI=1-2.2). Also, presence of the following factors reduced breast cancer risk: regular menstruation (OR= 0.66; CI=0.4-0.9), duration of breastfeeding more than 12 months, less than 6 months and 7-12 months (OR=0.23; 95% CI=0.09-0.59, OR=0.29; 95% CI=0.17-0.49 and OR=0.03; 95% CI=0.01-0.08) and parity (OR=0.4; 95% CI=0.27-0.83) In multiple linear regression analysis of higher education (OR=0.16; 95% CI=0.03-0.77), using contraceptives for more than 16 years (OR=2.3; 95% CI=1.4-3.9), family history of other cancers (OR=6.1; 95% CI=1.9-19.3) and a history of X-Ray exposure (OR=4.4; 95% CI=1.07-18.1) were considered as predictive factors. Conclusion: The results of this study emphasize the importance of informing women about breast cancer risk factors. So, identification of these risk factors is required as important means of prevention and treatment of breast cancer.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.30 no.1
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• pp.29-43
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• 2002

The purpose of this paper is to examine atmospherical factors affecting user's satisfaction in natural park to answer the research question: what are the effects of atmosphere on user's satisfaction in natural parks(NP). After reviewing the literature, mechanism of NP, and use elements in NP, We constructed the conceptual framework and have formulated the hypothesis of this research. We had obtained data through a questionnaire, which surveyed 508 visitors at 6 of the 73 NP in Korea in 2001, based on stratified sampling method. We have analyzed the data using descriptive statistical methods, the mean difference test, Pearson's correlation analysis, and the multiple linear regression method. We found that 1) the five atmospheric variables, j.e., number of users(NOU), crowding, damage to park resources(DPR), and maintenance of park resources and facilities(MPRF), encounter level(EL) affecting user's satisfaction, have tuned out to be statistically significant at a five percent level. The direction of the relationship between user's satisfaction and MPRF, NOU, EL is the same as that of the dependent variable and the opposite of crowding, and BPR, 2) in bivariate analysis, the positive relationships between user's satisfaction and park resources, MPRF are fairly high and statistically significant. The higher the value of DPR, and crowing, the lower the degree of user's satisfaction, 3) in multivariate analysis, such variables as NOU, crowding, DPR, EL, and MPRF affecting user's satisfaction have been statistically significant at five percent level, and 4) the relative contribution of MPRF, park resources, park facilities, NOU, crowding, DPR, and size of activity space on user's satisfaction have been determined to have respectively 6.00, 4.78, 2.53, 1.83, 1.64, 1.59 and 2.03 times more important than that of EL. Among the atmospheric variables, MPRF is the most important at 1.26 times higher than that of park resources. The research results suggest that the development of devices for the increase in user's satisfaction and user management program based on the knowledge we have found, be recommended in the planning and development process of natural park. The approach adopted by this research is valid and useful for evaluation criteria of NP. It is recommended that more empirical studies by activity types, activity spaces, and seasons on atmospheric elements affecting user's satisfaction be performed in the future.

• The Journal of Advanced Prosthodontics
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• v.7 no.3
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• pp.183-190
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• 2015

PURPOSE. This study evaluated the fracture load of customized zirconia abutments with titanium insert according to preparation depths, with or without 5-year artificial aging. MATERIALS AND METHODS. Thirty-six identical lithium disilicate crowns (IPS e.max press) were fabricated to replace a maxillary right central incisor and cemented to the customized zirconia abutment with titanium insert on a $4.5{\times}10$ mm titanium fixture. Abutments were fabricated with 3 preparation depths (0.5 mm, 0.7 mm, and 0.9 mm). Half of the samples were then processed using thermocycling (temperature: $5-55^{\circ}C$, dwelling time: 120s) and chewing simulation (1,200,000 cycles, 49 N load). All specimens were classified into 6 groups depending on the preparation depth and artificial aging (non-artificial aging groups: N5, N7, N9; artificial aging groups: A5, A7, A9). Static load was applied at 135 degrees to the implant axis in a universal testing machine. Statistical analyses of the results were performed using 1-way ANOVA, 2-way ANOVA, independent t-test and multiple linear regression. RESULTS. The fracture loads were $539.28{\pm}63.11$ N (N5), $406.56{\pm}28.94$ N (N7), $366.66{\pm}30.19$ N (N9), $392.61{\pm}50.57$ N (A5), $317.94{\pm}30.05$ N (A7), and $292.74{\pm}37.15$ N (A9). The fracture load of group N5 was significantly higher than those of group N7 and N9 (P<.017). Consequently, the fracture load of group A5 was also significantly higher than those of group A7 and A9 (P<.05). After artificial aging, the fracture load was significantly decreased in all groups with various preparation depths (P<.05). CONCLUSION. The fracture load of a single anterior implant restored with lithium disilicate crown on zirconia abutment with titanium insert differed depending on the preparation depths. After 5-year artificial aging, the fracture loads of all preparation groups decreased significantly.

• Korean Journal of Social Welfare
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• v.58 no.4
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• pp.341-369
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• 2006

This study attempts to explain how the social-worker empowerment in the field of social work relates to social-work self-efficacy and whether or not the transactional leadership of the leader moderates the relationship between these two variables. Data from 390 social workers working with public and private sector agencies in Seoul were collected. For the questionnaire and analysis, this research uses the Social Worker Empowerment, Social Work Self-Efficacy, and Transactional Leadership scales. This research utilizes a wide range of statistical analyses, such as descriptive analysis, Pearson's correlation, reliability analysis, factor analysis, multiple regression, and general linear modeling. The calculations employed the use of SPSS/PC+ 12.0. This research indicates, among other things, that social workers with a high level of social worker empowerment and transactional leadership of the leader show a tendency toward higher social work self-efficacy and that the leader's transactional leadership level plays a moderating function in the relationship between social-worker empowerment and transactional leadership of the leader. In conclusion, a social worker with a low level of leader's transactional leadership shows a relatively greater tendency toward social work self-efficacy when compared to a social worker having a high level of leader's transactional leadership. Social workers and social-work organizations seeking professional practice can benefit from these findings on the relationship between professional behavior and social work self-efficacy with perceived transactional leadership about a team leader as a moderator.