• The korean journal of orthodontics
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• v.45 no.2
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• pp.89-94
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• 2015

Objective: To test the null hypothesis that SmartClip self-ligating brackets are more effective than conventional brackets for initial mandibular alignment and identify influential factors. Methods: Fifty patients were randomly allocated to two equal treatment groups by using an online randomization program: self-ligating group (SmartClip brackets) and conventional group (Gemini brackets). The archwire sequence was standardized. Changes in anterior irregularity index, intercanine width, and intermolar width were assessed on plaster models at 8th and 16th weeks. Changes in incisor position and inclination were assessed on lateral cephalometric radiographs at 16 weeks. Intragroup and intergroup comparisons were performed with paired t-test and Student's t-test, respectively. Multiple linear regression was performed to identify variables affecting improvement in anterior ambiguity. Results: Data of 46 patients were analyzed; those missing an appointment (n = 2) or showing bracket breakage (n = 2) were excluded. Incisor inclination (p < 0.05), intercanine width (p < 0.05), and intermolar width (p > 0.05) increased at 8 and 16 weeks in both the groups; no significant intergroup differences were noted (p > 0.05). Initial anterior irregularity index and intercanine width change were significantly associated with improvement in anterior irregularity (p < 0.001). Conclusions: The null hypothesis was rejected. Bracket type has little effect on improvement in anterior ambiguity during initial mandibular alignment.

• Journal of Digital Contents Society
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• v.10 no.2
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• pp.269-278
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• 2009

This study was conducted to provide standards for the development of contents and systems for digital textbooks by examining the learners' satisfaction from digital textbooks, which are now being distributed to schools, in terms of ubiquitous learning, and by verifying the moderation effect of learners' computer self efficacy and digital textbook usage. SPSS win 13.0 was used for technical statistics, Cronbach's $\alpha$ coefficient calculation and correlation analysis for empirical analysis, and the MMR (moderated multiple regression) analysis was conducted for the hypothesis test. The following principal results were obtained from the hypothesis tests. First, the ubiquitous learning features had direct effects on the learning satisfaction from the digital textbooks. Second, when the ubiquitous learning features had positive effects on the learning satisfaction from digital textbooks, both the computer self efficacy and digital textbook usage reacted with the ubiquitous learning feature and showed moderation effects. These results were statistically significant.

• Journal of the Korean earth science society
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• v.42 no.1
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• pp.118-131
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• 2021

The purpose of this study was to investigate the characteristics of evidence-based reasoning practiced by middle school gifted students. Data were collected through an online task in which middle school students in gifted education institutes of a university located in the metropolitan area, Korea, performed inquiry about the shape of a planet's orbit. The students were given data of Mercury's greatest elongations and asked to draw the planet's orbit with the data. Each of the students was also asked to provide his or her hypothesis of Mercury's orbit before the drawing and to reason about the orbit again using his or her own drawing as evidence. The content analysis of the students' reports revealed 5 different types of judgement about the shape of Mercury's orbit, 4 types of reasoning about the hypothesis and evidence, and the characteristics of evidence-based reasoning within the judgement types. Based upon the analysis results, the importance of proper interpretations of evidence in evidence-based reasoning, the core role of the theory-evidence coordination, and the usefulness of working with multiple hypotheses were discussed. In addition, implications for earth science education were suggested.

• The Korean Nurse
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• v.28 no.3
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• pp.68-82
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• 1989

This study was a quasi-experimental research study to test the characteristics of temperature regulation according to sponge bath methods of cold application. Thirteen volunteers were selected from among nursing college students according to an established criteria using a purposive sampling technique. Four different cold application methods were used: $\circled1$ tepid water sponge bath at $28^{\circ}C$, $\circled2$ 20% alcohol sponge bath at $28^{\circ}C$, $\circled3$ 40% alcohol sponge bath at $28^{\circ}C$ and $\circled4$ tepid water sponge bath at 28$^{\circ}$C plus an ice bag to the head. Changes in rectal temperature, mean skin temperature, mean body temperature, heat content change and thermal discomfort during the cold application were measured at 5 minute intervals over a 120 minute period. The data collection period was from Dec. 20, 1988 to Feb. 3, 1989. The data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, simple regression, ANOVA, Duncan's multiple range test and Pearson correlation coefficient using the SPSS-X Program. The results of the study are summarized as follows. Five general hypothesis were tested. Hypothesis 1 that "Change in heat content will be decreased for each cold application method according to the cold application time" was rejected. (tepid water sponge bath: after 10 minutes of cold application, 20% alcohol sponge bath: after 25 minutes of cold application: 40% alcohol sponge bath: after 45 minutes of cold application, tepid water sponge bath plus an ice bag to the head: after 80 minutes of cold application) Hypothesis 2 that "Thermal discomfort will be changed for each cold application method according to the cold application time" was rejected after 5minutes of cold application. Hypothesis 3 that "Change in heat content will differ among the cold application methods" was accepted except 0~5, 0~10, 0~65, 0~105 and 0~120 minute. This difference showed significance only between sponge bath methods and tepid water sponge bath plus an ice bag to the head. Hypothesis 4 that "Thermal discomfort will differ among the cold application methods" was accepted at 15, 20, 35, 45, 75, 80, 90, 95, 100, 105, 110, 115 and 120 minute of cold application time. This difference showed significance only between sponge bath methods and tepid water sponge bath plus an ice bag to the head. Hypothesis 5 that "The higher the change in heat content, the higher the thermal discomfort during the cold application time" was accepted for between 10~60 and 75 minute of cold application. In conclusion, this study showed that in sponge bath at $28^{\circ}C$, 10~80 minute was a effective cold application time in the view of heat loss through the skin. Concerning the effects of evaporation and thermal discomfort, it was found that there was no difference with regard to the solutions; tepid water sponge bath; 20% alcohol sponge bath or 40% alcohol sponge bath at a $28^{\circ}C$ controlled solution temperature. So it was thought that the type of solution itself did not have a big influence on the heat loss through skin. The combined effect of sponge bath with an ice bag to the head showed a significant difference and also showed a slight increase in thermal discomfort. On the basis of this research it can be concluded that cold application, for example, an ice bag to the head during a tepid water sponge bath is a good method as it increase heat loss through conduction, although fit can also cause a slight increase in thermal discomfort. The correlation between changes in heat content and thermal discomfort were not high. So factors other than change in heat content are considered to have an effect on the cognition of thermal discomfort.

• Asia-Pacific Journal of Business Venturing and Entrepreneurship
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• v.10 no.4
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• pp.49-57
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• 2015

This research is to analyze the mediating effect of product innovation between work-life balance (work-family balance, work-leisure balance and work-development balance) and corporate performance in venture SMEs. We test four hypothesis. First, we test the hypothesis that work-life balance has a positive effect on product innovation. Second, we test the hypothesis that product innovation has a positive effect on corporate performance. Third, we test the hypothesis that work-life balance has a positive effect on corporate performance. Fourth, we test a positive mediating role of product innovation between work-life balance and corporate performance. For this research, we administered the questionnaire surveys, and got the 162 effective data of korean venture SMEs. We use CFA and SEM analysis of research model by AMOS 18.0. As a result, we can find the four meaningful results. First, work-life balance, especially only work-development balance, has a positive effect on product innovation. Second, product innovation has a positive effect on corporate performance. Third, the relationships between work-life balance (work-family balance, work-leisure balance and work-development balance) and corporate performance are no significant after the mediating variable (product innovation) is added. Fourth, product innovation has a positive mediating effect between work-life balance, especially only work-development balance, and corporate performance. Although this research has some limitations of generalization because of the limited size of samples, we has meaningful information related to the venture companies in the academic and business field. Additionally, the Multiple Indicator Multiple Cause(MIMIC) model is recommended in the future research.

• Culinary science and hospitality research
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• v.18 no.5
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• pp.113-128
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• 2012

This research was conducted targeting 269 employees working in the hotel and food service industry in the Busan area to provide human resources policy implications for food service companies by understanding the causal relationship between the empowerment of foodservice industry employees and job satisfaction and turnover intent. To achieve the research purpose, this research identified the demographic characteristics through a frequency analysis, obtained reliability and validity through a factor and reliability analysis, attaining a meaningful result in the significance level of p<.01 in all factors by conducting a correlation analysis to understand the overall relationship between the variables. As a result of the multiple regression analysis to verify a hypothesis, the explanatory adequacy of the regression model for the effect of self-determination and meaning, the sub-factors of empowerment, on job satisfaction was 34.6%, and the self-determination and meaning was respectively analyzed as (${\beta}$=.125, p<.05) and (${\beta}$=.511, p<.001), thus, the hypothesis that the empowerment of employees in the food service industry has a positive (+) effect was selected. In addition, the multiple regression analysis was conducted to examine the effect that empowerment (self-determination, meaning) has on job turnover intent, and as a result, the explanatory adequacy of the regression model was 11.2%, the self-determination was ${\beta}$=-.024, showing that it was not analyzed as a statistically meaningful result, and the meaning was analyzed as(${\beta}$=-320,p<.001). Thus, the hypothesis that the empowerment of employees in the food service industry has a negative (-) effect on job turnover intent was partially selected. In the regression analysis result of the effect of job satisfaction on turnover intent, the explanatory adequacy of the entire regression model appearing in the entire analysis was 25.3%, and the job satisfaction was analyzed as (${\beta}$=-.503,p<.001). Thus, the hypothesis that job satisfaction has a negative (-) effect on job turnover intent was selected.

• The Journal of The Korea Institute of Intelligent Transport Systems
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• v.14 no.5
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• pp.13-22
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• 2015

These days, human behavior (human factor), the main cause of traffic accidents, has drawn more attention. Research on driving behavior based on DBQ(Driver Behavior Questionnaire), the analysis tool of driving behavior, has been conducted actively. In domestic previous studies, their analysis subjects were limited to researchers or military officials, and their analysis methods were based on factor analysis and regression analysis. Therefore, this study tries to find the factors of general drivers' driving behavior that influence risk driving, and to analyze their influential relationship. Regarding study scope, general drivers with driving career were asked to answer DBQ questionnaire, and 300 effective samples were analyzed. In addition, previous studies were investigated to draw the three measurable attributes of DBQ-'Lapse, Mistake, and Violation'-as main factors of traffic accidents, and structural equation model was applied to design risk driving behavior model. To identify the difference between risk driving groups, this study made use of multiple group analysis. The analysis came to the following results: First, according to the examination of the hypothesis that 'Lapse, Mistake, and Violation factors will influence risk driving behavior', all factors were found to be statistically significant. Regarding their level of influence on risk driving behavior, Violation was 0.464, Lapse 0.383, and Mistake 0.158, and thus Violation was analyzed to be the most influential. Secondly, according to the examination of the hypothesis that 'the influence of Lapse, Mistake, and Violation factors on risk driving behavior will be different by risk group', the influence of Lapse on risk driving behavior was found to be different by risk group. It is expected that the study results will be used as a fundamental program to introduce traffic accident prevention program and education that takes violation and lapse into consideration.

• Journal of Korean Elementary Science Education
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• v.25 no.spc5
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• pp.556-566
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• 2007

The purpose of this study was to develop an electroencephalogram (EEG) based differential-scale for scientifically gifted students in elementary school. For this study, signals of EEG with 19 channels were recorded during the generation of our scientific hypothesis using 22 scientifically gifted students, and with 49 average students being used as the control group. IQ, TCT and knowledge generation (KG) as constructs of the scientifically gifted were administered for both the scientifically gifted and the normal, control group elementary students. A 'gifted' value was added to paper test scores of the IQ, TCT, and KG constructs in order to make a personal standardization score for the gifted students. As a dependent variable, the groups were divided by means of the standardization scores thus produced and as an autonomous variable, various EEG parameters were presented through linear analysis, nonlinear analysis, and interdependency measures of the EEG. Multiple linear regression analysis was applied successfully to explain the EEG parameters and to show the characteristics of the scientifically-gifted. The discrimination analysis was administered through the results of multiple linear regression of the EEG parameters thus produced. This study represents the foundation of the development of an EEG based discriminant-scale for scientifically gifted students in elementary school, because it will be able to faithfully discriminate between scientifically-gifted and average students. The results of this study indicates that most of the EEG parameters produced can contribute to predicting the characteristics of the scientifically-gifted in that they express the degree of mutual information and the coherence of mutuality. Accordingly, mutual connectivity which appears to originate in the brain seems to the core of discrimination.

• Journal of The Korean Association For Science Education
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• v.28 no.6
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• pp.649-663
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• 2008

The purpose of this study was to compare the processes of making hypotheses concerning the anomalous path of Wukong, a typhoon that came close to Korea recently, between an earth scientist and undergraduate students. Data were obtained through interviews with a practicing earth scientist as well as five undergraduate students. Inquiry reports of the students were also analysed. The result showed that while the earth scientist conducted a case study with already-established models of typhoon, the students were enabled to work on the specific case of Wukong only after they learned general theories on typhoons. Background knowledge played an important role for the scientist and students to formulate scientific hypotheses. Both the earth scientist and undergraduate students generate multiple working hypotheses, and they considered a couple of conditions to select more plausible hypotheses, including theoretical coherence, causative processes, and consistency with empirical data. Despite these similarities, there were differences in the scope and depth of background knowledge between the scientist and students. In addition, it was not likely that the undergraduate students possessed explicit perceptions of the conditions which could make a hypothesis more probable, except for the empirical consistency. Implications for science education and relevant research were discussed.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.5-16
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• 1985

This study examined the effects of husband's supportive behavior reinforcement education on stress relief of primigravidas. The purpose was to reinforce husbands' supportive behavior and relieve primigravidas' stress. The purposes of this study were to determine lactors influencing Primigravidas' stress and the effect of husbands' supportive behavior reinforcement education on stress relief of primigravidas. The subjects, consisting of 140 primigravidas who registered or visited in three obstetrics and gynecology clinics in J city, were divided into at random experimental and control groups. Data were collectpe from April To July, 1984 through interviews during hospital visits, and by questionaires. The husbands' supportive behavior reinforcement education and the measurement tools were developed by the investigator from the literature and during pilot study: the instruments to measure primigravidas' stress and husbands' supportive behavior were tested for reliability and validity. Personality characteristisc were measured by Chestnuts' Stress Management instrument. T-test, ANOVA, ω², and Pearson Correlation were used in analysing the data to confirm the intensity of the influence and the relation between general characteristics and primigravidas' stress. Pearson correlation and Stepwise Multiple Regression were used to confirm the predictors of primigravidas' stress. Independent variables were compared by means of t-test and χ³-test to confirm significant discrepancy of experimental and control groups. T-test, paired t-test, pearson correlation were used in analyzing the data to confirm the effect of husband's supportive behavior reinforcement education on stress relief of primigravidas. The results of the study are summarized. Results from analyzing the effect of husbands' supportive behavior reinforcement education: There was no significant difference between the general characteristics of the experimental and control groups. And husbands' supportive behavior, personality, marital Satisfaction, natural abortion variables influenced at primigravidas' stress. A hypothetical test by comparative analysis of the measurement of primigravidas' stress and husbands' support behavior between the experimental and the control group before and after the experiment to confirm the effect of husbands' supportive behavior reinforcement education resulted in the following: The first hypothesis that husbands' supportive behavior reinforcement education will increase husbands' support behavior to relieve primigravidas' stress was supported. The second hypothesis that husbands' supportive behavior reinforcement education will relieve primigravidas' stress was supported. As a result, it u·as shown that husbands' supportive behavior reinforcement education relieved primigravidas' stress, and the hypotheses were supported. The third hypothesis that the higher the degree of husbands' supportive behavior, the lower the primigravidas' stress was supported. It was concluded that husbands' supportive behavior reinforcemen education increase husbands' supportive behavior and relieves Primigravidas' stress.