• Investigative Magnetic Resonance Imaging
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• 제8권1호
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• pp.9-16
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• 2004

목적 : 운동, 감각, 단어형성 , 듣고이해하기, 기억력과제를주면서 기능적자기공명영상를 이용하여 부운동영역의 기능적 지도화를 한다. 대상 및 방법 : 16명의 오른손잡이 정상지원자를 대상으로 1.5 T자기공명영상기기를 사용하여 전뇌를 BOLD EPI를 기능적자기공명영상을 얻었다. 왼손가락운동, 고온감각, 단어형성 , 듣고이해하기 그리고 기억자극을 주면서 5번의 자극기와 휴식기를 반복하여 영상을 얻었다. p = 0.0001의 역치를 사용하여 활성화된 뇌의 지도화를 시행하였고 역치 이상의 뇌활성화가 보이는 부위를 MNI 공간으로 표시하여 각각의 자극에 대한 해부학적 위치와 활성화를 분석하였다. 결과 : 16명의 정상지원자 중 부운동영역의 활성화는 운동자극시 16명 모두에서, 감각자극시 11명, 단어형성자극시 15명, 듣고이해하기자극시 5명, 그리고 기억자극시 15명에서 보였다. 부운동영역중 앞부분의 활성화는 단어형성자극과 기억자극시 보였으며, 뒤부분의 활성화는 운동과 감각자극시 측정되었다. 운동과 감각자극시 자극부위와 반대편의 부운동영역에서 활성화, 그리고 단어형성자극과 기억자극시 왼쪽반구의 활성화가 주로 측정되었다. 결론 : 부운동영역은 운동과 감각 그리고 단어형성기능과 기억기능에 연관이 있는 뇌부위이며, 부운동영역중에서도 각각의 기능에 해당하는 부위가 존재한다.

• 대한전기학회논문지:시스템및제어부문D
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• 제53권2호
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• pp.127-134
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• 2004

In this paper, human motor behaving model based sensory motor coordination(SMC) algorithm is implemented on robotic grasping task. Compare to conventional SMC models which connect sensor to motor directly, the proposed method used biologically inspired human behaving system in conjunction with SMC algorithm for fast grasping force control of robot arm. To characterize various grasping objects, pressure sensors on hand gripper were used. Measured sensory data are simultaneously transferred to perceptual mechanism(PM) and long term memory(LTM), and then the sensory information is forwarded to the fastest channel among several information-processing flows in human motor system. In this model, two motor learning routes are proposed. One of the route uses PM and the other uses short term memory(STM) and LTM structure. Through motor learning procedure, successful information is transferred from STM to LTM. Also, LTM data are used for next moor plan as reference information. STM is designed to single layered perception neural network to generate fast motor plan and receive required data which comes from LTM. Experimental results showed that proposed method can control of the grasping force adaptable to various shapes and types of greasing objects, and also it showed quicker grasping-behavior lumining time compare to simple feedback system.

• 한국안전학회지
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• 제13권4호
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• pp.230-239
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• 1998

Though limited, Model Human Processor (MHP) has been used to explain the complex users' behaviors during human-computer interactions in a simplified manner. MHP consists of perceptual, cognitive and motor systems, each with processors and memories interacting with each other in serial or parallel mode. The important parameters of memory include the storage capacity, the decay time, and the code type of a memorized item. The important parameter of a processor is the cycle time. Using these features of the model, this study developed a computerized cognitive process simulator to predict the cognitive process time of a class match task process. An experimental validity test result showed that the mean prediction time for cognitive process of the class match task simulated 50 times by the simulator was consistent with the mean cognitive process time of the same task performed by 37 subjects. Animation of the data flow during the class match task simulation will help understand the invisible human cognitive process.

• ETRI Journal
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• 제45권1호
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• pp.93-104
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• 2023

Coreference resolution is a task in discourse analysis that links several headwords used in any document object. We suggest pointer networks-based coreference resolution for Korean using multi-task learning (MTL) with an attention mechanism for a hierarchical structure. As Korean is a head-final language, the head can easily be found. Our model learns the distribution by referring to the same entity position and utilizes a pointer network to conduct coreference resolution depending on the input headword. As the input is a document, the input sequence is very long. Thus, the core idea is to learn the word- and sentence-level distributions in parallel with MTL, while using a shared representation to address the long sequence problem. The suggested technique is used to generate word representations for Korean based on contextual information using pre-trained language models for Korean. In the same experimental conditions, our model performed roughly 1.8% better on CoNLL F1 than previous research without hierarchical structure.

• Korean Journal of Radiology
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• 제20권1호
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• pp.171-179
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• 2019

Objective: For localization of the motor cortex, seed-based resting-state functional MRI (rsfMRI) uses the contralateral motor cortex as a seed. However, research has shown that the location of the motor cortex could differ according to anatomical variations. The purpose of this study was to compare the results of rsfMRI using two seeds: a template seed (the anatomically expected location of the contralateral motor cortex) and a functional seed (the actual location of the contralateral motor cortex determined by task-based functional MRI [tbfMRI]). Materials and Methods: Eight patients (4 with glioma, 3 with meningioma, and 1 with arteriovenous malformation) and 9 healthy volunteers participated. For the patients, tbfMRI was performed unilaterally to activate the healthy contralateral motor cortex. The affected ipsilateral motor cortices were mapped with rsfMRI using seed-based and independent component analysis (ICA). In the healthy volunteer group, both motor cortices were mapped with both-hands tbfMRI and rsfMRI. We compared the results between template and functional seeds, and between the seed-based analysis and ICA with visual and quantitative analysis. Results: For the visual analysis, the functional seed showed significantly higher scores compared to the template seed in both the patients (p = 0.002) and healthy volunteers (p < 0.001). Although no significant difference was observed between the functional seed and ICA, the ICA results showed significantly higher scores than the template seed in both the patients (p = 0.01) and healthy volunteers (p = 0.005). In the quantitative analysis, the functional seed exhibited greater similarity to tbfMRI than the template seed and ICA. Conclusion: Using the contralateral motor cortex determined by tbfMRI as a seed could enhance visual delineation of the motor cortex in seed-based rsfMRI.

• 재활치료과학
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• 제5권1호
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• pp.23-32
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• 2016

목적 : 본 연구는 이중과제 훈련을 뇌졸중 환자에게 적용하여 미치는 효과를 살펴본 국외 연구에 대해서 분석하는 것이다. 연구방법 : 2007년부터 2015년까지 국외 학회지에 게재된 논문을 Pubmed를 통하여 검색을 실시했다. 분류 및 선정과 배제조건을 통해 총 5개의 실험연구 논문을 포함논문으로 선정하였다. 결과 : 선정된 5편의 문헌은 모두 사전사후 대조군 설계로, PEDro score은 6점 이상으로 높은 편에 속했다. 사용된 중재에서 채택된 운동과제는 모두 보행과제였으며, 인지과제는 다양한 과제를 포함하여 범위가 넓었다. 사용된 평가도구는 표준화된 평가도구부터 조작적 정의에 의한 평가가 사용되었고, 더 나아가 이중과제 훈련을 위하여 고안된 평가도구도 포함되어 다양한 측면을 평가하는 것이 가능하였다. 고찰 : 본 연구를 통하여 이중과제 훈련이 뇌졸중 환자의 운동 및 인지기능의 향상 뿐 만 아니라 이중과제 수행에 긍정적인 영향을 주는 것을 확인할 수 있었지만, 이와 같은 결과를 통하여 현재까지 진행된 뇌졸중 환자 대상의 이중과제 훈련의 제한점 또한 알 수 있었다. 이러한 결과는 작업치료 분야에 적용을 위하여 보완점을 제시하는 기초자료로서의 역할과 효과적 치료를 알리는 데 도움이 될 것으로 사료된다.

• 대한감각통합치료학회지
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• 제15권2호
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• pp.46-65
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• 2017

목적 : 본 연구는 경직형 양마비 아동에게 과제지향훈련을 시행할 때 무게조끼 적용이 대동작 수행력과 균형 능력에 미치는 영향을 알아보며 뇌성마비 아동을 치료하기 위한 중재방법으로 임상적으로 유용한지 제안하고자 시도되었다. 연구방법 : 연구 대상자를 단순 무작위 표본추출법으로 실험군(남자 : 9명, 여자 : 8명, 평균연령 : 8.12세)과 위약군(남자 : 9명, 여자 : 8명, 평균연령 : 7.53세) 각각 18명씩 배분한 후 두 중재군 모두에게 1회 40분, 주 2회 과제지향훈련을 12주 동안 실시하였다. 실험군은 무게저항을 제공하는 무게조끼를 착용하고, 위약군은 무게저항 없이 무게조끼만 착용하였다. 두 중재군 모두에게 닫힌 운동사슬과 다관절의 기능적인 움직임 패턴을 촉진하는 과제지향훈련을 각각 8~10회 실시하며 과제 사이에 약 3분간 휴식 하였다. 두 중재군의 대동작 수행력, 균형 능력에 대한 사전검사는 중재 전에 측정하였고, 사후검사는 중재 6주후와 12주후 총 2회 시행하였으며 마지막으로 추적검사는 실험종료 12주후에 실시한 후 두 중재군 사이의 시간경과에 따른 변화량을 분석하였다. 결과 : 대동작 수행평가는 중재 6주후와 12주후에는 실험군이 위약군보다 평균 점수가 더 증가하였으며 유의한 차이가 나타났다(p<.05). 아동용 균형척도는 중재 6주후와 12주후에는 실험군이 위약군보다 평균 점수가 더 증가하였으며 유의한 차이가 있었다(p<.05). 결론 : 그러므로 닫힌 운동사슬과 다관절의 기능적인 움직임을 촉진시키는 과제지향훈련 시 무게조끼 적용은 경직형 양마비 아동의 대동작 수행력과 균형 능력을 향상시키는 유용한 중재 방법으로 고려될 수 있다.

• 대한인간공학회지
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• 제30권2호
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• pp.303-310
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• 2011

In this study, we employ CPM-GOMS analysis for explaining physical and cognitive processes and for quantitatively predicting when users are typing Korean text messages on mobile phones using both hands. First, we observe the behaviors of 10 subjects, when the subjects enter keypads with both hands. Then, basing upon MHP, we categorize the behaviors into perceptual, cognitive, motor operators, and then we analyze those operators. After that, we use the critical paths to model two task sentences. Also, we used Fitts' law method which was applied many times to predict text entering time on mobile phone to compare with the results of our CPM-GOMS model. We followed Lee's (2008) method that is well suited for text entry task using both hands and calculate total task time for each task sentences. For the sake of comparison between the actual data and the results predicted from our CPM-GOMS model, we empirically tested 10 subjects and concluded that there were no significant differences between the predicted values and the actual data. With the CPM-GOMS model, we can observe the human information processes composed on the physical and cognitive processes. Also we verified that the CPM-GOMS model can be well applied to predict the users' performance when they input text messages on mobile phones using both hands by comparing the predicted total task time with the real execution time.

• 제어로봇시스템학회논문지
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• 제3권2호
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• pp.187-196
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• 1997

This paper presents a semi-automatic methodology to synthesize executable digital controller saftware in a multi-loop control system. A digital controller is described by a task graph and end-to-end timing requirements. A task graph denotes the software structure of the controller, and the end-to-end requirements establish timing relationships between external inputs and outputs. Our approach translates the end-to-end requirements into a set of task attributes such as task periods and deadlines using nonlinear optimization techniques. Such attributes are essential for control engineers to implement control programs and schedule them in a control system with limited resources. In current engineering practice, human programmers manually derive those attributes in an ad hoc manner: they often resort to radical over-sampling to safely guarantee the given timing requirements, and thus render the resultant system poorly utilized. After task-specific attributes are derived, the tasks are scheduled on a single CPU and the compiled kernel is synthesized. We illustrate this process with a non-trivial servo motor control system.

• PNF and Movement
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• 제11권2호
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• pp.41-48
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• 2013

Purpose : The aim of this study was to compare the effect of task-oriented training using the PNF(proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation) and task-oriented training with chronic stroke patients. Methods : Sixteen chronic stroke patients participated. Participants were randomly assigned to the control and experimental group( 8 experimental, 8 control). All of participants were in-patients at local hospital and had been received training appropriate to the purpose of each group program. Experimental period was carried out 30 minutes/day, five days/week, during four weeks. The experimental group trained the task-oriented training using the PNF and control group trained the task-oriented training. Fugl-meyer assessment scale and Modified Barthel Index was measured to compare the upper arm function and activities of daily living. We were measured before and after the training. Results : The results of the study were as follow: Fugl-meyer assessment scale was significantly increased both groups(p<.05), and significant between groups(p<.05). Modified Barthel index was significantly increased both groups(p<.05) and between groups(p<.05). Conclusion : PNF can be effective in improving upper arm function and ability to perform daily life of chronic stroke patients.