• Korean Journal of Organic Agriculture
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• v.17 no.4
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• pp.501-517
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• 2009

This research was carried out to study the effect of mulching materials and weed control methods on weed occurrence and growth of kale on upland and paddy soil of field culture at spring and autumn season. Paddy soil temperature of mulching treatments was high by $0.9{\sim}2.0^{\circ}C$ in comparison of non-mulching at autumn season. The control value of weed was over 91% at mulch paper and time required for weed control was reduced by 70% at mulch paper + machine weeding in comparison of non-mulching + hand weeding. The yield of kale was similar to that of conventional culture. Paddy soil temperature of mulch paper was higher on April, but lower on May and June than non-mulching at spring season. Dominant weed was Chenopodium album var. centrorubrum Makino, The control value of weed was over 91% at mulch paper, time required for weed control was reduced by 75% at mulch paper + machine weeding in comparison of non-mulching + hand weeding and the yield of kale increased by 34% than conventional culture. Dominant weed was Alopecurus aequalis var. amurensis Ohwi. on paddy soil at autumn season. The control value of weed was 43% at mulch paper. Time required for weed control was reduced by 80% at mulch paper + machine weeding in comparison of non-mulching + hand weeding. The yield of kale increased by 26% compared with than of conventional culture.

• Korean Journal of Weed Science
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• v.7 no.1
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• pp.52-57
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• 1987

To know the effects of weeding periods (weeding from 12 days, 28 days and 42 days after seeding to harvest, and weeding from seeding to 14 days, 28 days and 42 days after seeding) and growing conditions such as transparent polyethylene film mulch (P.E. mulch) and bare soil on growth and yield of peanuts, "Yeongho-Tangkong" was planted on May 10, 1984. Under P.E. mulch, the number of weeds was higher, but the weed dry weight was lower than in bare soil by the middle of July. Sixty days after seedings, the length of main stems in weedy check plots was longer, but shoot dry weight was lower compared to weed free plot. In the correlation coefficients between weed dry weight and the shoot dry weight of peanut on July 14, the growth retardation of peanuts due to weeds was showed earlier under P.E. mulch than in bare soil. Shoot dry weight, shelling ratio, number of seeds per pod, 100 pod weight, and seed yield were higher under P.E, mulch compared to bare soil. But weed dry weight, length of branches, number of pod bearing branches, number of pods per square meters, and pod yield were similar between P.E. mulch and bare soil. Shoot dry weight of peanuts, length of branches, number of pod bearing branches, number of pods per square meters, pod yield, 100 pod weight, 100 seed weight, and seed yield in weed free plots from 28 days after seeding to harvest (28 DAS-Harvest) were higher compared to weed free plots from 42 DAS-Harvest. However, in the weed free plot from seeding to 42 days after seeding seed yield was lower than that of the continuous weeding plot due to lower number of pod bearing branches and number of pods per square meters. When weed was not controlled at the later growth stages of peanuts, reduction in seed yield due to weeds was greater in bare soil than that under P.E. mulch.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.30 no.3
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• pp.334-339
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• 1985

A sweet corn hybrid, Honey Bantam, was planted on 24 May, 1984 in a silty clay loam soil to investigate the effects of polyethylene(P.E.) mulch and different levels and placements of Nitrogen(N) on soil properties and sweet corn growth. A split-split plot design with three replications was employed; P.E. mulch and bare soil were main plot, N levele of 8, 12, 16, and 20 kg/10a were subplot, and band and broadcast of fertilizers were sub-subplots. At early growth stage soil temperature under P.E. mulch was higher than that in bare soil by 5-10$^{\circ}C$, but the differences decreased as plant growth advanced. Soil hardness increased with soil depth while P.E. mulch reduced soil hardness probably by holding high soil moisture. Soil pH decreased up to the 6th week after planting and then increased in bare soil, but it contineously decreased up to the 8th weeks under P.E. mulch regardless N levels and placements. Electrical conductivity(EC) of soil increased up to the 6th weeks after planting and then decreased in all treatments except broadcast of fertilizers under P.E. mulch where EC increased contineously. Generally, soil EC under P.E. mulch was higher than that in broadcast. Broadcast of fertilizers did not affect emergence of seedlings in all N levels under P.E. mulch and bare soil, but band of fertilizers at all N levels under P.E. mulch and higher levels of N in bare soil reduced emergence rate significantly. Percent stand was possitively correlated with soil EC and it strongly influenced the number of marketable ears. Plant growth was enhanced and silking date was earlier by 14-19 days under P.E. mulch compared to bare soil probably due to increased soil moisture, reduced soil hardness and higher soil temperature.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.45 no.4
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• pp.511-514
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• 2012

Polyethylene mulches have been used for weed control in vegetable production in Korea. One of the additional benefits associated with polyethylene mulches is soil warming. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of colored mulches on soil temperature change and Chinese cabbage yield. Mulch treatments were green (GV), black (BV), transparent (TV), and non-mulched (NM) soil. The highest soil-warming effect occurred under green mulch, and the lowest effect was found under black mulch. Daily mean values of soil temperature (10 cm depth) under GV were $2^{\circ}C$ higher than in NM soil. At midday (16:00), mean soil temperature was higher by $3.9^{\circ}C$ in GV, $3.1^{\circ}C$ in BV, and $2.1^{\circ}C$ in TV as compared to NM soil. At night (20:00-06:00), there was no significant difference in soil temperature among the treatments of different colored mulch, but soils in the mulch treatments were $2.4^{\circ}C$ higher as compared to NM soil. As compared with NM, the yield of Chinese cabbage under GV, BV, and TV were higher by 6.0, 26.0, and 12.0%, respectively.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.52 no.3
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• pp.325-333
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• 2007

To find out the planting times for the economic yield of a super sweet corn hybrid, "Cambella 90" was planted from 1 April of 2003 and 2004 at the 10 days intervals under black polyethylene (P. E.) film mulch and in bare soil in Gyeongsan. Daily maximum soil temperature under black P. E. film mulch was lower, while daily minimum soil temperature was higher compared to bare soil. Soil moisture content under black P. E. film mulch maintained optimum level longer than in bare soil. Emergence rate, percent stand, culm length, and the number of marketable ears were higher under black P E. film mulch compared to bare soil. Silking date under black P. E. film mulch was earlier compared to bare soil by $4{\sim}6$ days at April plantings, while only 1 day earlier at June plantings. Silking date of individual plants in a plot ranged $3{\sim}5$ days depending on planting dates and soil mulch in the same plot. The number of large ears decreased as planting dates delayed. Considering emergence rate and the number of marketable ears, the planting time for the economic yield of a super sweet com hybrid, "Cambella 90" ranged 1 April to 20 June in the southern part of Korea.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.56 no.3
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• pp.192-198
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• 2011

Establishment of mechanized soybean production system without herbicide is required for organic soybean production in recent. Effects of mechanized soybean planting with partial tillage between growing rye living mulch, which was sown in April or early May, on weed suppression, soybean early growth and yield were investigated with different rye sowing dates and locations in 2007 and 2008, respectively. Effect of rye living mulch on weed suppression at 40~50 days after soybean planting was high as much as 70~90% regardless of rye sowing dates. In particular, a strong suppression effect on the occurrence and growth of Echinochloa crus-galli which occupied 60~80% of total weed biomass was observed. Rye living mulch sown on April 9, of which biomass was more than that sown on April 27, inhibited soybean early growth severely and reduced soybean grain yield in 2007. However, soybean grain yield was no t reduced despite suppression of early growth of soybean plant by living mulch sown during from late April to early May compared with conventional planting. Rye sowing before late April was not proper considering tendency of weed occurrence in spring because of unfavorable changes in weed suppression, early growth and grain yield of soybean according to amount of living mulch.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.53 no.1
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• pp.42-49
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• 2008

GDD models of corn were developed in bare soil, while sweet and super sweet corns are grown under black polyethylene (P. E.) film mulch in Korea. To develop a suitable GDD model under black P. E. film mulch, a super sweet com hybrid "Cambella-90" was planted from 1 April to 30 June in 2003 at the 10-day intervals under black P. E. film mulch and in bare soil. In bare soil the best GDD model was $GDD\;=\;{\sum}[H"+L')/2\;-\;10^{\circ}C]$, where H" was daily maximum temperature but is was substituted for $30^{\circ}C$ - (daily maximum temperature - $30^{\circ}C$) when higher than $30^{\circ}C$ and L' was daily minimum temperature, but it was substituted for $10^{\circ}C$ when lower than $10^{\circ}C$. The same GDD model could be adapted for com grown under black P. E. film mulch, but base temperature was substituted for $9^{\circ}C$. To determine planting date for the scheduled harvests, accumulated GDDs were calculated using 30-year average temperature data during the growing season. Under black P. E. film mulch planting dates were determined by subtracting GDD of the hybrid, $970^{\circ}C$, from accumulated GDD of scheduled harvest dates.

• Proceedings of the Ginseng society Conference
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• 1984.09a
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• pp.57-62
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• 1984

Four year old American ginseng plants (Panax quinquefolium L.) were grown in control and treated field plots in North Carolina, USA. Soil pH (4.4, 5.5, and 6.5), soil phosphate (19, 89 and 232 ppm) and mulch treatments (wheat straw, pine needle straw, poplar bark, oak bark, pine bark and hardwood leaves) were studied for their effects on total dry weight, total ginsenosides and 5 individual ginsenosides (A1, Rg1, Rd, Re, and Rb2). The leaf and root tissue were analyzed for ginsenosides by high pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC). The oak and poplar bark mulch treatments appeared to have the best effect upon the growth and production of roots while not significantly decreasing the ginsenoside content of the roots. The oak mulch showed a statistical increase in the ginsenoside content of the leaves.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.48 no.3
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• pp.147-151
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• 2003

Normal seed tubers and plug seedlings raised from stem cutting and mini-tubers ($10\pm3$ g) were planted or transplanted on August 20,2001 in bare soil or under transparent and black polyethylene film mulches to evaluate the effects of mulch material and seedling type on the growth and tuber yield of fall-grown potato (Solanum tuberosum L. cv. Dejima) in Jeju region. Total tuber number per plant was 4.6 regardless of mulch treatment, and direct planting seed potatoes resulted in the greatest tubers (5.14)/plant and followed by transplanting seedlings raised from cutting and mini-tubers (4.15 and 5.15 tubers/plant). Transparent and black polyethylene film mulches increased total tuber yield by 16 and 8%, respectively, and average tuber weight by 14 and 12%, respectively, compared with no mulch (21.16 t/ha and 72.2 g/tuber). Transplanting plug seedlings raised from cutting resulted in the greatest tuber yield, followed by transplanting plug seedlings raised from mini-tubers and direct planting seed potatoes.

• Korean Journal of Organic Agriculture
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• v.22 no.4
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• pp.761-771
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• 2014

The study was conducted to evaluate effects of weed managements after false seedbed on the weed control and growth of spring and fall cabbages (Brassica oleracea L.) in an organic upland in 2013. Weed managements included rake, flame, PE mulch, and none treatment. The weed occurrence was not effectively controlled by rake treatment but controlled by flame treatment in spring and fall cultivation. PE mulch plots had 30% of tip-burn in spring cultivation. Weed managements after false seedbed were similar fresh weight, leaf number, and cabbage yield to the conventional PE mulch. Head of cabbage was the lowest on the none treatment. Fall cultivation reduced the weed density and increased yield of cabbage compared to those of spring in all treatment plots. In conclusion, rake or flame treatment after false seedbed markedly decreased weed occurrence, which was expected to use for management of environmentally-friendly vegetation as a substitute of PE mulch.