• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.110 no.4
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• pp.590-600
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• 2021

This study compared the stand structure of Abies koreana forests between Mt. Jirisan and Mt. Hallasan by analyzing DBH distribution, stem vitality, crown structure, importance value, species diversity, and DCA. The data were acquired through the national long-term ecological research project conducted by the Ministry of Environment. In the comparison of DBH class distribution, the stem density of A. koreana with DBH < 20 cm was higher in Mt. Hallasan than that in Mt. Jirisan; however, the stem density of A. koreana with DBH > 20 cm was higher in Mt. Jirisan than that in Mt. Hallasan. For A. koreana stem vitality, the ratio of alive standing was higher in Mt. Jirisan (72.0%) than in Mt. Hallasan (60.7%), whereas the ratio of alive leaning was higher in Mt. Hallasan (10.2%) than in Mt. Jirisan (1.1%). A. koreana stand in Mt. Jirisan was a mature stand with four evenly developed and distinct layers, whereas the tree layer in Mt. Hallasan was less than 10 m and the stand had three layers without a subtree layer. Mt. Hallasan's importance value of A. koreana was 39.4% higher than Mt. Jirisan's importance value of 26.6%. The species diversity of the A. koreana community of Mt. Jirisan was 2.52 times higher than that of Mt. Hallasan, which was 1.58. DCA results revealed that the average distance between Mt. Jirisan and Mt. Hallasan was relatively distinguished, and the degree of scattering of species composition of Mt. Jirisan was relatively dense compared with that of Mt. Hallasan.

• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.21 no.1
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• pp.41-47
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• 2012

This study was carried out to investigate the distribution and their change of Pinus densiflora forests by climate change in Mt. Hallasan. The results showed that the areas of P. densiflora forests of Mt. Hallasan varied by region, with a total area of 1,324.3 ha, concentrated mostly in the region 1,000 m - 1,400 m above sea level. The temperate coniferous forest zone are distributed in the upper part of temperate forest zone composed of deciduous broad-leaved trees. Most of the P. densiflora forests in the lower parts were found not to be spreading because they are located close to the deciduous broad-leaved trees. However, the P. densiflora forests in the Sajebi and Pyeonggwe regions composed of the grasslands and shrub forests were found to be spreading. In addition, the altitude of the P. densiflora forests distribution increased by about 50 m and 90 m in the Sajebi and Pyeonggwe regions, respectively. The spread rate is expected to become faster than in the past due to the rate of climate change. The structure of the vegetation in Mt. Hallasan and the changes in the vegetation due to various factors need to be investigated from a long-term point of view.

• The Korean Journal of Quaternary Research
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• v.19 no.2
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• pp.40-43
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• 2005

The island alpine biogeography of Mt. Halla (Hallasan), Jeju Island (Jejudo), Korea is discussed. The presence of numerous species of alpine flora on Mt. Halla, the southernmost distributional limit for certain species, may primarily be attributed to palaeo-environmental factors, since it can not be wholly explained by reference to current environmental conditions. The alpine flora on the peak of Mt. Halla, mainly above 1,500m a.s.l, is evidently descended from immigrants from NE Asia via the Korean Peninsula during the epochs of the Ice Age. These plants, which are very intolerant of competition with temperate vegetation, have been able to persist in alpine belts thanks to their harsh climatic conditions, sterile soil, rugged topography and cryoturbation. The alpine plants on Hallasan are in a stage or process of retreat toward the mountaintop, most likely due to recent climatic amelioration. The lower limit of some species seems to coincide with maximum summer isotherms. The continued survival of arctic-alpine and alpine plants on the summit of Hallasan, Jejudo, the Korean Peninsula, however, is in danger, if global warming associated with the greenhouse effect continues.

• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.25 no.6
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• pp.865-875
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• 2016

In this study, mass concentrations and chemical compositions of $PM_{2.5}$, including water-soluble ions and elements were determined at the 1,100 m-highland of Mt. Hallasan in Jeju Island across four seasons from August 2013 to August 2014. The average mass concentration of $PM_{2.5}$ was $12.5{\pm}8.41{\mu}g/m^3$ with 45.8% of the contribution from eight water-soluble ionic species. Three ionic species ($SO{_4}^{2-}$, $NH{_4}^+$, and $NO{_3}^-$) comprised 96.2% of the total concentration of ions contained in $PM_{2.5}$ and were the dominant ions, accounting for 43.5% of the $PM_{2.5}$ mass at Mt. Hallasan. On the basis of the mass concentration level, seasonal variation, enrichment factor, and relationship among elements, we can presume that Mg, K, Ca, Mn, Fe, Co, Sr, Ba, Nd, and Dy originated mainly from crust or soil and that V, Cr, Ni, Cu, Zn, As, Cd, and Pb were significantly enriched in $PM_{2.5}$ owing to the effects of the anthropogenic emissions. These results and the local distribution of emission sources and topographic characteristics near this sampling site suggest that the compositions of $PM_{2.5}$ collected at the 1100 m-highland of Mt. Hallasan were largely influenced by inflow from outside of Jeju Island.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.21 no.3
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• pp.207-212
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• 2007

The 21 species, 9 genera, and 2 subfamilies collected at Orimok area were added to the ant fauna list of Mt. Hallasan, among which, Camponotus amamianus Terayama is new to the fauna of Korea, and Lasius hayashi, L. umbratus, Myrmica kasczenkoi, and M. kurokii are newly added to the fauna list of Jeju Island. In addition, the catalog has been arranged by adding the formerly collected ant specimens at Mt. Hallasan.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.28 no.6
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• pp.697-704
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• 2014

Mt. Hallasan in Jejudo has been well known as a habitat for both northern and southern limited butterflies and attracts the interests of many lepidopterists. In this study, the line transect method was used to monitor the community and similarity of butterflies monthly monitoring from May to September 2013, and the results were compared with the previous data. Through monitoring, 3,397 individuals in 26 species of 5 families were found in the present study. The monitored individuals belonging to 4 species (Aphantopus hyperantus, Eumenis autono, Lethe diana and Melanargia epimede) was 2,578 (75.9%), showing the prevalent species among the butterflies observed in the grassy area of the Mt. Hallasan. The butterflies inhabiting Mt. Hallasan showed higher similarity in the area where the open grassy space and the crowns of tree layer coexist than in landscape consisting of solely the tree layer or open grassy space. The habitation of butterflies by heights showed the altitudes between 1,665 to 1,700 m, located beneath the Baekrokdam (the crater) of Mt. Hallasan, possessed the most species and individuals. And it was also observed that the species that previously inhabited the subalpine zone moved to the area of higher altitudes together with the species that previously inhabited rather lower altitudes than the subalpine zone.

• Journal of The Geomorphological Association of Korea
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• v.26 no.4
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• pp.123-140
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• 2019

This study analyzed problems of interpretive signs along Eorimok-Yeongsil Trail on Mt. Hallasan National Park, focusing on factors of distracting visitor's attention from reading and understanding the signs. Eorimok-Yeongsil Trail has a total of 86 signs, and according to their purpose and content, they are classified into thirteen general signs, sixteen location signs, nine safety signs and forty-eight interpretive signs. Interpretive signs provide visitors with information and explanations about the nature and human resources of Mt. Hallasan as well as enhancing the opportunity for self-guided interpretation. The contents of interpretive signs of Eorimok-Yeongsil Trail are composed of landscapes, flora and fauna, topography, geology, history and culture, of which 70.8% of the total are related to plants and animals. Interpretive signs on the Eorimok-Yeongsil Trail do not attract visitors' attention because of the low readability, inappropriate locations and frequent errors in translation from Korean into other languages. The causes of low readability of interpretive signs include thirty-six physically damaged and faded signs, twenty-two improper font sizes and misuse of color schemes and five unclear description signs. The reasons for the incorrect locations include twenty-two long distances from the trails, twenty-one inadequate heights and fifteen inconsistencies in descriptions and locations. Problems with English use include eight grammar and spelling errors, twenty-one incorrect translations, and twenty-six English names missing.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.21 no.4
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• pp.366-373
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• 2007

This study researched the number of individuals of Roe deer (Capreolus pygarus tianschanicus Satunin), which inhabit Mt. Halla (Hallasan) National Park and its neighboring areas ranging about $270km^2$ areas. The research was done from November(late fall), 1998 to March(early spring), 2001, and additional research was carried out from November 2006 to January 2007. As a result of this, we identified a total of 1,444 deer, and found out the fact that there lived 5.33 deer per $km^2$. By region, we identified a maximum of 270 deer at Donnaeko hiking path and a minimum of 12 deer at the adjacent areas to the second Sanrok-road. The frequency of Roe deer group sighting was higher at the edge of Hallasan National Park than any other surveyed region. Thus, it is estimated that the distribution of Roe deer of Hallasan is more influenced by the quantity and quality of food than human-made interference during wintry season.

• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.19 no.4
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• pp.491-507
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• 2010

This study focuses on the fauna, seasonal prevalence and altitudinal distribution of the flies from March to November, 2008 in Mt. Hallasan, Jejudo Island, Korea. The fauna of flies was 39 species belonging to 5 Families which consist of 12 Calliphoridae, 19 Muscidae, 5 Sarcophagidae, 1 Dryomyzidae 1, Scathophagidae and 1 Anthomyiidae. The total number of flies collected was 21,605 with sex ratio of 57.98% in Mt. Halla. The ratio is higher than that of the residential area and other mountain survey sites. The average number of per trap individuals collected on the trapping day is 267, which is similar with the average of Mts. Jiryong, Juwang, Palgong and Gumo. The five dominant species showed a distinctive seasonal prevalence of 92.6% of the total flies: Chrysomyia pinguis (34.2%), Calliphora lata (25.3%), Hydrotaea dentipes(23.1%), Fannia scalaris (5.1%), and Lucilia caesar (4.9%). The seasonal prevalence of the flies was from the beginning of March to the end of November, and the highest peak time of the whole flies, males and females were different respectively. In the similarity index of the flies collected in different altitude, that of between 1,000 meters and 1,500 meters was the highest among the indices of 500 meters and above 1,000 meters. The index at each altitude was above 80% because of the same area. The diversity index of fly species was between 0.00 and 0.88 through altitudinal traps monthly. The highest index in Trap 1 was 0.88 in October, in Trap 2, 0.82 in July and in Trap 3, 0.63 in July. The diversity above 1,000 meters was most various in July. The five dominant species of C. pinguis, C. lata, H dentipes, F. scalaris, and L. caesar showed distinctive seasonal prevalence, relative abundance and altitudinal distribution respectively.

• Korean Journal of Heritage: History & Science
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• v.42 no.1
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• pp.72-87
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• 2009

This research is insect diversity analysis on the basis of survey results and bibliographies of Hongdo Island, Mts. Seoraksan, Hallasan, Daeamsan & Daeusan, Hyangnobong peak & Geonbongsan nature reserves and Dokdo Protected Natural Area among 10 designated nature reserves. The Mt. Hallasan nature reserve has 1,867 species in 22 orders and shows the highest species diversity. The species diversities of Mt. Seoraksan, Mt. Hyangnobong peak & Geonbongsan, Hongdo Island, Mt. Daeamsan & Daeusan, and Dokdo Protected Natural Area reveal 1,604 species in 19 orders, 704 species in 18 orders, 474 species in 19 orders, 468 species in 16 orders, and 114 species in 11 orders, respectively, in descending order. The order Lepidoptera shows as dominant taxa in Hongdo, Seoraksan, Hallasan, Hyangnobong peak & Geonbongsan, whereas the order Coleoptera as subdominant taxa in these areas. On the other hand, in Mt. Daeamsan & Daeusan, and Dokdo Protected Natural Area, the order Coleoptera appears as dominant taxa whereas the order Lepidoptera as subdominant taxa. The order Ephemeroptera has been shown the highest species diversity in Seoraksan which is reported to 25 species, Odonata in Hallasan to 28, Dermaptera in Seoraksan to 9, Orthoptera in Hallasan to 51, Hemiptera in Hallasan to 175, Homoptera in Seoraksan to 126, Hymenoptera in Hallasan to 183, and Diptera in Hallasan to 206. The species diversity is generally poor in Daeamsan & Daeusan, Hyangnobong peak & Geonbongsan, and Dokdo Protected Natural Area. Maybe this result is caused by the lack of various academic surveys compared to the other areas. It is needed to study systematic academic investigation on insect in the nature reserve areas in Korea, and to plan appropriate management and conservation on natural environment considering biodiversity of each nature reserve area.