• 한방재활의학과학회지
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• 제23권4호
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• pp.185-194
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• 2013

Objectives The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficacy and safety of micro current taping therapy (MTT) on patients with chronic low back pain (CLBP). Methods We included 50 participants who met the inclusion criteria and 5 participants dropped out during the sessions due to the following reasons: 3 participants were personal reasons, 1 participant was taking medication, 1 participant was fore arm fracture. We attached "I" shaped 40 cm, 2 tapes along the erector muscles of the spine starting from both iliac crest and another "I" shaped 30 cm, 1 tape on the painful site horizontally. This procedure was done 8 times and participants visited a total of 9 times including a final visit for evaluation. We measured visual analog scale (VAS), range of motion (ROM) and schober's test on every visit. Participants completed a questionnaire of oswestry disability index (ODI) and Beck's depression inventory (BDI) on the first and last visits. Results In VAS for pain intensity and bothersomeness, there were significant decreases after 1st, 6th treatments. In range of extension, there was significant increase after 3rd treatment at first. In range of flexion, there was significant increase after 2nd treatment at first. In range of left flexion, there was significant increase after 4th treatment at first. In range of right flexion, there was significant increase after 3rd treatment at first. in schober's test, there was significant increase after 2nd treatment at first. In VAS, ROM, schober's test, BDI, ODI, there were significant improvement after all treatments had done. Conclusions There was a significant effect of MTT on CLBP. And there was no adverse effect.

• 지질공학
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• 제29권2호
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• pp.137-151
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• 2019

굴착공사 중 발생할 수 있는 지반함몰 사고를 방지하기 위해 굴착공사 주변 지층변화를 분석하고 모니터링하는 탐사기법과 기술이 필요함에 따라 다양한 탐사기술들을 적용, 보완함으로써 해석 기법을 향상시키는 것이 요구된다. 이 연구에서는 굴착공사 중 발생할 수 있는 지반침하 위험요소와 굴착, 지하수 등에 의한 이완영역을 탐지하기 위한 실규모 현장 실험을 실시하였다. 현장 실험을 수행하기 위해 실규모 굴착현장 테스트베드를 구축하고, 도심지 현장을 고려한 탐사법 중 전기비저항 탐사, 다중채널분석표면파탐사를 활용, 각 개별탐사의 적용 유효성 검토 및 모델링을 이용한 최적 탐사변수 도출과 설계, 탐사결과의 상호연관성을 비교 해석하였다. 이 연구 결과, 각 탐사별로 이완영역에 대한 영향을 확인할 수 있었으며, 특히 전기비저항탐사를 이용해 지하수면 위치를 확인하고 굴착에 대한 영향 파악할 수 있었다. 추후 지하수의 영향을 고려한, 즉 굴착면을 고려한 모델링에 대해 추가 연구가 필요할 것으로 보인다.

• 대한소아치과학회지
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• 제36권3호
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• pp.427-432
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• 2009

본 연구의 목적은 시중에 유통되고 있는 밴드 시멘트들을 종류별로 이용하여 교정용 밴드의 결합강도를 비교하고, 각 시멘트의 파절 양상을 비교하여 교정용 밴드에 대한 사용지침을 마련하는데 도움이 되고자 하였다. 100개의 발거된 인간의 제 3대구치를 이용해 실험군은 총 5개의 군으로 하였으며, 각 군당 시편수가 20개가 되도록 임의적으로 분류하였다. 실험에 사용한 밴드 시멘트는 다음과 같다; Ormco gold, Ultra $Band-Lok^{TM}$, Fuji $Ortho^{TM}$ LC, 3M $Unitek^{TM}$ Multi-Cure Glass Ionomer, $Ketac-Cem^{TM}$. Universal testing machine(Instron Corp., Canton, MA, USA)를 사용하여 최대하중값을 측정하였고, 전단결합강도 값을 계산하였다. 밴드가 탈락한 후, 탈락 부위를 평가하여 법랑질과 시멘트, 시멘트와 밴드 사이로 구분하였다. 밴드의 전단강도는 One-way ANOVA를 이용하여 통계처리 하였으며 Tukey test를 이용하여 검정하였다. 또한 탈락 부위는 Chi-squre analysis를 이용하여 통계 처리하였고, Fisher's exact test로 군간 유의성을 검정하였다. 실험 결과 평균 파절 강도는 Ormco군이 가장 높았고(2.44${\pm}$0.57), Fuji $Ortho^{TM}$군(2.24${\pm}$0.50), $Ketac-Cem^{TM}$군(2.10${\pm}$0.57), 3M $Unitek^{TM}$군(1.82${\pm}$0.43), $Band-Lok^{TM}$군(1.73${\pm}$0.28) 순이었으며, Ormco군은 $Band-Lok^{TM}$군과 3M $Unitek^{TM}$군, Fuji $Ortho^{TM}$군은 $Band-Lok^{TM}$군과만 통계적으로 유의할만한 차이를 보였다(p<0.05). 파절 양상에서 Ormco군과 $Band-Lok^{TM}$군은 서로뿐만 아니라 다른 군과 유의할만한 차이를 보였으며, Fuji $Ortho^{TM}$, 3M $Unitek^{TM}$, $Ketac-Cem^{TM}$ 군 간에는 유의한 차이가 없었다.

• Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics
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• 제25권1호
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• pp.46-55
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• 2000

During bonding procedure of composite resin, the prepared cavity can be contaminated by saliva. In this study, marginal microleakage and shear bond strength of a composite resin to primed enamel and dentin treated with artificial saliva(Taliva$^{(R)}$) were evaluated. For the marginal microleakage test, Class V cavities were prepared in the buccal surfaces of fifty molars. The samples were randomly assigned into 5 groups with 10 samples in each group. Control group was applied with a bonding system (Scotchbond$^{TM}$ Multi-Purpose plus) according to manufacture's directions without saliva contamination. Experimental groups were divided into 4 groups and contaminated with artificial saliva for 30 seconds after priming: Experimental 1 group ; artificial saliva was dried with compressed air only, Experimental 2 group ; artificial saliva was rinsed and dried. Experimental 3 group ; cavities were etched with 35% phosphoric acid for 15 seconds after rinsing and drying artificial saliva. Experimental 4 group ; cavities were etched with 35% phosphoric acid for 15 seconds and primer was reapplied after rinsing and drying artificial saliva. All the cavities were applied a bonding agent and filled with a composite resin (Z-100$^{TM}$). Specimens were immersed in 0.5% basic fuschin dye for 24 hours and embedded in transparent acrylic resin and sectioned buccolingually with diamond wheel saw. Four sections were obtained from one specimen. Degree of marginal leakage was scored under stereomicroscope and their scores were averaged from four sections. The data were analyzed by Kruscal-Wallis test and Fisher's LSD. For the shear bond strength test, the buccal or occlusal surfaces of one hundred molar teeth were ground to expose enamel(n=50) or dentin(n=50) using diamond wheel saw and its surface was smoothed with Lapping and Polishing Machine(South Bay Technology Co., U.S.A.). Samples were divided into 5 groups. Treatment of saliva-contaminated enamel and dentin surfaces was same as the marginal microleakage test and composite resin was bonded via a gelatin capsule. All specimens were stored in distilled water for 48 hours. The shear bond strengths were measured by universal testing machine (AGS-1000 4D, Shimaduzu Co., Japan) with a crosshead speed of 5 mm/minute. Failure mode of fracture sites was examined under stereomicroscope. The data were analyzed by ANOVA and Tukey's studentized range test. The results of this study were as follows : 1. Enamel marginal microleakage showed no significant difference among groups. 2. Dentinal marginal microleakages of control, experimental 2 and 4 groups were lower than those of experimental 1 and 3 groups (p<0.05). 3. The shear bond strength to enamel was the highest value in control group (20.03${\pm}$4.47MPa) and the lowest value in experimental 1 group (13.28${\pm}$6.52MPa). There were significant differences between experimental 1 group and other groups (p<0.05). 4. The shear bond strength to dentin was higher in control group (17.87${\pm}$4.02MPa) and experimental 4 group (16.38${\pm}$3.23MPa) than in other groups, its value was low in experimental 1 group (3.95${\pm}$2.51 MPa) and experimental 2 group (6.72${\pm}$2.26MPa)(p<0.05). 5. Failure mode of fractured site on the enamel showed mostly adhesive failures in experimental 1 and 3 groups. 6. Failure mode of fractured site on the dentin did not show adhesive failures in control group, but showed mostly adhesive failure in experimental groups. As a summary of above results, if the primed tooth surface was contaminated with artificial saliva, primer should be reapplied after re-etching it.

• 한국철도학회논문집
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• 제13권2호
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• pp.214-221
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• 2010

철도 선로에서 대표적인 취약개소로 분류하고 있는 터널-토공 접속구간은 하부 지지강성의 차이로 인하여 강성이 작은 구간에서 더 큰 침하가 발생하여 선로의 부등침하를 발생시켜 지속적인 유지보수 작업을 실시하여야 한다. 본 논문에서는 실제 현장구간의 터널-토공 접속구간에 대하여 도상자갈부에 설치된 일반 침목을 약 20m 대형침목으로 교체 후 윤중과 침목 침하량을 측정하여 개선효과를 비교하였다. 또한 수치해석을 이용하여 침목 크기와 간격 등을 변화시켜 레일압력, 도상 침하량 그리고 도상압력을 비교하였다. 현장계측과 수치해석결과 대형침목으로 교체한 경우 일반침목에 비해 윤중변동율과 침하량 등에서 약 10%의 개선효과가 있는 것 을 확인할 수 있었다. 또한 수치해석결과 대형침목의 경우 일반침목에 비해 레일저부압력, 침목침하량, 도상압력이 각각 9.3%, 4%, 14.5% 감소되었으며, 이중에서 도상압력이 가장 많이 감소되는 것을 확인하였다.

• 기술사
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• 제17권3호
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• pp.32-49
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• 1984

The East gate station area is 205M long and 24m deep which is located 13 meter in front of cultural treasure east gate. The area to be excavated by blasting is composed of granite rocks from 10M depth to 25M. Surface earth extends to up 10M depth. This job site has in involves heavy traffic congestion such as over 10,000 cars passing in rush hour where clossing No 1 lint of subway running 3 minitues head way. This east gate station construction is to be executed for the provent of the setting down of underground level and blasting vibration effects to cultural treasure east gate. Therefore, the caltural treasure committee approved this execution subject to the following condition. 1. Subway gelogical foundation and measured natural frequency 2. Execution of water tight wall 3. Sellection and test of damping material for wall and under rail 4. Measurement of monitoring system during the execution 5. Measurement of histogram system The above two projects was carried out by Dr. Kwang team in KAIST and prof, Han in Hanyang University under accadamic study contract. In the blasting work, for the pourpose of reduced vibration and low explosion velocity such as CCR, Kovex slurry. The 2nd, used electrical caps shall be delay cap and M/S caps in multi delay. The 3rd, drilling pattern is bench cut in open cut and applied control blasting in tunnelling and also shall drill anti-vibration holes as line drilling.

• 대한기계학회논문집A
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• 제31권3호
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• pp.344-354
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• 2007

The objective of this study is to investigate the effect of arbitrarily located defect around the circular hole in the aircraft structural material such as Al/GFRP laminates and monolithic Al alloy sheet under cyclic bending moment. The fatigue behavior of these materials may be different due to the defect location. Material flaws in the from of pre-existing defects can severely affect the fatigue crack initiation and propagation behavior. The aim of this study is to evaluate effects of relative location of defects around the circular hole in monolithic Al alloy and Al/GFRP laminates under cyclic bending moment. The fatigue behavior i.e., the stress concentration factor($K_t$), the crack initiation life($N_i$), the relationship between crack length(a) and cycles(N), the relationship between crack growth rate(da/dN) and stress intensity factor range(${\Dalta}K$) near a circular hole are considered. Especially, the defects location at ${\theta}_1=0^{\circ}\;and\;{\theta}_2=30^{\circ}$ was strongly effective in stress concentration factor($K_t$) and crack initiation life($N_i$). The test results indicated the features of different fatigue crack propagation behavior and the different growing delamination shape according to each location of defect around the circular hole in Al/GFRP laminates.

• 한국ITS학회 논문지
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• 제11권6호
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• pp.123-132
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• 2012

가스센서는 그 용도에 따라서, 자동차용(배출가스, 연료혼합 가스, 산소, 분진), 농수산 식품산업용(신선도, 저장, $CO_2$, 습도, $NH_3$, 질소산화물 가스, 유기가스, 농약 및 살충제로부터 방출되는 유독가스), 산업 의료용(석유화학제품 가스, 수소, 산소, 유독가스), 군사용(화학무기 가스), 환경 측정용(CO를 비롯한 황과 질소 등으로 구성된 대기오염가스), 가정용(LNG, LPG, 부탄, 실내공기, 습도) 등으로 매우 다양하게 사용하고 있다. 산업 현장의 유해물질 종류는 약 700종으로 알려져 있으며 이들 중 대다수의 물질은 일반적인 환경 조건에서 가스 형태로 존재한다. 본 연구에서는 이러한 유독 가스들 중에서 차량 내부 등의 밀폐된 공간에서 발생하기 쉬운 중요한 탄소(CO), 이산화탄소($CO_2$), 암모니아 ($NH_3$)의 세 가지 가스를 검출하는 휴대용 가스센서 모듈을 구현하고자 한다. 유독 가스 중에서도 가장 인명 사고의 중요한 요소인 NH3, $CO_2$, CO의 3종류 가스를 검출하는 다중 가스검출 센서에 대해 연구한다.

• 보건교육건강증진학회지
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• 제21권3호
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• pp.101-116
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• 2004

Korea has the highest traffic accident occurrence rate in the world. It means that we are forced to face a tremendous amount of economic loses and great cost of life. Even though this phenomenon consistently has arose as a public issue every year and many researchers have emphasized the importance of safety education as the fundamental solution, we are still trying to make a long-lasting and effective traffic safety education programs for children and adolescents. The purpose of this study was to test the effectiveness of web-based learning for traffic safety in Korea middle school. For this purpose, the instructive model was constructed based on the ASSURE model and a special web-site of education was developed on behalf of practical use of multi-media learning materials for the traffic safety. The research subject was represented by 259 students from second grade in 2 middle schools located in Seoul Korea. The traffic safety education program using web-site was preceded to the 136 students as a case group for 45 minutes total 3 times. Other 126 students are control group those who did not get with this program. The survey was conducted before and after the education. The results of this study were as follow: 1. The knowledge analysis from the comparison between before and after of the lesson showed case group and control group scored average at 11.25 points and 10.97 points. However, after they attended programs, case group scored 13.57 points and control group scored 10.85 points. The difference from the result of the case group was statistically significant(p<0.001). 2. The attitude analysis from the comparison between before and after of the lesson showed case group and control group scored averages at 29.59 points and 28.21 points. However, after they attended program, case group scored 37.23 points and control group scored 32.71 points. The difference from the result of the case group was statistically significant(p<0.05). 3. Regarding the domain analysis by means of web-based traffic safety education, only the case group had a statistically significant score in the case of knowledge 'safe utilization of bicycle' and 'The Characteristic of Automobile and Safer Mode of Walking for Pedestrian'(p<0.01, p< 0.001), and in the case of attitude 'safe walking and crossing' 'The Characteristic of Automobile and Safer Mode of Walking for Pedestrian'(p<0.01, p<0.001). 4. Web based instruction for traffic safety was effective in terms of improving students' knowledge and attitude for traffic safety.

• 한국농림기상학회지
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• 제9권4호
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• pp.247-259
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• 2007

전지구적인 생태시스템 안에서 탄소와 물의 흐름은 아주 밀접하게 관련되어 있다. 생태계 물질순환과정을 모사해 주는 모형들은 연구자들이 직접 측정하기 어려운 복잡한 생태계에서의 물질순환 과정들의 상호작용과 그 변화를 예측할 수 있는 도구이다. 이 연구에서는 생태수문모형 RHESSys(Regional Hydro Ecological Simulation System)를 광릉시험림 유역에서 모수화한 후, 다른 지형 조건과 기후 및 식생을 가진 점봉산 강선리 유역에 적용함으로써 RHESSys모수화의 다유역으로의 확장가능성과 문제점 등을 조사하였다. RHESSys는 Geographic Information System(GIS)를 바탕으로 공간적인 탄소와 물 및 영양분의 흐름을 모사하는 생태수문모형이다. 모수화는 광릉시험림 유역의 1982-1999년간 일유량과 나이테 자료로 추정한 임목생장량을 사용하였다. 수직 및 수평 방향의 수리전도도에 관련된 중요 모수들과 임목 생장과 관련된 분배 모수들을 Monte-Carlo 접근법을 사용하여 최적화하였다. 모형결과를 광릉연구지의 실측 토양수분과 비교해 본 결과 RHESSys는 토양수분을 다소 과소평가하는 경향이 있으나, 일변화를 유의하게 잘 모사하였으며, 임목생장량의 연변화를 잘 모사하였다. 광릉연구지에서 개발한 모수를 점봉산 강선리 유역에 적용한 결과, 광릉과 마찬가지로 RHESSys는 토양수분을 다소 과소평가하나 여름철의 중요한 시계열 경향을 유의하게 잘 모사하였다. 또한 실측 공극률의 사용이 모형의 토양수분예측력에 중요함을 확인하였다. 반면에 강선리 유역의 임목생장량에 대해선 모형의 예측력이 높지 않았다. 수문과정 모수에 비해 식생성장 및 분배관련 모수의 경우 단일 유역의 모수화를 타 유역으로 확장하는 데에 상당한 불확실성이 있음을 확인하였다. 각 유역의 임목생장 및 분배 특성을 반영하는 독립적인 모수화 과정이 필요하며 이를 뒷받침해 줄 최소한의 현장측정항목을 발굴하는 후속연구가 필요하다.