• Environmental Engineering Research
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• 제12권2호
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• pp.72-80
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• 2007

Experiments were conducted to identify the emissions from the car air freshener and to identify the formation of ultra-fine particles and secondary gaseous compounds during the ozone-initiated oxidations with emitted VOCs. The identified primary constituents emitted from the car air freshener in this study were $\alpha$-pinene, $\beta$-pinene, $\rho$-cymene and limonene. Formation of ultra-fine particles (4.4-160 nm) was observed when ozone was injected into the chamber containing emitted monoterpenes from the air freshener. Particle number concentrations, particle mass concentrations, and surface concentrations were measured in time dependent experiments to describe the particle formation and growth within the chamber. The irritating secondary gaseous products formed during the ozone-initiated reactions include formaldehyde, acetaldehyde, acrolein, acetone, and propionaldehyde. Ozone concentration (50 and 100 ppb) and temperature (30 and $40^{\circ}C$) significantly affect the formation of particles and gaseous products during the ozone-initiated reactions. The results obtained in this study provided an insight on the potential exposure of particles and irritating secondary products formed during the ozone-initiated reaction to passengers in confined spaces.

• Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• 제35권3호
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• pp.195-201
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• 2012

Seasonal variations in the profile and concentrations of essential oil in Zanthoxylum piperitum were investigated by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Seasonal changes in the percentages of the main constituents of the essential oil of both leaves and fruits from Z. piperitum varied. Variations in essential oil yield and the amount of monoterpenes and sesquiterpenes in leaves and fruits at different developmental stages were significant. The characteristic content of essential oil in leaves was determined mainly due to the content of monoterpenes, and that in fruits was determined largely due to the sesquiterpenes. Twenty-nine compounds in the oil from Z. piperitum leaves were detected; the major compounds were ${\beta}$-phellandrene (26.90%), citronella (15.32%), ${\beta}$-myrcene (3.24%), ${\alpha}$-pinene (2.79%), trans-caryophyllene (2.66%), and fanesyl acetate (2.30%). The highest yield of oil (43.89%) in Z. piperitum leaves was obtained in May but decreased gradually beginning in June. The yield of essential oil from Z. piperitum leaves during early periods was higher than that during later periods and usually decreased from early maturation stages to subsequent stages. However, in contrast to leaves, the oil yield in Z. piperitum fruit increased in June, and oil yield later in the season was higher than that earlier in the season. These results indicate that the essential oil produced from Z. piperitum leaves at the early developmental stages was stored in leaves, and might be transferred to fruit at the final developmental stages.

• Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• 제32권1호
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• pp.9-12
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• 2009

Artemisia capillaris and Artemisia iwayomogi are weeds used as medicinal plants in Korea under the name "Injin". I collected leaves of A. capillaris and A. iwayomogi, examined them for phytotoxic effects from volatile substances and determined the composition of monoterpenes in the leaves. The effects of volatile substances from each species on seed germination and radicle elongation in each of the two Artemisia species were assessed. The volatile substances of A. capillaris did not negatively affect the seed germination of A. capillaris, but they did inhibit radicle elongation. Rates of seed germination of A. iwayomogi decreased when the seeds were exposed to high concentration of A. capillaris volatile substances. The inhibition of seed germination and radicle elongation by volatile substances from both Artemisia species was stronger for A. iwayomogi than for A. capillaris. I identified the monoterpenoids from the leaves with a gas chromatograph-mass spectrometer (GC-MS). The main constituents of A. capillaris were acenaphthylene (37.91%), $\beta$-pinene (12.08%), 4-carene (10.61%) and $\gamma$-curcumene (9.92%), while those of A. iwayomogi were germacrene-$\delta$ (32.15%), borneol (21.24%), camphor (20.45%) and trans-caryophyllene (7.75%).

• 생약학회지
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• 제44권1호
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• pp.30-40
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• 2013

The essential oils of stems, roots, fruits and leaves of Lindera obtusiloba BL. were collected in the winter and summer extracted by simultaneous distillation extraction (SDE) apparatus and analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). In present study, 58 kinds of volatile components in the winter stems (WS), 70 in the winter roots (WR), 77 in the summer stems (SS), 78 in the summer roots (SR), 70 in the summer fruits (SF) and 76 in the summer leaves (SL) were identified. The results showed that, the major components were monoterpenes including ${\alpha}$-thujene (1.22~13.80%) camphene (1.56~18.40%), ${\beta}$-mycrene (1.75~9.27%), limonene (5.57~12.83%), ${\beta}$-phellandrene (3.03~7.72%), linalyl acetate (2.29~12.55%), dihydromycrene (0~11.15%), germacrene B (0~7.54%) of which the contents had major fluctuations in different seasons and parts. In general, monoterpenes were the major constituent of SF in L. obtusiloba BL. that have presented possibilities for industrial applications.

• Preventive Nutrition and Food Science
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• 제11권2호
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• pp.100-104
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• 2006

The in vitro antimicrobial and antioxidant activities of the essential oil and methanol extracts of Ledum palustre L. were investigated. Using GC-MS analysis, we identified 37 compounds in the essential oil, constituting 87.58% of the total oil. There are several monoterpenes, of which sabinene is the major compound ($16{\sim}17%$). There are several oxygenated monoterpenes of which terpinen-4-ol(7.6%) and myrtenal (3.5%) are the main constituents. $\beta$-Selinene, a-selinene, $\gamma$-elemene, a-caryophyllene are the main sesquiterpenes ($2{\sim}6%$ range). The oil strongly reduced the diphenylpicrylhydrazyl radical ($IC_{50}=1.56{\mu}g/mL$) formation and exhibited a hydroxyl radical scavenging effect in the $Fe^{3+}-EDTA-H_2O_2$ deoxyribose system ($IC_{50}=2.7{\mu}g/mL$), and also inhibited the nonenzymatic lipid peroxidation of rat liver homogenate ($IC_{50}=13.5{\mu}g/mL$). The polar phase of the extract showed antioxidant activity. The oil showed antimicrobial activity against Streptococcus pneumoniae, Clostridium perfringens, Candida albicans, Mycobacterium smegmatis, Acinetobacter lwoffii and Candida krusei while the water-insoluble parts of the methanolic extracts exhibited slight or no activity. This study confirms that the essential oil of Ledum palustre L. possesses antioxidant and low antimicrobial properties in vitro.

• Natural Product Sciences
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• 제15권1호
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• pp.44-49
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• 2009

Seven monoterpenes, three sesquiterpenes, three phenolics and one flavonoid were isolated from the MeOH extract of Amomum xanthioides. Their structures were determined by spectroscopic methods to be caryophyllene oxide (1), bornyl acetate (2), nerolidol (3), spathulenol (4), (-)-borneol (5), (+)-5-endohydroxycamphor (6), vanillic acid (7), protocatechuic acid methyl ester (8), betulabuside A (9), (1R,4S,6R)-6-hydroxyfenchan-2-one-6-O-$\beta$-D-glucopyranoside (10), (1S,4R,6S)-6-hydroxybornan-2-one-6-O-$\beta$-D-glucopyranoside (11), (1R,2S,4S,5R)-angelicoidenol 2-O-$\beta$-D-glucopyranoside (12), 1-O-vanilloyl-$\beta$-D-glucopyranoside (13), and quercetin-3-rhamnopyranoside (14). Compounds 6-14 were isolated for the first time from this plant source. Compounds 3 and 4 exhibited moderate cytotoxicity against four human cancer cell lines in vitro using a SRB bioassay.

• 생약학회지
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• 제47권3호
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• pp.226-231
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• 2016

The present GC-MS analysis elucidated the composition of the essential oil obtained from the herb of Elsholtzia ciliata(Lamiaceae). Overall, the content of monoterpenes was higher than that of sesquiterpenes. Monoterpenes rich in this oil were carvone (peak area, 26.180%), camphor (2.304%), borneol (9.974%), dihydrocarveol (3.296%), ${\alpha}$-citral (=geranial, 4.025%), geranic acid (2.961%), while sesquiterpenes occupying relatively higher percentage were ${\alpha}$-humulene (0.918%), (-)-spathulenol (0.974%), ${\alpha}$-caryophyllene oxide (2.014%), globulol (1.362%), ${\beta}$-caryophyllene oxide (0.750%). The components characterizing this oil were 1-octen-3-ol, acetophenone, and butylated hydroxytoluene. The $IC_{50}$ of this oil on acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) were $42.37{\mu}g/ml$ and $121.34{\mu}g/ml$, respectively, suggesting that the essential oil of E. ciliata may be active on the memory loss of patients suffering from Alzheimer's disease.

• 환경영향평가
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• 제21권2호
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• pp.279-287
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• 2012

Phytoncide, which is emitted from plant against the insect species and bacterium, has been known as a health builder for human. Monoterpenes are major components of phytoncide. This study was conducted to investigate the distribution characteristics of phytoncide(monoterpene) depending on main species of tree, season, and meteorological factors in the 5 recreation forests, Chungbuk area. From the result of the study. it was shown that the annual concentrations of monoterpene are ranged in 236.0pptv - 698.3pptv depending on main species of tree. The variation of seasonal concentration was summer > spring > fall. The monoterpene concentration of coniferous forest was founded to be higher than broad leaved forest. In general, concentration of major components is ${\alpha}$-pinene > ${\beta}$-pinene > camphene > d-limonene. The concentration of terpene was founded to be greatly influenced by the meteological factors such as insolation and temperature.

• Preventive Nutrition and Food Science
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• 제15권4호
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• pp.322-328
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• 2010

This study was conducted to examine the sensory attributes, gingerol content and volatile components of ginger paste resulting from microbial fermentation. In the ginger samples, a total of eighteen attributes were determined to characterize the sensory attributes from descriptive analysis. These eighteen attributes consisted of the following: one appearance, eight odor/aroma, eight taste, and one aftertaste attribute. The ginger fermented using Lactobacillus plantarum produced a ginger aroma and putrid taste, whereas the sample fermented with Lactobacillus brevis showed a decreased ginger aroma and taste, and generated a lemon flavor. A total gingerol content of fresh and fermented ginger was 100.19 mg% and 89.55 mg%, respectively. Sixty-one volatile components in the fresh and fermented ginger were identified, and constituted eight kinds of monoterpenes, twenty-one kinds of sesquiterpenes, eight kinds of oxygenated monoterpenes and nine kinds of oxygenated sesquiterpenes. The most abundant volatile component identified in the fresh ginger was $\alpha$-gingerberine (26.52%), whereas fermented ginger was increased in its alcohol components.

• Journal of Forest and Environmental Science
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• 제30권2호
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• pp.243-252
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• 2014

Forest tree species usually takes for long periods to be harvested and cultivated but spearmints are a good model system for woody plant because of reducing and shortening cultivation time. Spearmints are good model plants (Mentha species) for research about terpenoids production and industrial essential oil manufacture. Isopentenyl pyrophosphate isomerase (Iso) and limonene synthase (Limo) are the key enzymes of terpenoid biosynthesis pathway. Transgenic and wild spearmints (Mentha spicata, MS) were cultured in vitro and assessed for the essential oil contents. The content of essential oil of transgenic spearmint also was enhanced slightly depending on the target terpenoid genes. In an attempt to increase productivity of terpenoids further, salt and fungal elicitation strategy was adopted on transgenic Mentha spicata. The salt (800 mM NaCl) as abiotic and two fungi (Botrytis cinerea and Glomerella cingulata) as biotic were used for elicitors. In the absence of salt stress four terpenoids were detected from the spearmint extracts, all of them being monoterpenes. On the other hand, the transgenic (MSIso) extracts contained eleven terpenoids (10 monoterpenes and 1 phenylpropene) while transgenic (MSLimo) extracts contained seven monoterpenes. After 3 days of fungal infection, the resistance indices further increased to 4.38, 3.89 and 2.04 for wild type, MSIso and MSLimo, respectively. The salt and fungal elicitators proved beneficial towards modifying both the terpenoids profile and improvement in the composition of essential oil. These results have important applications for the large-scale production of essential oils and forest biotechnology with respect to spearmint.