• Korean Journal of Veterinary Research
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• v.32 no.4
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• pp.463-479
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• 1992

The morphological findings of the parotid, mandibualr and sublingual salivary glands of the Korean native goat have been investigated by the histological and histochemical observation using the light microscope. Tissues were fixed with 10% neutral buffered formalin and Bouin's solution, and embedded in paraffin. The tissue sections were stained with hematoxylin and eosin, Heidenhain's azocarmine-aniline blue, alcian blue, toluidine blue, periodic acid Schiff, aldehyde fuchsin, alcian blue-periodic acid Schiff and aldehyde fuchsin-alcian blue. Some sections were stained with the alcian blue after each teatment of diastase digestion, methylation, methylation-saponification, and neuraminidase digestion. The results were as follows ; 1. The major salivary glands were compound. tubuloacinar glands, and the parenchyma was composed of acini, intercalated ducts, striated ducts and excretory ducts. 2. The acini were composed of serous cells in the parotid gland, and mucous cells, serous cells and seous demilunes in the mandibular gland. The acini of the sublingual glands were composed of mucous cells and serous demilunes. 3. In histochemistry, the serous cells of the parotid gland contained neutral mucin and enzyme-liable silaic acid. 4. The serous cells and demilunes of the mandibular gland contained neutral mucin and enzyme-liable sialic acid, and the mueous cells contained sulfated mucin, enzyme liable sialic acid and neutral mucin 5. In the sublingual gland, the mucous cells contained sulfated mucin, enzyme-resistant sialic acid and neutral mucin, and the serous demilunes contained neutral mucin and enzyme-resistant sialic acid.

• Biomolecules & Therapeutics
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• v.30 no.6
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• pp.540-545
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• 2022

Betulin is a triterpenoid natural product contained in several medicinal plants including Betulae Cortex. These medicinal plants have been used for controlling diverse inflammatory diseases in folk medicine and betulin showed anti-inflammatory, antioxidative, and anticancer activities. In this study, we tried to examine whether betulin exerts a regulative effect on the gene expression of MUC5AC mucin under the status simulating a pulmonary inflammation, in human airway epithelial cells. Confluent NCI-H292 cells were pretreated with betulin for 30 min and then stimulated with phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA) for 24 h or the indicated periods. The MUC5AC mucin mRNA expression and mucin glycoprotein production were measured by reverse transcription - polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), respectively. To elucidate the action mechanism of betulin, effect of betulin on PMA-induced nuclear factor kappa B (NF-kB) signaling pathway was also investigated by western blot analysis. The results were as follows: 1) Betulin significantly suppressed the production of MUC5AC mucin glycoprotein and down-regulated MUC5AC mRNA expression induced by PMA in NCI-H292 cells. 2) Betulin inhibited NF-κB activation stimulated by PMA. Suppression of inhibitory kappa B kinase (IKK) by betulin led to the inhibition of the phosphorylation and degradation of inhibitory kappa B alpha (IκBα), and the nuclear translocation of NF-κB p65. This, in turn, led to the down-regulation of MUC5AC glycoprotein production in NCI-H292 cells. These results suggest betulin inhibits the gene expression of mucin through regulation of NF-kB signaling pathway, in human airway epithelial cells.

• The Journal of Pediatrics of Korean Medicine
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• v.28 no.2
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• pp.56-71
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• 2014

Objectives In this study, the author tried to investigate whether piryongbang-gamgil-tang (PGGT) significantly affect in vitro airway mucin secretion, PMA- or EGF- or TNF-${\alpha}$-induced MUC5AC mucin production / gene expression from human airway epithelial cells and increase in airway epithelial mucosubstances and hyperplasia of tracheal goblet cells of rats. Materials and Methods For in vitro experiment, confluent RTSE cells were chased for 30 min in the presence of PGGT to assess the effect of PGGT on mucin secretion by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Also, effect of PGGT on PMA- or EGFor TNF-${\alpha}$-induced MUC5AC mucin production and gene expression from human airway epithelial cells (NCI-H292) were investigated. Confluent NCI-H292 cells were pretreated for 30 min in the presence of PGGT and treated with PMA (10 ng/ml) or EGF (25 ng/ml) or TNF-${\alpha}$ (0.2 nM) for 24 hrs, to assess both effect of PGGT on PMA- or EGF- or TNF-${\alpha}$-induced MUC5AC mucin production by ELISA and gene expression by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). For in vivo experiment, the author induced hypersecretion of airway mucus and goblet cell hyperplasia by exposure of rats to $SO_2$ during 3 weeks. Effect of orally-administered PGGT during 2 weeks on increase in airway epithelial mucosubstances from tracheal goblet cells of rats and hyperplasia of goblet cells were assesed by using histopathological analysis after staining the epithelial tissue with alcian blue. Possible cytotoxicities of PGGT in vitro were assessed by examining LDH release from RTSE cells and the rate of survival and proliferation of NCI-H292 cells. In vivo liver and kidney toxicities of PGGT were evaluated by measuring serum GOT/GPT activities and serum BUN/creatinine concentrations of rats after administering PGGT orally. Results (1) PGGT did not affect in vitro mucin secretion from cultured RTSE cells. (2) PGGT significantly inhibited PMA-, EGF-, and TNF-${\alpha}$-induced MUC5AC mucin productions and the expression levels of MUC5AC mRNA from NCI-H292 cells. (3) PGGT decreased the amount of intraepithelial mucosubstances and showed the tendency of expectorating airway mucus already produced. (4) PGGT increased LDH release from RTSE cells. However, PGGT did not show in vivo liver and kidney toxicities and cytotoxicity to NCI-H292 cells. Conclusion The result from this study suggests that PGGT can regulate the production and gene expression of airway mucin observed in diverse respiratory diseases accompanied by mucus hypersecretion and do not show in vivo toxicity to liver and kidney functions after oral administration. Effect of PGGT with their components should be further studied using animal experimental models that reflect the diverse pathophysiology of respiratory diseases through future investigations.

• Applied Microscopy
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• v.6 no.1
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• pp.9-20
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• 1976

The present study was performed to clarify the histochemical compositions and fine structure of the mucus secreting cells in the gastrointestinal mucosa of normal mice. The mucus cells in the surface epithelium of stomach body had neutral mucin and some quantity of weak acid mucin. And the mucus cells in gastric pits and mucus neck cells had neutral mucin. The goblet cells in villial epithelium of small intestine contain strong acid sulfated mucin as their main content and a little of neutral mucopolysaccharide. However, the goblet cells in intestinal glands-Liberkuhn crypt were confirmed to contain non-sulfated weak acid mucin. The goblet cells in the surface epithelium of colon had the same component as the small intestine did. But the cells in the crypts of colon contained neutral and weak acid mucin as their main contents. The majority of secretory granules of the surface epithelial cells of the stomach body had high electron density, and some granules with low electron density appeared too. While the mucin granules in the mucus neck cells were low in its electron density, and some of those granules were frequently found to have dense core in them. Secretory granules in goblet cells of small and large intestines had low electron density. The mode of secretion in mucin-containing cells in gastro-intestinal tract was found to be merocrine.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• v.47 no.6
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• pp.786-796
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• 1999

Background: It has been anticipated that the amount and composition of mucin are changed in patients with chronic airway diseases. We evaluated whether RTO3(mAb against rat tracheal mucins) could quantify the amount of mucin from the airway in the patients with chronic airway diseases. Methods and results; 1) RTO3 was bound to high molecular weight of mucin based on Western blot in sputum and BALF from patients with chronic airway diseases. 2) The goblet cells and submucosal glands in main bronchus from human were observed by PAS stain. And immunohistochemical stain with RTO3 showed immunoreactivity on some goblet cells. 3) The amount of mucin was more increased in patients with chronic airway diseases compared to those in normal subjects. 4) In the exacerbation of asthmatics, mucin amounts were more increased than stable asthmatics. Conclusion: We suggested that secreted mucin in chronic airway diseases can be quantified by ELISA with RTO3.

• The Journal of Internal Korean Medicine
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• v.31 no.3
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• pp.650-666
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• 2010

Objectives : In this study, the author tried to investigate whether wood vinegar produced from Morus alba (MA) significantly affects the increase in airway epithelial mucosubstances and hyperplasia of tracheal goblet cells of rats, and in vitro airway mucin secretion and PMA- or EGF- or TNF-alpha-induced MUC5AC mucin production / gene expression from human airway epithelial cells. Materials and Methods : For the in vivo experiment, the author induced hypersecretion of airway mucus and goblet cell hyperplasia by exposure of rats to SO2 over 3 weeks. Effect of orally-administered MA over 2 weeks on increase in airway epithelial mucosubstances from tracheal goblet cells of rats and hyperplasia of goblet cells were assessed using histopathological analysis after staining the epithelial tissue with alcian blue. For the in vitro experiment, confluent RTSE cells were chased for 30 min in the presence of MA to assess the effect of MA on mucin secretion by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Also, effects of MA on PMA- or EGF- or TNF-alpha-induced MUC5AC mucin production and gene expression from human airway epithelial cells (NCI-H292) were investigated. Confluent NCI-H292 cells were pretreated for 30 min in the presence of MA and treated with PMA (10 ng/ml), EGF (25 ng/ml) or TNF-alpha (0.2 nm) for 24 hrs, to assess both effects of MA on PMA- or EGF- or TNF-alpha-induced MUC5AC mucin production by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and gene expression by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). Possible cytotoxicities of MA in vitro were assessed by examining LDH release from RTSE cells and the rate of survival and proliferation of NCI-H292 cells. In vivo liver and kidney toxicities of MA were evaluated by measuring serum GOT/GPT activities and serum BUN/creatinine concentrations of rats after administering MA orally. Results : 1. MA decreased the amount of intraepithelial mucosubstances of rats exposed to sulfur dioxide inhalationally. 2. MA decreased in vitro mucin secretion from cultured RTSE cells. 3. MA significantly inhibited PMA-, EGF-, and TNF-alpha-induced MUC5AC mucin productions and the expression levels of MUC5AC mRNA from NCI-H292 cells. 4. MA did not show either in vitro or in vivo hepatic or renal toxicities. Conclusion : The results from this study suggests that MA can regulate the secretion, production and gene expression of airway mucin observed in diverse respiratory diseases accompanied by mucus hypersecretion and does not show in vivo toxicity to liver and kidney functions after oral administration. Effects of MA should be further studied using animal experimental models that simulate the diverse pathophysiology of respiratory diseases via future research.

• The Journal of Korean Medicine
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• v.29 no.3
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• pp.63-75
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• 2008

Objectives: In the present study, the author intended to investigate whether Gamijinhae-tang (Jiaweizhenke-tang) (GJHT) significantly affects both contractility of tracheal smooth muscle and mucin secretion from airway epithelial cells. Materials and Methods: Effect of GJHT on contractility of isolated tracheal smooth muscle of rabbit was investigated. Confluent hamster tracheal surface epithelial (HTSE) cells were metabolically radiolabeled with 3H-glucosamine for 24 hrs and chased for 30 min in the presence of GJHT to assess the effect of the agent on 3H-mucin secretion. At the same time, confluent NCI-H292 cells were chased for 30 min in the presence of GJHT to assess the effect of the agent on MUC5AC secretion by ELISA. Total elution profiles of control spent media and treatment sample (radioactive mucin) through Sepharose CL-4B column were analyzed. Also, effect of the agent on MUC5AC gene expression in cultured NCI-H292 cells was investigated. Possible cytotoxicities of the agent were assessed by measuring both lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) release from HTSE cells and examining the rate of survival and proliferation of NCI-H292 cells. Results: (1) GJHT inhibited Ach-induced contraction of isolated tracheal smooth muscle; (2) GJHT significantly increased mucin secretion from cultured HTSE cells. However, it did not affect MUC5AC secretion from NCI-H292 cells, only chiefly affecting the 'mucin' secretion; (3) GJHT did not significantly affect the expression levels of MUC5AC gene in cultured NCI-H292 cells; (4) GJHT did not significantly inhibit the survival and proliferation of NCI-H292 cells. However, it slightly increased LDH release from HTSE cells. Conclusion: The author suggests that effects of GJHT with their components should be further investigated and it is valuable to find, from oriental medical prescriptions, novel agents which might regulate mucin secretion from airway epithelial cells.

• Proceedings of the Korea Society for Industrial Systems Conference
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• 1999.12a
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• pp.121-129
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• 1999

When continuous media are transmitted over the communication networks, asynchrony which can not maintain temporal relationships among packets may occur due to a random transit delay. There exist two types of synchronization schemes ; for guaranteed or non-guaranteed resource networks. The former which applies a resource reservation technique maintains delay characteristics, however, the latter supply a best-effort service. In this paper, I propose a intra-media synchronization scheme to transmit continuous media on general networks not guaranteeing a bounded delay tome. The scheme controls transmission times of the packets by estimating next delay time with the delay distribution. So, the arriving packets may be maintained within a limited delay boundary, and playout will be performed after buffering to smoothen small delay variations. The continually increasing delay due to network overload causes buffer underflow at the receiver. To solve it, the transmitter is required to speed up instantaneously. Too much increase of transmission-rate may cause network congestion. At that time, the transmitter drops the current packet when informed excessive delay from the receiver.

• The Journal of Pediatrics of Korean Medicine
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• v.19 no.1
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• pp.11-23
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• 2005

Objectives : In the present study, the authors intended to investigate whether two oriental medical prescriptions named chwiyeon-tang and chihyosan-gamibang significantly affect much release from cultured hamster tracheal surface epithelial HTSE cells. Methods : Confluent HTSE cells were metabolically radiolabeled with 3H-glucosamine for 24 hrs and chased for 30 min in the presence of chwiyeon-tang or chihyosan-gamibang to assess the effect of each agent on 3H-mucin release. Possible cytotoxicities of each agent were assessed by measuring lactate dehydrogenase LDH release. Also, the effect of chwiyeon-tang and chihyosan-gamibang on contractility of isolated tracheal smooth muscle were investigated. Results : (1) Chwiyeon-tang significantly inhibited mucin release from cultured HTSE cells, with significant cytotoxicity ; (2) Chihyosan-gamibang significantly stimulated mucin release from cultured HTSE cells, with minute cytotoxicity ; (3) Chwiyeon-tang and Chihyosan-gamibang did not affect contractility of isolated tracheal smooth muscle. Conclusions : We suggest that the effects of Chwiyeon-tang and Chihyosan-gamibang with their components should be further investigated and it is of great value to find, from oriental medical prescriptions, noel agents which might regulate mucin secretion from airway goblet cells.

• The Korean Journal of Cytopathology
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• v.17 no.1
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• pp.56-62
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• 2006

Salivary duct carcinoma (SDC) is a rare primary salivary gland malignancy characterized by histological features similar to those of ductal carcinomas of the breast. It is regarded as a high-grade malignancy associated with frequent local recurrences and early distant metastases that require aggressive treatment. The typical fine needle aspiration cytology (FNAC) findings in SDC include cellular smears showing tumor cells with eccentric pleomorphic nuclei and a granular cytoplasm arranged in flat sheets or cribriform patterns against a necrotic background. However, the presence of mucin-containing cells in SDC has been rarely described. We report the FNAC findings in a patient with histologically confirmed SDC that demonstrated numerous mucin-containing cells and was subsequently misdiagnosed as a high-grade mucoepidermoid carcinoma. Here we discuss the problems involved in distinguishing SDC from high-grade mucoepidermoid carcinoma on the basis of cytologic findings alone.