• Journal of Life Science
• /
• v.20 no.11
• /
• pp.1611-1616
• /
• 2010

The purpose of this research was to determine the effect of surfactant micelles on lipid oxidation in W/O/W multiple emulsions. The content of ferric irons and hydroperoxide in the continuous phase in W/O/W multiple emulsions was measured as a function of Brij micelle. The concentration of ferric iron and hydroperoxide in the continuous phase increased with increased storage time (1~6 days). Lipid oxidation rates, as determined by the formation of lipid hydroperoxides, TBARs and headspace hexanal, in the W/O/W multiple emulsions containing ferric iron decreased when 3% surfactant micelles were exceeded. These results indicate that excess surfactant micelles could alter the physical location and prooxidant activity of iron in W/O/W multiple emulsions.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
• /
• v.15 no.1
• /
• pp.29-34
• /
• 2005

W/O/W (water-in-oil-in-water) type multiple emulsion was applied to improve the storage stability of an antagonistic microorganism, Burkholderia gladioli. Encapsulation of microorganism into a W/O/W emulsion was conducted by using a two-step emulsification method. W/O/W emulsion was prepared by the incorporation of B. gladioli into rapeseed oil and the addition of polyglycerin polyriconolate (PGPR) and castor oil polyoxyethylene (COG 25) as the primary and secondary emulsifier, respectively. Microcrystalline cellulose was used as an emulsion stabilizer. To evaluate the usefulness of W/O/W emulsion formulation as a microbial pesticide for controlling the bacterial wilt pathogen (Ralstonia solanacearum), the storage stability and antagonistic activity of emulsion formulation were tested in vitro. The storage stability test revealed that the viability of formulated cells in emulsion was higher than that of unformulated cells in culture broth. At $4^{\circ}C$, the viabilities of formulated cells and unformulated cells at the end of 20 weeks decreased to about 2 and 5 log cycles, respectively. At $37^{\circ}C$, the viability of formulated cells decreased to only 2 log cycles at the end of storage. On the other hand, the viable cells in culture broth were not detected after 13 weeks. In activity test, formulated cells in emulsion were more effective in inhibiting the growth of pathogen than unformulated cells in culture broth. Unformulated cells completely lost their antagonistic activity during storage under similar conditions. The W/O/W multiple emulsion formulation was shown to be useful as the novel liquid formulation for biological control.

• Journal of Pharmaceutical Investigation
• /
• v.37 no.4
• /
• pp.217-222
• /
• 2007

To develop cleansing tissue composed of silicone multiple emulsions which could easily remove make-up residues and confer skin protecting effect without damaging skin, we formulated various silicone multiple emulsions and evaluated the physicochemical properties including viscosity, cleansing effect, and safety effect. Also, cleansing tissue incorporated with silicone multiple (W/Si/W) emulsion was stored for 6 months, and judged its stability through microscopes under accelerated and long-term condition. Cleansing effect was evaluated by chromameter. Skin hydration effect was determined by corneometer and incorporation effect into non-woven fabric cotton was evaluated by volunteer survey. Low viscosity ranged from 400 centipoise (cP) to 1,000 cP was obtained from a stabilized W/Si/W emulsion containing more than 10% volatile silicone. Mean diameter of fresh W/Si/W emulsion was $20{\mu}m$, but after storage for 3 months at $45^{\circ}C$, the particle size of the W/Si/W emulsion increased up to $50{\mu}m$. Both W/Si/W emulsion-incorporated cleansing tissue and commercial product showed equally good cleansing effect. In addition, skin allergies such as erythema, edema, scaling itching, stinging, burning, tightness and prickling were not observed through macroscopic examination. From the transepidermal water loss results, the cleansing tissue consisting of W/Si/W emulsion showed superior hydration effect to commercial product. In conclusion, this study suggests cleansing tissue using W/Si/W emulsion could be used for an excellent efficacy compared with commercialized cleansing tissue.

• Journal of the Society of Cosmetic Scientists of Korea
• /
• v.24 no.3
• /
• pp.96-104
• /
• 1998

It was possible to produce W/O/W one step multiple emulsion on the system which satisfied following conditions. 1. 1-5％ of hydrophilic liquid surfactant over HLB20 and lipophilic liquid surfactant which has HLB 3∼5 2. Non wax copolymers as oil thickener 3. More than 0.5％ of carbomer as aqueous thickener 4. The manufacturing process which neutralize the dispersed carbomer (2.0％ in water), after emulsifying. For the selective addition into inner and outer aqueous phase, we melted the glucose in water before emulsifying. Using an Anthrone analysis method, we analyzed the encapsulation yield of glucose in inner water phase. It was possible to raise the water encapsulation yield of the multiple emulsion through the following conditions. 1. Using of anionic hydrophilic surfactant(HLB 40) and lipophilic surfactant (HLB 3∼5) 2. Controlling the ratio of hydrophilic surfactant and lipophilic surfactant 3. Strengthening interface with increase of non wax oil thickener. When the separated adding process of glucose was adopted, approximately 85％ of glucose was added selectively within inner aqueous phase.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
• /
• v.14 no.4
• /
• pp.673-679
• /
• 2004

A microbial cryoprotectant formulation using a W/O/W multiple emulsion system was developed. The psychrotolerant microorganism, B4, isolated from soil in South Korea, was observed by the drop freezing method, in which the microorganism sample inhibited ice nucleation activity. The antifreeze activity was eliminated when the microorganism sample was treated with protease, indicating that the antifreeze activity was due to the presence of antifreeze protein. The result of the l6S rDNA sequencing indicated the B4 strain was most closely related to a species of the genus Bacillus. Culture broth of B4 strain (Bacillus sp.) and rapeseed oil containing 1 % polyglycerine polyricinolate (PGPR) were used as core and wall material, respectively. The most stable W/O emulsion was prepared at a core/oil ratio of 1:2. The highest W/O/W emulsion stability was achieved when the primary emulsion to external aqueous phase containing 0.5% caster oil polyoxyethylene ether $(COG25^{TM})$ ratio was 1:1. Microcrystalline cellulose showed better W/O/W emulsion stability than other polymer types. The viability of cells in a W/O/W emulsion was higher than free cells during storage at $37^\circ{C}$. An acidic pH and UV exposure decreased the viability of free cells, but cells in W/O/W emulsion were more stable under these conditions.

• Journal of Pharmaceutical Investigation
• /
• v.36 no.4
• /
• pp.245-251
• /
• 2006

The novel microsphere blending and multiple emulsion method by single process was tried to prepare sustained release microspheres which release a physiologically active substance for long periods of time. A drug was separately dissolved in each of two or more oils containing biodegradable polymers to give the primary oil phases. The primary oil phases were dispersed in single aqueous phase in succession. From the drug-dispersed solution, the organic solvent was removed to produce microspheres. The accelerated drug release from the microsphere formulation prepared by single process through the multiple emulsion method was very similar to a physical blending of separately prepared microspheres using the same polymers. But long term release was not same. In this study, leuprorelin acetate loaded poly(lactide-co-glycolide) microsphere formulation for one-month delivery was developed by the multi-emulsion method followed by solvent extraction/evaporation method.

• KSBB Journal
• /
• v.27 no.4
• /
• pp.207-214
• /
• 2012

Emulsions are mixture of immiscible liquids in which one is dispersed in all over the other. They have been applied to many applications including cosmetics, foods, drug delivery system (DDS), fine chemicals, and chemical separations. Especially, emulsion technology is one of the most useful technique to formulate cosmetics such as eye cream, foundation, and foam cleansing. In general, the emulsions can be generated by mechanical agitation of two immiscible fluids. However, the emulsions obtained by conventional method have limited in stability, monodispersity, and complicate process. We describe here preparation techniques of representative cosmetic emulsions such as liposome, liquid crystal emulsion, nanoemulsion, multiple emulsion, and pickering emulsion. Furthermore, various factors which can control the physical properties of each cosmetic emulsions are briefly discussed.

• Journal of the Korean Applied Science and Technology
• /
• v.37 no.6
• /
• pp.1517-1527
• /
• 2020

This study is about the UV protection effect and water resistance of a multiple emulsion (W/O/W) sunblock cream applied with emotional engineering and reports an actual industrial case. Multiple emulsion system of sunblock cream has the characteristics of changing to a W/O type that is soft and moist when applied, and has excellent water resistance after absorption. Multiple emulsion cream is a highly functional sunblock cream that has both moisture and water resistance. It is a stable milky white cream with a viscosity of 36,000 cps. The organic sunscreen used for the sunscreen was ethylhexylmethoxycinnamate and bisethylhexyloxyphenolmethoxyphenyltriazine. Hexagonal zinc oxide and titanium dioxide that block both UVB and UVA were used. As a result of measuring the UV protection effect by the in-vitro method, the UV protection effect (SPF) is 78.9 for multiple emulsion cream, 76.7 for W/O cream, and 71.3 for O/W cream. It was found that the blocking effect was different. This obtained the highest effect value in the multiple emulsion. As a clinical (in-vivo) result of the UV protection effect, the SPF value representing the UV protection effect of the sunblock cream developed with a multiple emulsion system was 85.7, and the PA-value that blocks the UVA area was 26.5, and ++++. It was found that it has a corresponding high blocking effect. As a result of the water resistance test, the W/O/W formulation had a high waterproofing resistance of 93.8% even after 4 hours, W/O had 75.4%, and O/W had a low water resistance of 25.3%. In the results of the HUT test, it was found in the order of multiple emulsion sun block cream > hydrophilic cream > lipophilic cream. Based on the research results of this multiple emulsion, it is expected to be highly active as a sunblock cream dedicated to outdoor activities by improving the feeling of use, UV protection index, and water resistance. Therefore, in this study, a multiple emulsion system of sunblock cream is developed and has a characteristic that changes to a W/O type that has a soft and moist feeling when applied, and has excellent water resistance after absorption.

• Journal of Pharmaceutical Investigation
• /
• v.28 no.2
• /
• pp.87-92
• /
• 1998

Kojic acid (KA) is an antimelanogenic agent which has been widely used in cosmetics to whiten the skin color. However, it has the drawbacks of the skin irritancy and the instability against the pH, temperature, and light. In order to overcome these problems, various topical gels and multiple emulsion creams which can control the release of active ingredient, KA, were formulated employing cream bases of mineral oil with caprylic capric triglyceride and hydrophilic polymers such as chitosan, carbopol. and pluronics. Using Franz diffusion cells mounted with a synthetic cellulose membrane (MWCO 12,000), drug release characteristics of the formulations were evaluated by the HPLC assay of KA concentration in the receptor compartment of pH 7.4 phosphate buffered saline solution. Drug release from chitosan-based gels (ChitoGel) obeyed to the first order kinetics with a rapid release especially in the initial period. However, pluronic-based gels (PluGel) and carbopol-based gels (CarboGel) revealed controlled release of drug to some extent, followed by the square root-time kinetics. Moreover, the release of KA was further controlled with the W/O/W multiple emulsion creams (MultiCream), showing the apparent zero order release kinetics by virtue of dynamic ratecontrolling membrane of the oil layer. The flux $(J,\;{\mu}g/cm^2/hr)$ of ChitoGel. CarboGel. PluGel. and MultiCream in the initial period of 6hr were 73.30, 28.67. 24.04 and 7.72, respectively. On the other hand, the skin irritancy score of ChitoGel and MultiCream were observed as 2.5 and 2.3 respectively, in the rabbit skin irritation test. Although there were insignificant differences at p<0.05 between those formulations, it was possible to conclude that the W/O/W multiple emulsion creams containing KA might be a good candidate for an antimelanogenic drug delivery system due to the controlled release of acidic drug molecules.

• Journal of Pharmaceutical Investigation
• /
• v.14 no.2
• /
• pp.62-69
• /
• 1984

Three-ply walled microcapsules containing furosemide and reserpine were prepared from multiple emulsion, and the the appearance of multiple emulsion, the particle size distribution and the drug contents of microcapsules were studied. The microcapsule consisted of alternating three layer of acacia/ethyl cellulose/acacia, and the surface of microcapsules was not porous but wrinkles and had relatively elaborate structure and the particle size range is $4{\mu}m$ to $64{\mu}m$.